#00-본문외-앞(10-3)
|
|
- 희선 박
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2OO8 Vol. 10 No 3, page 지주막하출혈후발생한지연적뇌허혈증의치료에서경두개뇌혈류초음파와 3 차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술의역할 한림대학교의과대학강동성심병원신경외과 1 한림대학교의과대학강동성심병원영상의학과 2 전홍준 1 조병문 1 강정한 1 김문규 1 윤대영 2 박세혁 1 오세문 1 Practical role of TCD and 3D-CTA in planning the angioplasty for the treatment of DIND after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage Hong-Jun Jeon, MD 1, Byung-Moon Cho, MD 1, Jeong-Han Kang, MD 1, Moon-Kyu Kim, MD 1 Dae-Young Yoon, MD 2, Se-Hyuck Park, MD 1, Sae-Moon Oh, MD 1 Department of Neurosurgery 1 and Radiology 2, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine ABSTRACT Objective : We evaluated the relationship between transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography (3D-CTA) under delayed ischemic neurologic deficit (DIND) with angioplasty following vasospasm. Materials & Methods : Twenty consecutive patients with DIND following vasospasm who received sequential TCD and CTA were analyzed. On TCD, vasospasm was defined as anterior circulation peak mean velocity>120 cm/s, daily increases of 50cm/s, and a Lindegaard ratio (LR) 3. On 3D-CTA data were subdivided into local and combined types according to the position where vasospasm occurred, and into mild, moderate, and severe by the blood vessel diameter. Results : Among the 20 consecutive patients with DIND, 13 of them received angioplasty. On TCD, the angioplasty group had more frequent vasospasm and tended to have an LR higher than 3. The mean blood flow velocity of MCA in the angioplasty group was 40 cm/sec higher than the group without angioplasty. On CTA, the angioplasty group showed combined, moderate types more frequently. After 3D-CTA evaluation, TCD sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, analyzed with the index of diminished vessel diameter that was more than moderate, were 92.6%, 83.3%, 72.2% and 50.0%, respectively. Conclusion : TCD and 3D-CTA could be useful tools for evaluation and management planning of critical patients suspected of having DIND by vasospasm. (Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008) KEY WORDS : Subarachnoid hemorrhage Transcranial doppler sonography Three dimensional computerized tomography angiography Angioplasty 서 론 논문접수일 : 2008 년 08 월 20 일심사완료일 : 2008 년 09 월 16 일교신저자 : 조병문, 서울강동구길동 445 한림대학교강동성심병원신경외과전화 : (02) 전송 : (02) nschbm@hanmail.net 뇌혈관연축은뇌동맥류파열로인한지주막하출혈후중요한합병증의하나로서, 이러한뇌혈관연축으로인한지연적뇌허혈증 (Delayed ischemic neurologic deficit, DIND) 은뇌동맥류파열로인한사망및이환의중요한원인이다. 7,20) 477
2 지주막하출혈후발생한지연적뇌허혈증의치료에서경두개뇌혈류초음파와 3 차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술의역할 지금까지 DIND는지주막하출혈환자의약 20~40% 에서보이며이환률과사망률은각각 34%, 30% 정도로보고되고있다. 19,18) 일반적으로뇌혈관연축의확진검사로고식적뇌혈관조영술 (conventional cerebral angiogram) 이시행될수있으나약 5% 의합병증및 0.5~1% 의영구적인뇌경색을일으킬수있는침습적인방법이문제가될수있다. 5) 이와는다르게경두개뇌혈류초음파 (Transcranial doppler sonography, TCD) 와 3차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술 (Three dimensional computerized tomography angiography, 3D-CTA) 은비침습적인방법으로환자상태에따라접근성을가지고신속히시행할수있으며혈관연축에대한정보를제공함에있어뇌혈관조영술만큼의정보를제공할수있지만, 21) 각각의단점 2) 으로인해혈관연축의진단척도를정확히정하기어려운것이사실이다. 본연구의목적은 TCD와 3D-CTA가 DIND의치료로혈관성형술 (angioplasty) 를시행하는환자에있어서선별검사 (screening test) 및혈관성형술시행여부에대한지표로활용될수있는지에대해알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2005년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 3년간본원에서뇌동맥류파열에의한뇌지주막하출혈로내원한환자로뇌동맥류치료 ( 동맥류경부결찰술혹은혈관내수술 ) 를시행하였던총 180명중혈관연축과함께임상적인변화를보여 DIND가진단된환자를대상으로후향적조사를시행하였다. 그중수술전, 후경과관찰기간에 TCD와 3D-CTA를모두시행한 20명 (11%) 의환자에서의무기록과방사선영상등을분석하였다. 2. 방법 TCD와 3D-CTA를모두시행한환자에서수술전뇌전산화단층촬영에서관찰된뇌지주막하출혈의정도는 Fisher 등급에따라분류하였고, 신경학적상태는 Hunt-Hess 등급에따라분류하였다. 