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1 J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 17, No. 6, 2017, pp RESEARCH ARTICLE 치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사손의 Staphylococcus epidermidis 오염도조사 김설희 건양대학교의과학대학치위생학과 Survey of Staphylococcus epidermidis Contamination on the Hands of Dental Hygienists and Equipment Surface of Dental Clinics Seol-Hee Kim Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea The purpose of this study was to investigate Staphylococcus epidermidis contamination on hands of 20 dental hygienists and 140 equipment surface of 20 dental clinics in a local area, from July to August The degree of S. epidermidis contamination was measured using a hand plate and a rodac plate and then cultured at 35 o C for 24 hours. Based on hand plate criteria, hand contamination was classified into low, middle, and high groups. Analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the contamination level of the hand parts of the group surface contamination level of the dental clinic equipment was descriptive statistics after clustering lock count. S. epidermidis contamination was moderate in 55% of the hands of dental hygienists. The area of contamination was colony-forming units (CFU) on the palm, followed by the middle 7.8 CFU, ring 6.4 CFU, and thumb 6 CFU. Medical equipment surface contamination was showed that 3-way 4.45 CFU, computer mouse 3.37 CFU, mirror 1.60 CFU were higher than other areas. The group with high hand contamination had a high positive correlation with the S. epidermidis contamination of the hand. S. epidermidis contamination level was higher on hands than on the medical equipment surface contamination. Therefore, medical staff should recognize the importance of hand hygiene which should be practiced in the manner suggested by World Health Organization. In addition, the medical team needs to be responsible for performing infection control tasks, implementing infection management guidelines and providing systematic education on infectious disease management. Key Words: Cross infection, Dental clinics, Dental hygienists, Staphylococcus epidermidis 서론 의료기관내감염관리는환자의안전과의료의질을평가하는핵심지표이며치과에서의감염관리는환자, 의료기관종사자및보호자, 내원객등병원환경에노출된사람들을보호하는안전차원에서매우중요하다 1). 병원에서는교차감염, 접촉감염, 비말감염등다양한형태의감염이발생되므로환경감염관리가요구되는데, 특히면역력이저하된노 령인구증가와항생제남용으로인한다제내성균증가는병원감염증가를야기하고있다 2). 의료기관내감염중특히슈퍼박테리아로불리는다제내성균감염은기존항생제에내성이생겨치료가어렵기때문에환자에게치명적으로작용될수있다. 