THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Feb.; 26(2),

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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 15 Feb.; (), 1. ISSN (Print)ISSN -X (Online) An Analysis on Harmonic Effects of Wideband Stepped Frequency Radars 전승현 김동규 이창석 이동호 Seung-Hyun JunDong-Kyoo Kim*Chang-Seok LeeDong-Ho Lee 요약 (5 MHz.5 GHz).,. VCO DC. 5 MHz.5 GHz. Abstract Harmonic effects in a wideband stepped frequency radar(5 MHz.5 GHz) have been analyzed. As a result of numerical analysis and simulation, when the second harmonic exists in each frequency, a time-domain result represents an additional object which does not exist but looks to be located at a distance of twice the original object distance. The second harmonics can be removed effectively by low pass filters because there are no other signals between DC and a fundamental signal. In this paper, the harmonic problem can be solved by removing the second harmonics of 5 MHz to.5 GHz wideband fundamental signal with two switches and four low pass filters. Key words: Harmonics, Stepped Frequency Radars, Wideband Systems. 서론 (Radar: Radio Detecting and Ranging).., [1],[]., (GPR: Ground Penetrating Radar) [1][3]. [].,. [5] [1195, ]. (Department of Radio-Wave Engineering, Hanbat National University) *(Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute) Manuscript received October, 1 ; Revised February 3, 15 ; Accepted February 3, 15. (ID No. 11-7) Corresponding Author: Dong-Ho Lee ( dhlee@hanbat.ac.kr) c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.

2 .5. GHz,. GHz 9. GHz,,. [] 97 MHz, 9 MHz 9 MHz,.,..,.... 고조파영향분석 (Δf) (sweep) ( 1). N N [7]. 5 MHz.5 GHz. 5 MHz 1,3 MHz, 3 1,95 MHz,, MHz,.5 GHz.5 GHz.,,,.,. (1)(3) []. 그림 1. Fig. 1. Frequency vs. time sweep diagram of the stepped frequency system. () (3). [9].,.,, LO(Local Oscillator),. ()(9). (1) () 5

3 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol., no., Feb. 15. 그림. Fig.. Configuration of the stepped frequency radar system. (5) 표 1. Table 1. Baseband signal combination of the receiver. Rx LO ( 1) Rx LO ( 1) Rx LO ( ) Rx LO ( ) Rx LO ( 17) Rx LO ( 19) Rx LO ( 1) Rx LO ( 3) () (7) (13) (1) () (9) (1) (15).,, (1), (13). (m =1,, ). (1) (11) (1) (15) 1. LO, LO, (1), (17), (1) (17),,. (1) (17) LO, LO

4 , (1), (19), (1) (19),,., LO. (1) (19),. LO LO, () (3).,, (1), (3),,.. () (1) ().. 시뮬레이션 Keysight Advanced Design System(ADS) (harmonic balance). ADS (ts) ns, db. dbm,.,,. 1 MHz, 5 MHz.5 GHz. unambiguous range [1] ( ()),. 1 ns. 5 MHz ns.,. [11]. 주파수간격 () dbm, 1 dbm (3),.,,,., LO 그림 3. Fig. 3. Simulation blockdiagram. 7

5 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol., no., Feb. 15. Amplitude (V) 그림..5 ns ( - : dbm, : 1 dbm, : db) Fig.. The time domain result when the transmitted signal is received in.5 ns(tx signal components-fundamental signal: dbm, nd harmonic: 1 dbm, channel attenuation: db). Amplitude (V) 그림 5..5 ns ( - : dbm, : dbm, : db) Fig. 5. The time domain result when the transmitted signal is received in.5 ns(tx signal components-fundamental signal: dbm, nd harmonic: dbm, channel attenuation: db).. (.5 ns) (5 ns). dbm (5 Amplitude (V) 그림..5 ns ( - : dbm, : 3 dbm, : db) Fig.. The time domain result when the transmitted signal is received in.5 ns(tx signal components-fundamental signal: dbm, nd harmonic: 3 dbm, channel attenuation: db). Amplitude (V) 그림 7..5 ns ( - : dbm, : 1 dbm, 3 : 1 dbm, : db) Fig. 7. The time domain result when the transmitted signal is received in.5 ns(tx signal components-fundamental signal: dbm, nd harmonic: 1 dbm, 3rd harmonic: 1 Bm, channel attenuation: db). ns) 5. 3 db