모든환자는수술후심폐기능을고려한혈압및혈류량을유지하였고정맥주사를통하여 nimodipine을투여하였다. DIND의발생시는적극적인고혈압, 과혈량, 혈액희석 (3 H-therapy: hypertension, hypervolemia, hemodilution) 등의치료를시행하였으며치료반응에따라 TCD와 3D-CTA를고려하여 nimodipine 을이용한혈관성형술을시행하고치료에대한결과를분석하였다. 1) 지연적뇌허혈증 (DIND) 의진단기준지주막하출혈후혈관연축에의해발생한 DIND는지주막하출혈후에재출혈, 혈청전해질의변동이나수두증없이임상적인관점에서점진적으로진행하는신경학적장애증상으로정의하였다. DIND의진단시점은다음과같은 3가지기준을모두만족하는경우로제한하였다. 1 뇌지주막하출혈후 3일부터 21일중에갑작스런의식의변화를보이기시작할경우 2 뇌컴퓨터단층촬영과함께적절한조사후신경학적악화의원인이뇌수두증이나재출혈등의원인이아닌경우 3 혈청전해질, 당변화및저산소증, 경련등의다른원인을동반하지않은경우 2) 경두개뇌혈류초음파 (TCD) 의측정및이용경두개뇌혈류초음파 (TCD, 2-MHz transducer: EME Pioneer 2002) 는수술후 1일 1회이상혈관연축이치료될때까지실시하였다. 동맥혈산소분압은 95mmHg 이상과산소포화도는 100% 를유지하였고동맥혈이산화탄소분압은 35~40mmHg를유지하면서측두골접근방식 (Transtemporal approach) 을통하여전방순환혈관의평균혈류속도를측정하였다. 초음파깊이는중대뇌동맥부위 (M1) 는 50~55mm, 전대뇌동맥부위 (A1) 는 64~70mm, 그리고내경동맥 (C1) 은 60~64mm의깊이에서측정하였다. TCD에서 120cm/sec 이상의혈류속도증가를보이거나내경동맥과중대뇌동맥의비율이 (Lindegaard ratio) 3이상및하루를기준으로 50cm/sec의혈류속도증가를보일경우 TCD상에서발생하는혈관연축시점으로지정하였다. 이를기준으로 DIND가시작된시점과 TCD에서혈관연축이시작된시점을비교하였고 TCD상에서혈관연축과 Lindegaard ratio에따른혈관성형술시행유무를알아보았다. 또한혈관성형술후에나타난혈관확장결과를 TCD상의혈류속도와비교하였다. 3) 3D-CTA의측정방법과혈관연축에이용 DIND 소견이보인환자에서 multidetector-row spiral CT(MX8000IDT, Philips CT, USA) 를이용하여조영제주입후 Volume-rendering technique(vrt) 을이용하여윌리스환 (circle of Willis) 부위의뇌혈관을 3차원영상으로얻었다. 혈관연축이발생한위치는 Newell 등 8) 의분류방식에따라기저부형 (basal type, BT) 과원위부형 (distal type, DT) 으로위치를나누었다. 기저부형은혈관연축의위치가양측내경동맥과중대뇌동맥의무릎부위까지와전대뇌동맥에서전교통동맥의근위부에위치하는경우로하였다. 원위부형은중대뇌동맥의무릎부위이후와전대뇌동맥에서전교통 478 Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008
3 전홍준 조병문 강정한 김문규 윤대영 박세혁등 동맥이후의원위부에위치하는경우로하였다. 또한혈관연축이기저혹은원위부에만국한된경우를국소형 (localized type, LT) 이라하였고, 기저부와원위부모두에초래된경우를혼합형 (combined type, CT) 으로구분하였다. 혈관연축의정도는 Graham 등 23) 의방법에따라혈관연축부위의직경과혈관연축이없는동측인접부, 반대측의같은부위의직경을비교하여, 혈관직경이 25% 이하로감소된예는경도 (mild), 25~50% 는중등도 (moderate), 그리고 50% 이상의혈관직경감소는중증 (severe) 으로구분하였다. 이를기준으로혈관연축의위치와정도를혈관성형술시행유무에따라분석하였다. 4) Nimodipine을이용한혈관성형술혈관성형술시행대상은 DIND가발생한환자군에서 3 H-therapy 의치료에반응한지않는환자를대상으로 4F 혹은 5F 카테터를대퇴동맥을통해경추의내경동맥에위치시킨후혈관연축이있는혈관에직접적으로 nimodipine을투여하는방법을사용하였다. 부작용을최소화하기위해전체용량은 5mg 을넘어서지않도록하였으며 1~3mg의용량을생리식염수를이용하여 25% 로희석하고 0.1mg/min 속도로천천히주입하였다. 3. 통계분석 DIND가발생한환자에서혈관성형술시행유무에따른 TCD 및 3D-CTA의결과분석을위해 SPSS(Ver11.5;, Inc., Chicago, IL) 를이용하였고범주안에데이터에대해비교분석을위해 Chi-square test, T-test 및 Pearson s correlation analysis를이용하였다. 통계적인유의성은 P 0.05를기준으로하였다. 결과 총 180명의뇌지주막하출혈환자중 DIND 소견을보인 45명 (25%) 에서수술 ( 동맥류경부결찰술 (n=19), 혹은혈관내색전술 (n=1)) 전, 후 TCD와 3D-CTA를모두시행한환자는 20명 (11%, 남 : 10, 여 : 10) 으로평균연령은 45.5세 (34~62 세 ) 였으며, 35% 에서고혈압을보였다. 동맥류의위치는전교통동맥류 8례, 중대뇌동맥류 7례, 후교통동맥류 5례의분표를보였고 Hunt-Hess grade는각각 2등급 7명 (35%), 3등급 8명 (40%), 4등급 5명 (25%) 이었고, Fisher grade는 2등급 1명 (5%), 3등급 11명 (55%), 4등급 8명 (40%) 이었다 (Table 1). 혈관성형술을시행한군은 13명 (65%) 으로고혈압의유무, 동맥류의위치와는연관성을보이지않았으나 Hunt-Hess Table 1. Correlation between variable and angioplasty Variables Total(n=20) angioplasty(+)(n=13) angioplasty(-)(n=7) p - value H-H grade. n (%) I 10 0 (0)1 0 (0)1 II 17 1 (8)1 6 (86) III 18 7 (54) 1 (14) IV 15 5 (38) 0 (0)1 V 10 0 (0)1 0 (0)1 Fisher grade. n (%) I 10 0 (0)1 0 (0)1 II 11 0 (0)1 1 (14) III 11 5 (38) 6 (86) IV 18 8 (62) 0 (0)1 Sex, M/F 10/10 7/6 3/4 - Age,year,mean HTN (%) 17 4 (57) 3 (43) - ACoA 18 5 (63) 3 (37) Location (%) PCoA 15 4 (80) 1 (20) - MCA bifur 17 4 (57) 3 (43) OP, days, mean /// 1.57/// - DIND, days, mean /// 7.57/// - TCD, days, mean (n=18) /////////7.50 (n=12) ///////8.17 (n=6) - 3D-CTA,days, mean /// 9.57/// - *H-H : Hunt-Hess grade, Fisher : Fisher group, HTN : hypertension, ACoA : anterior communicating artery, PCoA : Posterior communicating artery, MCA bifur : Middle cerebral artery bifurcation, DIND : Delayed ischemic neurologic deficit, TCD : Transcranial doppler sonography, 3D-CTA : Three dimensional computerized tomography angiography Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): ,