슈퍼박테리아로대표적인메치실린내성황색포도알균 (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) 은병원 62 66%, 의원 46 49% 의감염률을나타내고있으며 3), 2011년 3,376건에서 2013년 Received: August 14, 2017, Revised: September 30, 2017, Accepted: October 12, 2017 ISSN (Print) / ISSN (Online) Correspondence to: Seol-Hee Kim Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, 158 Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Korea Tel: , Fax: , yfami@hanmail.net Copyright 2017 by Journal of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 김설희 : 치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사손의오염도조사 42,422건으로 12배나증가되었다 4). S. aureus뿐만아니라 S. epidermidis도면역력이저하된사람에게패혈증, 심내막염등을일으키므로그위험성을인지하고의료기관에서주의깊은감염관리가요구된다. Staphylococcus는구강인두, 비인두에정상상재균으로존재하며여러저항인자들의작용으로감염이잘일어나지않지만경우에따라서연성조직, 타액선, 발치부위, 치조골부위에서감염되면안면부로확대될수있다 5). 또한사람손의상주미생물이기도하며피부각질층뿐만아니라각질층의하부, 모근주위나땀샘속까지분포하여의료기관에서는환자의체액, 혈액, 오염물질의노출로인한교차감염의위험성 6) 을유발하므로의료기관에서의손위생은필수적으로수행되어야한다. 손위생은감염관리준비의어려움에관한조사에서가장문제시되었고, 그다음으로수술장감염관리, 기구세척과소독및멸균으로조사되었는데 1) 이는빈도높은감염관리항목의실천과평가가쉽지않음을의미하고있으며그중요성이강조된다할수있다. 광범위한병원성미생물노출위험성은진료과정에서다량의에어로졸과분진이형성되는치과의료기관에서높게나타난다. 치과진료실의경우다발생되는에어로졸형성등으로치과의자주변진료대, 스위치, 조명등손잡이등의표면을각환자의진료가끝난후에소독하거나보호덮개를사용하고, 눈에보이는오염이있을경우즉시소독할것을권장하고있다 7). 각종병원성미생물로인한오염발생으로청결한환경관리규정을준수하고의료장비및환경표면은접촉정도에따라구분하여소독주기를결정하며, 눈에보이는오염이있는경우즉시제거해야한다. 보건복지부는 2014년 치과병원에대한인증제 를시행하여, 의료기관평가법제화와감염관리기준을제시 8) 하였으나, 적용기관이치과병원에국한되어치과의원감염관리평가규제는미흡한실정이다. 결과적으로중소형치과의료기관의감염관리업무수행은기관경영자의마인드와지원이중요하게작용되며, 기관내감염관리자의책임과관리권한부여를통해의료기관평가유무와관계없이기관의질적향상을이끄는노력이요구된다 9). 그러므로치과의료기관은감염관리자업무를수행할수있는치과위생사를지정하여책임과관리권한을부여하고, 감염관리자가된치과위생사는기관에적합한감염관리지침서를작성하여의료진들이지침서에근거하여역할을수행할수있도록교육할필요성이있다. 또한지속적인기관내평가를통해의료진스스로감염관리의중요성을인식하고실천하여질적진료를원하는환자들의만족도를높일필요성이있다. 치과의료기관감염관리선행연구의대부분은감염관리 수행자의인식과실천에관한설문조사결과가주로제시되었을뿐손과의료장비표면오염에대한실태조사는미비한실정이다. 감염관리실천율을높이기위해서는이에대한지식수준, 인식을파악하는것도중요하지만기관의감염관리실태를조사하는것은실제적인감염관리수행의문제점을인식하는계기가되고기관의특성을고려하여기관에적합한감염관리지침서를제작하고실천할수있는기회가된다. 이에본연구에서는치과의료기관에서감염관리를주로담당하는치과위생사의손위생과직접, 간접접촉이많아감염확산의위험이높은의료기자재의표면오염도를다재내성균인 S. epidermidis 중심으로조사하여치과의료기관에서수행되고있는감염관리의문제점을제시하고이를개선하기위한방안을제안하고자한다. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상본연구는건양대학교생명윤리위원회의승인 (IRB no ) 을받은후, 2017년 7월부터 2017년 8월까지대전광역시일부지역에소재하는치과의료기관 20개소를편의표본추출하여조사하였다. 진료가시작된이후기관에방문한후연구목적을설명하고, 진료업무를수행하는치과위생사의손오염을채취하였으며사전조사를통해오염빈도가높았던치과의료장비 7부위의표면오염을각기관별로조사하였다. 연구참여기관은언제든지자발적으로참여를중단할수있으며, 이로인해어떤불이익도받지않는다는것을설명하였다. 또한기관의감염관리실태의문제점으로인한기관의위해성을차단하기위해기관명의익명성을유지하고, 결과는연구외의목적으로활용하지않을것을설명하였다. 2. 연구방법치과위생사의손과치과의료장비표면오염도조사를위해진료가시행된 11시 4시사이치과의료기관을방문한후연구목적을설명하고동의한기관에서 S. epidermidis 오염도를스탬프방법으로검사하였다. 스탬프방법은병원성균을순수분리배양하고계대배양하여집락에특징을분석하는대신검사부위의표면오염도를직접채취하는방법으로, 표면미생물검사를쉽게적용할수있도록만들어진플레이트 ( 배지 ) 를이용하며, 황색포도상구균을비롯일반세균, 살모넬라균, 대장균, 비브리오균등다양한플레이트가미생물검사에활용되고있다. 본연구에서사용된플레이 473