6 Amplitude(V) db attenuation db attenuation 15 그림..5 ns db() db () ( - : dbm, : dbm) Fig.. The time domain result comparison between db (red) and db(black) channel attenuation when the transmitted signal is received in.5 ns(tx signal components-fundamental signal: dbm, nd harmonic: 1 dbm). 그림 9. Fig. 9. Transmitter with the hamonic rejection circuit.. 1 dbm, 3 7,. [1]. dbm, dbm db ( ) db (). db db,.,... 고조파제거회로제작,, SPT (Hittite HMC3LP3) (Mini-Circuits LFCN ). (Hittite HMC- 311LP3), (Mini-Circuits PAT ). 1, 11. VCO, DC,.. 51,1 MHz 1,1 MHz 그림 1. Fig. 1. Schematic of the hamonic rejection circuit. 9

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol., no., Feb. 15. 1 S1 (db) -1 - -3 - nd harmornic 그림 11. Fig. 11. Photograph of the implemented harmonic rejection circuit.

7 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol., no., Feb S1 (db) nd harmornic 그림 11. Fig. 11. Photograph of the implemented harmonic rejection circuit., 1,1,15 MHz,15 MHz,,153,35 MHz 3, MHz, 3,35,5 MHz 5,5 MHz, 5,5 MHz. 115 S-(S 1 ). 3 db 1 db. S1 (db) nd harmornic -5 1 Frequency (GHz) 그림 1. 1,1 MHz S- (S 1 ) Fig. 1. S-parameter(S 1 ) measurement results of 1,1 MHz LPF path Frequency (GHz) 그림 13.,15 MHz S- (S 1 ) Fig. 13. S-parameter(S 1 ) measurement results of,15 MHz LPF path. S1 (db) nd harmornic -5 1 Frequency (GHz) 그림 1. 3, MHz S- (S 1 ) Fig. 1. S-parameter (S 1 ) measurement results of 3, MHz LPF path.. 결론.,,.. 1

8 S1 (db) nd harmornic -5 1 Frequency (GHz) 그림 15. 5,5 MHz S- (S 1 ) Fig. 15. S-parameter(S 1 ) measurement results of 5,5 MHz LPF path.,. DC..,,,. References [1] H. M. Jol, Ground Penetrating Radar: Theory and Applications, Elsevier, pp , 1. [] A. S. Turk, A. K. Hocaoglu, and A. A. Vertiy, Subsurface Sensing, Wiley, pp. -3, 11. [3] G. Farquharson, "Design and implementation of a to 1, MHz, stepped frequency, ground penetrating radar transceiver", M. S. Thesis, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa, [] M. Jankiraman, Design of Multi-Frequency CW Radars, Scitech Publishing, pp , 7. [5] S. -E. Hamran, K. Langley, "A 5.3 GHz step-frequency GPR for glacier surface characterisation", Proc. Int. Conf. on Ground Penetrating Radar, Delft, Netherlands, pp. 71-7, Jun.. [] A. Langman, S. P. Dimaio, B. E. Burns, and M. R. Inggs, "Development of a low cost SFCW ground penetrating radar", Proc. Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp., Lincoln, NE, United States, pp. -, May 199. [7] M. J. Øyan, S. -E. Hamran, L. Hanssen, T. Berger, and D. Plettemeier, "Ultrawideband gated step frequency ground-penetrating radar", IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-, Jan. 1. [] A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky, Signals and Systems, (), pp , [9] A. J. Wilkinson, R. T. Lord, and M. R. Inggs, "Steppedfrequency processing by reconstruction of target reflectivity spectrum", Proc. 199 South African Symp. on Communication and Signal Processing, Rondebosch, South Africa, pp. 11-1, Sep [1] J. D. Taylor, Ultra-wideband Radar Technology, CRC, pp. 33-3,. [11] M. Sato, K. Yoshida, "Bistatic UWB radar system", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Ultra-Wideband, Singapore, pp. -5, Sep. 7. [1] M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, nd Edition, (), pp. 3-5,. 11

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9 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol., no., Feb : ( ) 13 9: [ 주관심분야 ], RF 19 : ( ) 19 : () 199 : () : 199 : [ 주관심분야 ] 5 : () 5 9: [ 주관심분야 ],,, Embedded WiFi Bluetooth : () : () 7 : () 79: Georgia Institute of Technology, Research Engineer 91: Skyworks Solutions, Inc., Senior Engineer 1: [ 주관심분야 ] RF IC,, 1

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method