4 지주막하출혈후발생한지연적뇌허혈증의치료에서경두개뇌혈류초음파와 3 차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술의역할 와 Fisher grade에서등급이높을수록혈관성형술의빈도가높게나타났다 (p 0.05)(Table 1). 동맥류에대한수술시기는지주막하출혈후평균 1.55± 1.43일 (0~6일) 에시행되었고, DIND의발생시기는출혈후평균 7.15±3.15(2~15일 ) 일을보였으나혈관성형술을시행한군 ( 평균 6.9±3.61일 ) 에서시행하지않은군 ( 평균 7.5± 2.23일 ) 보다 DIND가빠르게나타났지만통계적유의성은없었다 (p 0.05)(Table 1). 1. TCD 결과와혈관성형술 TCD에서혈관연축소견은 90%(n=18) 에서보였으며지주막하출혈후평균 7.72±3.24일에나타났고혈관성형술을시행한군 (n=12, 평균 7.5±3.73일 ) 에서시행하지않은군 (n=6, 평균 8.17±1.99일 ) 보다혈관연축이빠르게나타났지 만통계적유의성은없었다 (p 0.05)(Table 1). TCD에서혈관연축을보이지않았던 2명중 1명은 3D-CTA의소견에따라혈관성형술을시행하였다. Lindegaard ratio에서 3이상을보인경우는혈관성형술을시행한군 (n=13) 에서 84.6%(n=11) 였고시행하지않은군에서 71.4%(n=5) 로 Lindegaard ratio 값이혈관성형술시행의척도로서통계학적인유의성은없었다 (p 0.05)(Table 2). DIND 진단당시중대뇌동맥의혈류속도는혈관성형술을시행한군 (n=13) 에서평균약 40cm/sec 정도높게측정되어통계적으로두군에유의한차이를보이고있었다 (Table 3). 또한 DIND 진단후혈관성형술을시행한군 (n=13) 에서시행전후에있어서 TCD상다른부위의혈류속도와는달리중대뇌동맥의혈류속도가유의성있는감소소견이나타났다 (p 0.05)(Table 4). Table 2. Correlation between TCD result and angioplasty Vasospasm (+) Vasospasm (-) 3 LR 3 > LR Angioplasty (+), n=13 (%) 12 (92.3) 1 (7.7)1 11 (84.6) 2 (15.4) TCD Angioplasty (-), n=7 (%) 16 (85.7) 1 (14.3) 15 (71.4) 2 (28.6) Total (%), n=20(100) 18 (90)1 2 (10)/// 16 (80)1/ 4 (20)1/ *TCD : Transcranial doppler sonography, LR : Lindegaard ratio Table 3. Comparison of mean TCD velocity between with angioplasty and without angioplasty Variables angioplasty (+) (n=13) angioplasty (-) (n=7) p - value Rt. M TCD Rt. A Velocity, Lt. M Mean Lt. A Rt. ICA Lt. ICA *TCD : Transcranial doppler sonography, M1 : Middle cerebral artery, A1 : Anterior cerebral artery, ICA : internal carotid artery Table 4. Comparison of mean TCD velocity between pre-angioplasty and post-angioplasty Location Time Mean(cm/sec) N SD p-value Rt M1 Pre Post Rt A1 Pre Post Lt M1 Pre Post Lt A1 Pre Post Rt ICA Pre Post Lt ICA Pre Post *N : number, SD : standard deviation, M1 : Middle cerebral artery, A1 : Anterior cerebralartery, ICA : internal carotid artery 480 Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008
5 전홍준 조병문 강정한 김문규 윤대영 박세혁등 2. 3D-CTA 결과와혈관성형술 3D-CTA 소견에서혈관연축의위치는전체환자 20명중국소형 (local type) 65%(n=13) 와혼합형 (combined type, Fig. 1A) 35%(n=7) 로분류되었으며, 국소형65%(n=13) 에서기저형 (basal type) 은 50%(n=10) 를원위형 (distal type) 은 15%(n=3) 로나타났다. 혈관연축에의한혈관직경의감소정도에따른분류상경도가 30%(n=6), 중등도 25%(n=5), 중증도가 45%(n=9) 로나뉘었다. 이러한분류에서혈관성형술을시행한군은위치상국소형이 46.2%(n=6)( 기저형 30.8%(n=4), 원위형 15.4%(n=2명 )) 혼합형은 53.8%(n=7) 를보였고, 혈관직경감소정도에서는경도 7.7%(n=1), 중등도23.1%(n=3), 중증도 69.2%(n=9) 를보였다. 혈관성형술을시행하지않은군은위치상국소형이 100%(n=7)( 기저형 85.7%(n=6), 원위형 14.3%) 혼합형이 0%(n=0) 를보였으며, 혈관직경감소정도에서는경도 71.4%(n=5), 중등도 28.6%(n=2), 중증도 0%(n=0) 의소견을보였다. 두군간에있어서혈관연축의위치상으로국소형과혼합형의비교시혼합형에서혈관성형술을시행한경우와국소형에서원위부에서혈관성형술을시행한경우에두군에유의한차이를보이고있었다 (p 0.05). 혈관직경의감소에따른두군간의비 교는중등도에따른혈관성형술시행유무에유의한차이를보였다 (P 0.05)(Table 5). 4. TCD와 3D-CTA의관련성 TCD에서혈관부위별혈류속도와 3D-CTA의혈관직경의감소정도를비교시혈류속도의증가가비례적으로혈관직경의감소정도를반영하지는않았고 (p 0.05), 본연구에서기준으로정한부위별 TCD 측정깊이는대부분기저부에국한되어원위부를측정할수없었다. TCD에서 Lindegaard ratio 3이상을보인환자는혈관성형술을시행한군 (n=13) 중에 84.6%(n=11) 를보였으며이중 69.2%(n=9) 에서 3D- CTA에서중증형의혈관직경감소를보였고 15.4%(n=2) 는중등도의감소소견을보였다. Lindegaard ratio 3미만을보인환자에서는중등도와경도에서각각 7.7%(n=1) 의소견을보였다 (p 0.05)(Table 6). 3D-CTA소견에서중등도 (moderate) 이상의혈관직경감소를기준으로분석한 TCD 의민감도 (sensitivity), 특이도 (specificity), 양성예측도 (positive predictive value), 음성예측도 (negative predictive value) 는각각 92.6%, 83.3%, 72.2%, 50.0% 이었다. 