3 J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 17, No. 6, 2017 트는핸드플레이트 (S. epidermidis test plate; B&F) 와지름 6.0 cm 두께 1.5 cm, 표면적 25 cm 2 의로닥플레이트 (S. epidermidis test plate; B&F) 를이용하였고, 배지조성은 peptone, 10.0 g; sodium chloride, 75.0 g; meat extract, 1.0 g; D( )mannitol, 10.0 g; phenol red, 0.02 g; agar, 12.0 g; final ph, 7.4±0.2였다. 검사과정은플레이트를검사하고자하는표면에 10초동안가볍게접촉시킨후뚜껑을잘닫고일시, 채취부위, 일련번호 ( 기관익명성 ) 를기록하였으며, 총소요시간은 10분내외였다. 먼저진료협조업무를주로담당하는치과위생사의손위생평가를위해핸드플레이트에손을가볍게 10초동안접촉시켜손오염도를검사하였고, 그다음치과의료장비표면오염도조사를위해기관의안내를받아 7부위표면오염도를동일한방법으로조사하였다. 치과의료장비조사부위선정은치과의료기관 3곳의사전조사를통해진료시사용도가높은영역중오염빈도가높게나타난부위로브래킷테이블, 조명등손잡이, 협조자 3-way syringe 손잡이, 타구대, 컴퓨터마우스, 방사선디지털센서, 손거울손잡이였다. 결과적으로 20개기관의치과위생사손오염도를조사한 20개의플레이트및치과의료기관별 7부위표면총 140개의플레이트를채취하였다. 채취가끝난플레이트는호기배양기 (C-IN incubator; Chang Shin Scientific, Seoul, Korea) 35 o C, 24시간배양을통해출현한군락을노란색으로변화되는 S. epidermidis 군락과흰색군락을형성하는 Staphylococcus ( 기타포도상구균 ) 로구분계수하여균집락을측정하였다. 그리고판정표를참고하여검사결과를판독하였다. 3. 분석방법수집된자료는 PASW Statistics ver (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 손오염도를평가하는핸드플레이트기준에근거하여오염집단을저 1 9 colony-forming units (CFU), 중 CFU, 고 100 이상 CFU 오염집단으로구분하였다. 오염집단별손의손바닥, 다섯손가락각부위별오염도를분석하기위해비모수검정독립 K표본 Kruskal-Wallis 검정하였으며, 치과의료기관장비의영역별표면오염도를기술통계하였다. 또한손오염도집단, 손오염도, 의료장비표면오염도에관한상관분석 (Correlation analysis) 을하였다. 통계적유의검정수준은 0.05로하였다. 결과 1. 손오염도핸드플레이트판독기준에근거하여손오염도를저 1 9 CFU, 중 CFU, 고 100 CFU로분류한결과조사대상자 20명의손오염도는저 9명, 중 7명, 고 4명이었고 Fig. 1 과같다. 각손가락과손바닥부분을구분하여 S. epidermidis와 Staphylococcus의평균값을분석한결과 S. epidermidis는손바닥이 CFU로가장높게나타났고, 그다음으로는중지 7.8 CFU, 약지 6.4 CFU, 엄지 6 CFU 순서였다. Staphylococcus는손바닥이 CFU로가장높게나타났고, 그다음은검지 5.8 CFU, 엄지 4.75 CFU에서높게나타났다. S. epidermidis는평균 55 CFU 중오염으로조사되었고, Staphylococcus는 31.6 CFU였으며 Fig. 2와같다. 손 Fig. 1. Classification of Staphylococcus epidermidis contamination on hand. S. epidermidis contamination based on hand plate criteria, hand contamination was classified into (A) safe 0 colony-forming units (CFU), (B) low 1 9 CFU, (C) middle CFU, and (D) high >100 CFU groups. Hand contamination groups was classified into (A) safe-no. 4, 5, 7, (B) low-no. 3, 9, 10, 11, 14, 20, (C) middle-no. 1, 2, 6, 13, 15, 16, 19, (D) high-no. 8, 12, 17,

4 김설희 : 치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사손의오염도조사 오염도분류집단의 S. epidermidis는각부위별유의한차이가있었으나 (p<0.05), Staphylococcus는집단별유의한차이가없었다 (p>0.05) (Table 1). 2. 표면오염도 20개치과의료기관에서각 7부위표면, 총 140개로닥플레이트의 S. epidermidis와 Staphylococcus 평균값분석결과 S. epidermidis는 3-way 손잡이부분이 4.45 CFU로가장높게나타났고그다음으로는컴퓨터마우스 3.37 CFU, 거울손잡이 1.60 CFU 순서였으며 Fig. 3과같다. Staphylococcus는 3-way 손잡이부분이 CFU로가장높게나타났고, 그다음으로는협조자석조명등손잡이 9.05 CFU, 컴퓨터마우스 8.89 CFU, 브래킷테이블이 6.50 CFU로높게나타났다. 표면오염도는 Staphylococcus의오염도가 S. epidermidis 오염도보다높게조사되었으며 Fig. 3과같다. 의료기관별 S. epidermidis 과 Staphylococcus 오염도는 Table 2 와같았다. 3. 손오염도와표면오염도상관분석손오염도와표면오염도상관분석결과손오염도가높은집단일수록 Staphylococcus보다다재내성균으로써위험도가높은 S. epidermidis와높은양적상관관계를나타내었다 (p<0.05). 손오염도가높은집단일수록표면 S. epidermidis와 Staphylococcus 표면오염도는낮은것으로조사되어손위생을수행하지않는집단의의료장비표면관리수행률이더높은것을예측할수있었다 (Table 3). 고찰 본연구는치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사의손오염도조사를통해감염관리문제점을인식하고감염관리실천율을높이기위한방안을제시하고자시행되었다. 