또한 3D-CTA에서혈관연축의정도가중증형에가까 Table 5. Correlation between distribution of 3D-CTA & angioplasty Location Severity BT LT DT CT Mild Moderate Severe Total (%) Angioplasty(%) + 4 (30.8) 2 (15.4) 7 (53.8) 1 (7.7)1 3 (23.1) 9 (69.2) 13 (100) _ 6 (85.7) 1 (14.3) 0 (0)11/ 5 (71.4) 2 (28.6) 0 (0)11/ 17 (100) Total (%) 10 (50)11/ 3 (15)1/ 7 (35)1/ 6 (30)1/ 5 (25)1/ 9 (45)1/ 20 (100) p-value *LT: local type, BT: basal type, DT: distal type, CT: combined type, 3D-CTA: Three dimensional computerized tomography angiography Table 6. Correlation between Lindegaard ratio and 3D-CTA severity in performed angioplasty group Severe (%) Moderate (%) Mild (%) Total (%) p-value 3 LR 9 (69.2) 2 (15.4) 11(84.6) > LR 1 (7.7)1 1 (7.7) /2 (15.4) Total (%) 9(69.2) 3 (23.1) 1 (7.7) 13 (100)1 *LR : Lindegaard ratio Table 7. GOS result and angioplasty GOS (%) GR MD SD Total (%) p-value Angioplasty + 6 (46.2) 4 (30.8) 3 (23.1) 13 (100) (100) 0 (0)11 0 (0)11/ 17 (100) Total (%) 13 (65.0)/ 4 (20.0) 3 (15.0) 20 (100) *GOS: Glasgow outcome scale, GR: good response, MD: moderate disability, SD: severe disability Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): ,
6 지주막하출혈후발생한지연적뇌허혈증의치료에서경두개뇌혈류초음파와 3 차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술의역할 울수록혈관성형술을시행한후 TCD 부위별전반적인혈류속도감소의폭이증가하였고, 부위별혈류속도의비교에서도양측중대뇌동맥의수치값이유의성있는변화를나타내었다. 5. 예후환자의 GOS(Glasgow outcome scale) 를보면 Hunt- Hess 등급과 Fisher 등급이불량한환자일수록환자의예후가좋지않게나타났다. 혈관성형술을시행한군 (n=13) 은모두중증의환자로 good recovery(gr), moderate disability(md), severe disability(sd) 는각각 6, 4, 3명이었고혈관성형술을시행하지않은군은 7명모두가양호한예후 (good recovery, GR) 를보였다 (Table 7). 고찰 뇌지주막하출혈이후혈관연축과함께발생한 DIND에대하여고혈압, 과혈량, 혈액희석 (3 H-therapy: hypertension, hypervolemia, hemodilution) 치료와함께정맥내 nimodipine 사용등이이루어져왔다. 그리고내과적치료에반응하지않은경우혈관성형술을고려하고있지만아직도 DIND는뇌동맥류파열로인한사망과이환의중요한원인이다. 9) 혈관연축의발생위치와정도를가장정확히평가하는방법은고식적뇌혈관조영술 (conventional cerebral angiogram) 이지만뇌혈관조영술은침습적인검사방법으로반복적인시행이어렵고시행과정에준비와검사시간이많이걸리는문제가있을수있다. 21) 문헌에의하면혈관조영술에서혈관연축을보인경우약 24% 만이임상적인혈관연축소견을보인다고보고되었다. 18) 1982년 TCD가도입된이후이러한뇌혈관조영술에비해비침습적이며혈류의증가가임상증상보다먼저나타나는장점때문에뇌허혈의조기진단에보편적으로사용되고있다. 9,10) 또한 3D-CTA도비교적빠른시간내에비침습적방법으로두개내혈관영상을얻을수있고비교적뇌혈관조영술만큼이나뇌혈관의상태에대해선별검사및추적검사로서도효과적인결과를얻을수있다. 3,22,12) 그러나 TCD나 3D- CTA의사용이모든임상적인상황에대해뇌혈관연축의진단과모니터링이가능하다는것은논란의여지가있다. 예를들어 TCD를측정하는창 (window) 이좋지않아측정값이잘못되는경우가있을수있으며뇌혈류의충혈 (hyperemia) 시에상승된평균혈류값이위양성소견을보일수있다. 15,16) 또한혈관이불규칙성을보이거나동맥경화성변화가존재시혹은혈관연축이기저부보다원위부에발생시에측정값의오류를범할수있으며혈관연축의진행이있고나서뇌압의상승으로인한위음성이역으로발생할수있다. 17,8) 문헌에발표된중대뇌동맥근위부 TCD의혈관연축은민감도 (sensitivity)84~85%, 특이도 (specificity) 는 89~98% 로보고되고있으며 6,16,4) 저자들의경우혈관조영술에대한 TCD 의예측도는확인할수없었지만 3D-CTA에대한예측도는민감도 (sensitivity), 특이도 (specificity), 양성예측도 (positive predictive value), 음성예측도 (negative predictive value) 는각각 92.6%, 83.3%, 72.2%, 50.0% 로 TCD 결과값으로혈관연축에대한단일검사로는오차가있음을알수있었다. TCD에서혈류속도의증가가임상증상보다먼저나타나서조기에 DIND를진단할수있고혈류속도의증가치가높을경우 DIND의빈도가증가하기에조기진 Fig. 1. A 31-year-old woman with left-sided hemiparesis attributed to vasospasm occurring 5 days after SAH consecutive to a ruptured aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery, treated by GDC coiling. Volume rendering image on 3D-CTA (A) showed severe vasospasm on left MCA and both ACA. Angioplasty performed after 3D-CTA image. Pre-angioplasty image on angiogram corresponds to the 3D-CTA (B) and post-angioplasty image showed increased size of left MCA and both ACA (C). 482 Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008
7 전홍준 조병문 강정한 김문규 윤대영 박세혁등 단과함께예후판정에도움이된다는보고 24) 와는다르게본연구에서 DIND로진단된 20명의환자에있어서 TCD의혈관연축소견보다보다임상증상먼저나타나는결과를보였다 (Table 1). 또한 20명의환자중에서 2명의환자가 TCD상으로혈관연축소견을보이고있지않았으며그중에 1명이 3D-CTA 소견에서원위형이었다 (Table2,5). 이러한결과값은 DIND가단순한방사선학적인혈관조영술로만진단할수없음을추측할수있다. DIND후혈관성형술시행과관련하여시행한군에서 TCD 상에혈관연축의빈도가많았으며 (Table 2) 중대뇌동맥의혈류속도가시행하지않은군에비해 30~40cm/sec 높게측정되었고 (Table 3) Lindegaard ratio가 3이상이 85% 를보인다는것으로혈관성형술이필요한경우를어느정도예측가능할수있었다 (Table 2). 또한혈관성형술이후 TCD 측정상중대뇌동맥부위에서혈류속도의감소의변화가다른측정부위보다높게나타났다. 하지만실제적인대뇌혈관의직경이어느정도중증도를보이는지에대하여예측할수는없었다. Otawara 등 2) 은 3D-CTA의혈관연축소견과고식적인혈관조영술의소견을비교한결과뇌혈관의근위부와원위부에서약 90% 이상일치한다고보고하였으며, 저자와같이 Yoon 등 24) 이발표한 3D-CTA의혈관연축소견과고식적인혈관조영술의소견의민감도와특이도는 97.5%, 98.1%, 이며양성예측도및음성예측도는 90.7%, 99.5% 로 3D-CTA 가어느정도혈관연축을반영하는지를예측할수있다. 3D-CTA와관련하여고려해볼수있는문제점은동맥류의클립 (clip) 및코일 (coil) 에의해발생하는간섭으로주위의혈관영상이보이지않을수있으며, 집중적인관리가필요한혈관연축환자에게검사실의이동과관련하여적잖은부담이될수있으며 TCD처럼반복적으로시행하기는어렵다는문제가있다. 또한검사방법으로서이용하는조영제로인해예상치못한부작용을초래할수도있다. 19) 본연구상에서는뇌지주막하출혈후출혈량이많거나임상적으로불량한등급을보인경우에혈관연축의정도가 3D-CTA에서중등도와중증도를보이는것을확인하였다. TCD측정에서보이는부위별혈류속도의측정값으로 3D-CTA상에서보이는혈관연축의변화를예측할수는없었으나 Lindegaard ratio를고려해볼경우 3D-CTA에서중증형의혈관직경감소를보이는경우에 80% 이상에서 3 이상의증가소견을보였다. 또한혈관성형술과관련하여 3D-CTA상으로기저부와원위부모두에혈관연축이발생한혼합형인경우와중등도이상의혈관직경감소를보일경우내과적으로고혈압, 과혈량, 혈액희석 (3 H-therapy: hypertension, hypervolemia, hemodilution) 치료가반응하지않아혈관성형술이필요하 였다. 혈관성형술로는풍선을이용한근위부혈관을확장시키는방법 (Transluminal balloon angioplasty) 과대뇌동맥혈관에약물을직접주입시켜확장시키는방법이있다. 4) 풍선을이용하여혈관을확장시키는방법은원위부경동맥, 근위부중대뇌동맥, 근위부전대뇌동맥등의기저부혈관에혈관내약물을주입하는방법보다영구적으로효과가있을수있으나기술적으로더많은숙련이필요하며혈관의파열, 크립 (clip) 의이동및뇌경색등의합병증이있을수있다. 9) 본연구에서는 nimodpine을이용한혈관확장술을사용하였고임상적예후가좋지않은환자일수록혈관조영컴퓨터촬영상에서중증도가높았으며, 혈관확장술을시행한경우가더많은소견을보이고있었다. 지주막하출혈후혈관연축을예측하는문헌을보면 Gonzalez 등 10) 은 TCD, 뇌혈류측정 (75 X 133 cerebral blood flow), 임상척도등을이용하면혈관연축척도 (vasospasm probability index) 를예측할수있다고보고하였으며 Ionita 등 12) 은 CTA와 TCD의사용이혈관성형술을결정하는좋은진단도구가될수있다고보고하였다. 본연구의제한점은조사대상의한정으로전체적인 TCD 에대한민감도, 특이도를조사하지않았으며혈관확장술을시행하지않은군에서고식적인혈관조영술 (conventional cerebral angiogram) 을시행하지않아 3D-CTA 결과가혈관연축을어느정도반영하는지를조사하지않고저자와같이 Yoon 24) 이발표한 3D-CTA의혈관연축소견과고식적인혈관조영술의소견을기초로분석하였다는점이다. 차후비교대상군의 TCD, 3D-CTA, 고식적혈관조영술에대한종합적인비교분석이이루어져야할것으로사료된다. 결론 연구를토대로다음과같은결론을추론하였다. 1) TCD에서혈관연축소견이보이면서 3D-CTA상혈관연축의위치가혼합형혹은혈관직경의감소가중증형인경우에혈관성형술이필요로하였다. 2) TCD에서혈관연축과함께 Lindegaard ratio가 3이상이며 3D-CTA에서혈관직경감소가중등도이상일경우혈관성형술이필요로하였다. 뇌지주막하출혈이후혈관연축에의한 DIND소견으로내과적치료와함께혈관성형술이필요할때 TCD와 3D-CTA 를동시에이용하는것이각각의결점을보완하는유용한진단방법이라고사료된다. 중심단어 : 경두개뇌혈류초음파와 3차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술. Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): ,
8 지주막하출혈후발생한지연적뇌허혈증의치료에서경두개뇌혈류초음파와 3 차원전산화단층촬영혈관조영술의역할 REFERENCES 11) Alberico RA, Patel M, Casey S, Jacobs B, Maguire W, Decker R. Evaluation of the willis with three-dimensional computerized tomography angiography in patients with suspected intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 16:1571-8, ) Aoki S, Sasaki Y, Machida T, Ohkubo T, Minami M. Cerebral aneurysms: detection and delineation using 3-D-CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol;13: , ) Baek WI, Yim MB, Lee CY, Lee JC, Son EI, Kim DW, et al. An analysis of factors related to symptomatic vasospasm and outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Kor Neurosurg Soc 26:814-21, ) Biondi A, Ricciardi GK, Puybasset L, Abdennour L, Longo M, Chiras J, et al. Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: preliminary results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25: , ) Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, Dion JE. Risk of cerebral angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation : a meta-analysis. Stroke 30 : , ) Dorsch NW. Cerebral arterial spasm-a clinical review. Br J Neurosurg 9:403-12, ) Dorsch NW, King MT. A review of cerebral vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Part I: Incidence and effects. J Clin Neurosc 1:19-26, ) Ekelund A, Saveland H, Romner B, Brandt L. Is transcranial doppler sonography useful in detecting late cerebral ischemia after aneurismal subarachnoid haemorrhage? Br J Neurosurg 10 : 19-25, ) Elliott JP, Newell DW, Lam DJ, Eskridge JM, Douville CM, Le Roux PD, et al. Comparison of balloon angioplasty and papaverine infusion for the treatment of vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 88:277-84, ) Gonzalez NR, Boscardin WJ, Glenn T, Vinuela F, Martin NA. Vasospasm probability index: a combination of transcranial doppler velocities, cerebral blood flow, and clinical risk factors to predict cerebral vasospasm after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 107: , ) Graham