손오염도검사결과 S. epidermidis는평균 55 CFU로써핸드플레이트판별기준중오염도로조사되었으며, 조사대상자 20명의손오염도는저 9명, 중 7명, 고 4명으로 55% 에해당되는대상자에서중등도이상의손오염도로조사되었 Fig. 2. Mean of Staphylococcus epidermidis contamination by each site on hand. CFU: colony-forming units. Fig. 3. Mean of Staphylococcus epidermidis contamination in seven equiptment surface. CFU: colony-forming units. Table 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis Contamination by Each Site on Hand Group Thumb Index Middle S. epidermidis Staphylococcus Ring Little Palm Total Thumb Index Middle Ring Little p < < Values are presented microorganism growth plate number (colony-forming units, CFU) as mean. Data was analysed by nonparametric method-independent K samples test (Kruskal-Wallis test). Palm Total 475

5 J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 17, No. 6, 2017 Table 2. Staphylococcus epidermidis Contamination in Seven Equipment Surface No. Bracket table 3-way syringe Computer mouse S. epidermidis Staphylococcus Radiation digital sensor Light Hand mirror Cuspidors Bracket table 3-way syringe Computer mouse Radiation digital sensor Light Hand mirror X X X X X X Mean Cuspidors Values are presented microorganism growth plate number (colony-forming units, CFU). 476

6 김설희 : 치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사손의오염도조사 Table 3. The Correlation between Hand and Equipment Surface Contamination Hand contamination group Staphylococcus epidermidis hand contamination Staphylococcus hand contamination S. epidermidis surface contamination Staphylococcus surface contamination Hand contamination group 1 S. epidermidis hand contamination 0.929** 1 Staphylococcus hand contamination S. epidermidis surface contamination Staphylococcus surface contamination Hand contamination group were identified including S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus. Data was analysed by Spearman's correlation coefficient. **p<0.01. 다. 의료기관에서의교차감염은환자와접촉하는의료인손이중요원인으로작용되므로환자접촉전, 치료적행위시행전, 치료및체액노출후, 환자접촉후, 환자주변환경접촉후반드시손위생을실천해야한다 10). 손위생은감염관리의기본임에도불구하고의료인의손위생이행은 50% 미만으로조사되었다 11). 손위생실천이저조한원인은손위생인식저하, 바쁜업무, 빈번한세척으로인한손손상우려, 손위생제제와씽크대부족으로조사되었다. 그러므로손위생이행을증진시키기위해서는주기적인교육과훈련, 손위생평가와피드백, 의료기관의시스템변화를통한안전한의료환경조성이요구되었다 12,13). 본연구에서손의각부위별 S. epidermidis 오염도를평가한결과손바닥이 CFU로가장높았고중지 7.8 CFU, 약지 6.4 CFU, 엄지 6 CFU 순서로조사되었다. 부위별손위생증진을위해 World Health Organization (WHO) 손위생관리안에근거한교육이필요했다. 이는손바닥마찰과손가락마디마디의마찰, 엄지손가락을다른손엄지손가락으로감싸고회전시켜각엄지손가락을닦고, 손바닥의주름진곳을다른손의끝으로닦는방법이다 14). 의료진손의다양한미생물은 2 60분간존재하는데, 비누를이용한손씻기보다 alcohol-based handrubbin을했을때미생물이빠르고효과적으로제거된다는연구결과가있으므로 10) alcohol-based handrubbin 방법을활용하는것을권장한다. 본연구에서는손오염도결과만을제시하였으나추후연구에서는손위생절차에따른수행을조사하여손위생과정에서간과하고지나치는부분의교육을중점적으로시행할필요가있었다. 또한교육뿐만아니라의료기관내주기적평가와피드백을통해지속적인손위생수행의동기유발이요구되었다. 