DI, Macpherson P, Pitts LH. Correlation between angiographic vasospasm, hematoma, and ischemic brain damage following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 59:223-30, ) Ionita CC, Graffagnino C, Alexander MJ, Zaidat OO. The Value of computed tomography angiography and transcranial doppler sonography in triaging suspected cerebral vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage prior to endovascular theraphy. Neurocrit Care ) Kassell NF, Torner JC, Haley EC, Jane JA, Adams HP, Kongable GL. The international cooperative study on the timing of aneurysm surgery, I: overall management results. J Neurosurg 73:18-36, ) Laumer R, Steinmeier R, Gonner F, Vogtmann T, Priem R, Fahlbusch R. Cerebral hemodynamics in subarachnoid hemorrhage evaluated by transcranial doppler sonography. part 1. reliability of flow velocities in clinical management. Neurosurgery 33 : 1-8, ) Lindegaard KF, Nornes H, Bakke SJ, Sorteberg W, Nakstad P. Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage investigated by means of transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 42 : 81-4, ) Lysakowski C, Walder B, Costanza MC, Tramer MR. Transcranial doppler versus angiography in patients with vasospasm due to a ruptured cerebral aneurysm : a systematic review. Stroke 32 : , ) Newell DW, Grady MS, Eskridge JM, Winn HR. Distribution of angiographic vasoapasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Implication for diagnosis by transcranial doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurgery 27:574-7, ) Ng SH, Wong HF, Ko SF, Lee CM, Yen PS, Wai YY, et al. Computerized tomography angiography of intracranial aneurysms : advantages and pitfalls. Eur J Radiol 25:14-9, ) Otawara Y, Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, Sasaki M, Takahashi K. Evaluation of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage by use of multislice computed tomographic angiography. Neurosurgery ;51: , ) Park DM, Kim YD, Hong DY, Choi GH, Yeo HT. Role of multislice computerized tomographic angiography in vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Kor Neurosurg Soc 39 : , ) Sekhar LN, Wechsler LR, Yonas H, Luyckx K, Obrist W. Value of transcranial doppler examination in the diagnosis ofcerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery22: , ) Sloan MA, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Henry ML, Stewart SR, Beskin RR, el al. Sensitivity and specificity of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology;39:1514-8, ) Suarez JI, Qureshi AI, Yahia AB, Parekh PD, Tamarqo RJ, Williams MA, et al. Symptomatic vasospasm diagnosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evaluation of transcranial doppler ultrasound and cerebral angiography as related to compromised vascular distribution. Crit Care Med Vol. 30, No. 6, ) Yoon DY, Choi CS, Kim KH, Cho BM. Multidetector-row CT angiography of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of volume-rendered images and digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27: 370-7, ) Zeman RK, Silverman PM, Vieco PT, Costello P. Computerized tomography angiography. AJR 165: , Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 10(3): , 2008
동맥류성 지주막하출혈 후 발생한 뇌혈관연축의 동맥 내 니모디핀 주입술의 효과 니모디핀은 칼슘 길항제로서 혈관 평활근의 수축을 줄이는 역할을 한다(9). 근래에 몇몇 저자들에 의해 뇌동맥 내 니모디 핀(intra-arterial nimodipine; 이하 IAN) 주입술
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;66(6):501-506 Effect of Intra-Arterial Nimodipine Infusion for the Treatment of Symptomatic Cerebral Vasospasm Following an Aneurysmal Subarachnoid
More informationLumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
More information012임수진
Received : 2012. 11. 27 Reviewed : 2012. 12. 10 Accepted : 2012. 12. 12 A Clinical Study on Effect of Electro-acupuncture Treatment for Low Back Pain and Radicular Pain in Patients Diagnosed with Lumbar
More informationSurgical Management of Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebrovascular Diseases ( 뇌졸중 ) 박승우 강원대학교의과대학 신경외과학교실 뇌졸중은알면두렵지않습니다 腦卒中 -급작스런뇌기능정지상태 우리나라장, 노년사망률 1위질환 심각한후유증및장기간간호문제 뇌혈관학회의사들이지적한문제점 적절한시기를놓친다 위험한초기증상을그냥넘긴다 질환을확실하게이해하지못한다 뇌졸중이해는의학지식이아닌상식이되어야함 뇌졸중, 중풍,
More informationKISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc , 1999 척추동맥의박리성뇌동맥류의뇌혈관내수술 서범석 권양 권병덕 = Abstract = Endovascular Surgery of Vertebral Artery
KISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc 281179-1184, 1999 척추동맥의박리성뇌동맥류의뇌혈관내수술 서범석 권양 권병덕 = Abstract = Endovascular Surgery of Vertebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm Bumn Suk Suh, M.D., Yang Kwon,
More informationKbcs002.hwp
Does Real-time Compound Imaging Improve Evaluation of reast Cancer Compared to Conventional Sonography? o Kyoung Seo, M.D., Yu Whan Oh, M.D., Kyu Ran Cho, M.D., Young Hen Lee, M.D., Hyung Joon Noh, M.D.,
More information<303120C0CCBBF3B8F12DC0CCB1D4BFEB2E687770>
Sang Mok Lee, M.D., Boo Jung, M.D., Kyu-Yong Lee, M.D., Young Joo Lee, M.D., Jin Hwan Cheong, M.D., Jae Min Kim, M.D. Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine,
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
e- 비즈니스연구 (The e-business Studies) Volume 17, Number 1, February, 28, 2016:pp. 293~316 ISSN 1229-9936 (Print), ISSN 2466-1716 (Online) 원고접수일심사 ( 수정 ) 게재확정일 2015. 12. 04 2015. 12. 24 2016. 02. 25 ABSTRACT
More information노영남
Purpose: Delayed massive hemorrhages from pseudoaneurysm rupture of the peripancreatic large arteries, after pancreaticoduodenectomy, are fatal. We reviewed the clinical course and outcome of bleeding
More information기관고유연구사업결과보고
기관고유연구사업결과보고 작성요령 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 2001 ~ 2004 2005 ~ 2007 2008 ~ 2010 1 2/3 2 1 0 2 3 52 0 31 83 12 6 3 21 593 404 304 1,301 4 3 1 8 159 191 116 466 6 11 (`1: (1: 16 33 44 106
More information(01) hwp
Journal of Life Science 2013 Vol. 23. No. 2. 157~166 ISSN (Print) 1225-9918 ISSN (Online) 2287-3406 DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/jls.2013.23.2.157 α μ δ κ 158 생명과학회지 2013, Vol. 23. No. 2 Journal of
More information황지웅
Comparison of Laparoscopy and Exploration in the Distal Pancreatectomy BACKGROUND: To determine the benefits of laparoscopic surgery compared with exploration, the clinical outcomes of open and laparoscopic
More information뇌동맥류파열환자의치료에서수술적클립결찰술과혈관내코일색전술과의비교연구 이합병증을최소화하며뇌동맥류를처리하는것이다. 이런뇌동맥류치료에있어클립결찰술은전통적으로오랜기간동안시행된수술방법이다. 하지만약 2.3~8.2% 정도, 1)4) 많게는 42% 17)18) 까지클립결찰술후동맥류의
KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY March 2011 Vol. 13 No 1, page 33-41 뇌동맥류파열환자의치료에서수술적클립결찰술과혈관내코일색전술과의비교연구 충남대학교의학전문대학원신경외과학교실 성재경 고현송 권현조 최승원 김선환 송시헌 A Comparative Study of Microsurgical Clipping and Endovascular
More informationKISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc , 1998 코일을이용한뇌동맥류의혈관내치료 : 효용성과한계점 * 김종수 ** 변홍식 *** 김기준 ** 이정일 ** 홍승철 ** 신형진 ** 박관 ** 어환 ** 김종
KIEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg oc 27749-756, 1998 코일을이용한뇌동맥류의혈관내치료 : 효용성과한계점 * 김종수 ** 변홍식 *** 김기준 ** 이정일 ** 홍승철 ** 신형진 ** 박관 ** 어환 ** 김종현 ** = Abstract = Coil Embolization of Intracranial AneurysmsThe
More information- iii - - i - - ii - - iii - 국문요약 종합병원남자간호사가지각하는조직공정성 사회정체성과 조직시민행동과의관계 - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - α α α α - 15 - α α α α α α
More information386-390.hwp
386 HANYANG MEDICAL REVIEWS Vol. 29 No. 4, 2009 우리나라 미숙아의 통계와 의료비용 Statistics and Medical Cost of Preterm in Korea 윤혜선 을지대학교 노원을지병원 소아청소년과학교실 Hye Sun Yoon, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Pediatrics, Nowon