손위생수행도평가는전문가에의한직접관찰법이있으며, 이는모든손위생과정을신뢰도높게확인할수있으나관찰자훈련과타당도검증, 많은시간이소요 되며관찰대상자선택에비뚤림의가능성이있다. 그리고자가보고는비용이적게드는장점이있으나실제이행도보다과장될수있어신뢰도가저하되는단점이있으며두가지평가모두감염관리인력이확보된병원급의료기관에서는시행되나소규모의원에서는이와같은평가가시행되기어렵다 15). 그러므로본연구에서사용한핸드플레이트미생물검사와손오염도검사기기등을통해검사결과를시각적으로확인할수있도록하여의료진스스로문제점을인식하고손위생관리에책임감을갖도록할것을권장한다. 또한대학에서의감염관리시간에이에관한평가방법을학습하여임상에서수행할수있도록교육할필요성이있겠다. 20개치과의료기관별의료장비표면 7부위, 총 140개의로닥플레이트의 S. epidermidis와 Staphylococcus 오염도를분석한결과 S. epidermidis는 3-way 손잡이부분에서 4.45 CFU로가장높게나타났고그다음으로는컴퓨터마우스 3.37 CFU, 거울손잡이 1.60 CFU 순서로조사되었다. 환자구강내에사용되는방사선센서, 기자재를놓는브래킷테이블등오염도가높을것이라생각되는부분의감염관리는잘실천되고있으나구강내에직접접촉되지않는 3-way 손잡이, 컴퓨터마우스, 환자거울손잡이부분은상대적으로관리가소홀함을확인할수있었다. 그러므로접촉빈도가높은부위의표면관리가시행될수있도록인식개선과실천이요구되었다. 진료실장비표면의세균양을검사한 Park 등의연구 16) 에서는다른표면에비해타구대의세균양이가장높게검출되어본연구와다른결과가제시되었다. 타구대는환자가치료를한후입을헹구어내는곳으로타액과혈액으로젖어있어세균이증식하기좋은곳이므로세균수가높게검출될수있으므로지속적관리가요구된다. Lee와 Kim의연구 17) 에의하면조명등손잡이 CFU/ml, 유닛체어머리받침대 CFU/ml, 타구대 CFU/ml, 3-way syringe CFU/ml 로세 477

7 J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 17, No. 6, 2017 균오염도가제시된바있다. Yun 등의연구 18) 에서병원과의원의의료기관표면오염도조사결과라이트손잡이의경우병원급 CFU/ml, 의원급 CFU/ml로병원급이높게나타났고, 타구대는병원급 CFU/ml가의원급 CFU/ml에비하여높게검출되어이용자가많은기관의감염관리실천이더욱강화되어야할것을확인할수있었다. 치과의료기관외일부응급실촬영장비표면오염도조사에서검출된세균의분포를살펴보면 Providencia stuartii가 25% 를차지하였고, 슈퍼박테리아로항생제에내성이강하며면역능이저하된환자에게서병원감염의원인균인 Stenotrophomonas maltophilia가 18%, 장내구균의하나로병원성은낮지만식중독의원인균 Enterobacter cloacae, S. epidermidis가약 8% 순으로검출되어의료기관별 S. epidermidis 등의다재내성균감염관리에더욱주의를기울일필요가있었다 19). 진료환경은교차감염의위험성을야기할수있으므로그관리가중대하며특히치과의료기관의경우치료중발생되는타액, 혈액의감염잠재력을차단해야한다 20). 표면감염관리는접촉빈도에따른소독주기를결정해야한다. 구강내센서, 브래킷테이블처럼교차감염위험성이높다고인식된부위뿐만아니라접촉에빈번한조명등손잡이, 진료대 (countertop), 스위치는환자진료시마다소독후보호덮개를사용해야한다. 표면관리를위한소독제의경우희석방법, 소독시간, 적합성, 보관방법, 유효기간등의권고사항을준수하고의료기구별올바른소독과멸균방법을적용해야그효과를높일수있다 14). Min 등의연구에서 21) 치과에서분리된 S. aureus는 amoxicillin, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, vancomycin에내성을나타내므로환자에게약물사용시주의하고, 치과진료실환경소독제로이용되는 chlorhexidine, formalin, glutaraldehyde 등과같이안전성이높고부식과표백이되지않는이상적인소독제의조건을고려하여사용할것을권장하였다 22). 본연구에서는치과의료기관표면오염도보다치과위생사의손오염도가더높게조사되었는데, 영상의학과연구결과에서도방사선사손오염도가촬영기오염도보다더높게조사되어, 본연구와같이장비의감염관리보다손위생의감염관리수행률이낮은것으로나타났다 23) 가장기본적이지만간과되고있는손위생중요성에관한인식개선과실천방법을대학의감염관리과정에서상호교육및평가등다양한방법을적용하여습관화시킬수있는교육방안을제안한다. 기관의감염예방은감염관리지침서보유, 의료진관심, 행정적지원등조직관련요인이높을수록감염예방실천도가높은것으로나타나 22) 기관경영자의지원과관심이감염예방실천을높일수있다. 치과위생사의감염관리조사결과감염관리지침인지는치과의원 5.9%, 치과병원 17.4% 로낮게조사되었다 8). 치과의료기관에모든감염관리전문인력이배치될수없겠으나, 중간관리자역할을수행하는치과위생사는감염관리업무에책임감을갖고지속적인감염관리교육을통해기관의특성을고려한감염관리지침서를구비하고스텝들을교육할수있는능력을갖출필요가있다또한의료기관의책임자는감염관리자에게권한을위임하고기관의감염관리를위한장비및시설구축, 감염관리정보와기술제공, 환자감염관리를위한시간확보등행정적, 재정적지원을뒷받침해야한다 24). 2, 3차의료기관에서는감염관리위원회를설치하고감염관리자가배치되며, 그인력으로는감염관리전문간호사가업무를수행하고있다. 감염관리전문간호사는감시결과비교, 감염유행조사, 감염관리전산프로그램과손위생모니터링을실시하는등다양한감염관리전문업무를수행하면서감염관리체계를조직화, 정착화하고있다. 치과의료기관에도감염관리자로써전문적인업무를수행할인력이필요하며치위생교육기관에서이와관련된교육을체계화시킬필요가있다 25). 본연구에서는치과진료환경에서 30여종의미생물 (bacteria) 을분석한결과 S. epidermidis가가장많이검출되었다는것 20) 에근거하여일부치과의료기관의 S. epidermidis 특정균오염도만을조사하였고표본수가적어조사내용을일반화하는데한계가있으므로추후연구에서는이를보완하여치과의료기관의손위생과의료장비표면감염관리실태를일반화시킬수있는다양한미생물검사와그위험도를분석할것을제언한다. 감염관리는관리자의인식으로만해결될수는없다. 의료진모두와환자, 기관의경영자모두그중요성을인식하고실천할때그효과를거둘수있다. 각기관에적합한감염관리지침제시, 교육, 평가를이끄는감염관리책임자의업무를치과위생사가소명을갖고실천할수있도록전문성을갖춘인재배출이요구된다. 요약 치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사손의 S. epidermidis 오염도조사를위해 2017년 7월부터 8월까지일부지역 20개치과의원에서치과위생사 20인의손오염, 치과별 7부위표면 140부위의 S. epidermidis 오염도를조사하였다. S. epidermidis 오염도는핸드플레이트와로닥플레이 478

8 김설희 : 치과의료기관의료장비표면및치과위생사손의오염도조사 트를사용하였으며, 35 o C 24시간배양하였다. 손오염도는핸드플레이트기준에근거하여저, 중, 고그룹으로분류한후그룹별손부위별오염도를 ANOVA 분석하였다. 의료장비표면오염수준은집락을계수하여기술통계하였다. 치과위생사 55% 는중등도이상의손오염이있었고, 부위별로는손바닥이 CFU로가장높게나타났으며, 그다음으로는중지 7.8 CFU, 약지 6.4 CFU, 엄지 6 CFU 순서였다. 의료장비표면오염도조사결과 3-way 손잡이 4.45 CFU, 컴퓨터마우스 3.37 CFU, 거울손잡이 1.60 CFU로다른영역보다높게조사되었다. 손오염도가높은집단일수록손의 S. epidermidis 오염도가높은양적상관관계를나타내었다. S. epidermidis 오염도는의료장비표면오염보다손에서높게나타났다. 그러므로의료진들은손위생의중요성을인식하고 WHO에서제시한방법으로손위생을실천하는것이요구되었다. 의료진들이감염관리업무수행에책임감을갖고안전한의료환경을조성할수있도록감염관리지침과체계적인감염관리업무수행에관한교육이요구되었다. References 1. Jeong SY, Oh HS, Chun HK: Analysis of the status of infection controls after application of the healthcare accreditation system. Korean J Health Serv Manag 9: 33-49, Kim NC, Choi KO: Effects on nurses' hand washing behavior and reduction of respiratory isolation rate of MRSA of the hand washing education. J Korean Acad Adult Nurs 14: 26-33, Park ES, Jeong JS, Kim KM, et al.: A study on the costs of hospital infection control and prevention. Korean J Nosocomial Infect Control 12: 50-57, Kwandong University College of Medicine: Investigation of resistance rate change with multi-drug resistant clinical pathogens in healthcare associated infections on general hospitals in Korea. Osong, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kim YG, Han MD: Oral microbiology. Komoonsa, Seoul, p.203, Lee H, Choi SM: Hand washing awareness among students in Seoul and antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus aureus isolated on their hands. J Environ Health Sci 35: , CDC: Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, Retrieved August 1, 2017, from tion-guidelines.pdf. 8. Ministry of Health and Welfare: Dental treatment infection control standards. Ministry of Health and Welfare, Seoul, Choi DR, Kim SH: The study on organization, infection controller, patient infection control of dental clinic in certain areas. J Dent Hyg Sci 15: , Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Training materials for medical personal of isolation unit: hand washing and personal hygiene management. Retrieved September 6, 2017, from Park JH, Kim HS: The effect of the hand hygiene education program on hand hygiene knowledge, hand hygiene perception, nasal staphylococcus aureus colonization and hand hygiene adherence in nursing students. J Korean Biol Nurs Sci 14: , Cho SS, Kim KM, Lee BY, Park SA: The effects of simulation-based infection control training on the intensive care unit nurses` perception, clinical performance, and self-efficacy of infection control. J Korean Clin Nurs Res 18: , Kweon OM, Park ES, Lee DS, et al.: A three-year study of the effectiveness of hand-hygiene protocol implementation at a university hospital. Korean J Nosocomial Infect Control 17: 53-60, World Health Organization: A guide to the implementation of the WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy. Retrieved August 4, 2017, from hq/2009/who_ier_psp_ _eng.pdf. 15. Seoul Medical University Bundang Hospital: Implementation of the WHO multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategy: a pilot study. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Seongnam, p.14, Park WR, Song CB, Lee SG, Lee KH: Relative Light Unit (RLU) count at the dental environment by use of FlugunTM and PCMX as a low temperature spray typed sterilization agent. Int J Clin Prev Dent 8: , Lee HJ, Kim MY: Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus to antiseptic solution in dental hygiene practices room environment. J Korean Acad Dent Health 32: , Yun KO, Park HJ, Son BS: A study on bacterial concen- 479

9 J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 17, No. 6, 2017 trations in dental offices. J Environ Health Sci 40: , Hong DH, Kim HG: Analysis of bacterial contamination on surface of general radiography equipment and CT equipment in emergency room of radiology. J Radiol Sci Tech 39: , Han JS, Chun GS: A study about the contamination of microorganisms in private dental clinic. Korean J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 28: , Min JH, Park SN, Hwang HK, Min JB, Kim HS, Kook JK: Detection of methicillin or vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from dental hospital. J Korean Acad Conserv Dent 32: , Nam YS: Analysis on relevant factors in practice of prevention for infections in dental clinics-(focusing on dental hygienists). J Dent Hyg Sci 8: , Kim SC: Bacteriological monitoring of radiology room apparatus in the department of radiological technology and contamination on hands of radiological technologists. J Radiol Sci Tech 31: , Jang KA, Park JH: Factors influencing infection control awareness and implementation levels among dental hygienists. J Dent Hyg Sci 16: , Jeong SY, Kim OS, Lee JY: The status of healthcare-associated infection control among healthcare facilities in Korea. J Digit Converg 12: ,

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