More information원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현
원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 연세대학교대학원 의학과 남상현 원위부요척골관절질환에서의초음파 유도하스테로이드주사치료의효과 - 후향적 1 년경과관찰연구 - 지도김석원교수 이논문을석사학위논문으로제출함
More information12이문규
Review on Conservative Treatment of Spinal Scoliosis Moon-kyu Lee, O.M.D., Gil-jae Lee, O.M.D., Yun-kyung Song, O.M.D., Hyung-ho Lim, O.M.D. Dept. of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine College of Oriental
More information1..
Volume 12, Number 1, 6~16, Factors influencing consultation time and waiting time of ambulatory patients in a tertiary teaching hospital Jee-In Hwang College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University :
More informationOriginal Article pissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2011;65(4): Multidetector-Row CT Angiography of Cerebral Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subara
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2011;65(4):325-331 Multidetector-Row CT Angiography of Cerebral Vasospasm after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Comparison of Bone Subtraction and
More information±èÇ¥³â
533 Fig. 1. Dead zone. Nine echoes are positioned 2-10 mm below the scan surface with 1 mm distance. All nine echoes are clearly visualized. 534 Fig. 2. Vertical and horizontal measurement. 10 cm distance
More information한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구
한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 한국성인에서초기황반변성질환과 연관된위험요인연구 - - i - - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - χ - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - 그림 1. 연구대상자선정도표 - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - 그림 2. 연구의틀 χ - 9 - - 10 - - 11 -
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - α α - 20 - α α α α α α - 21 - - 22 - - 23 -
More information<283732372D3733312920B4D9C3CAC1A120BCD2C7C1C6AEC4DCC5C3C6AEB7BBC1EEC0C720B3EBBEC8C0C720BDC3B7C2BAB8C1A4BFA120B4EBC7D120C0AFBFEBBCBA20C6F2B0A1283035292E687770>
대한안과학회지 제 49 권 제 5 호 2008 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 49(5):727-731, 2008 DOI : 10.3341/jkos.2008.49.5.727 다초점 소프트콘택트렌즈의 노안의 시력보정에 대한 유용성 평가 김현경 1 김효명 2 정성근 1 가톨릭대학교 의과대학 성모병원 안과학교실 1, 고려대학교 의과대학 안암병원 안과학교실
More information- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -
More informationJksvs019(8-15).hwp
Grade I Grade II Grade III 12 대한혈관외과학회지 : 제 20 권 제 1 호 2004 Control Group A Group B Fig. 4. Microscopic findings of vein wall in control, group A and group B on the day of 7 after venous occlusion. The
More information16_이주용_155~163.hwp
사상체질의학회지 2008;20(2):155-163 J of Sasang Constitutional Medicine Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008:155-163 http://www.esasang.com 腦 梗 塞 으로 발생한 少 陽 人 半 身 舞 蹈 病 患 者 치험 1례 이주용 이한얼 한경수 안택원 Abstract 대전대학교 한의과대학 사상체질과 A Soyangin
More informationKISEP KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2003 Vol. 5, No 2, page 중대뇌동맥동맥류의수술적치료 연세대학교의과대학신경외과학교실 주진양 Surgical Management of Middle Cerebra
KISEP KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2003 Vol. 5, No 2, page 117-22 중대뇌동맥동맥류의수술적치료 연세대학교의과대학신경외과학교실 주진양 Surgical Management of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms Jin-Yang Joo, MD, PhD Department
More information김범수
Analysis of Outcomes after Resection of Sarcomatous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Purpose: Sarcomatous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare. Therefore, the clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis
More information전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II)
전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) 전립선암발생률추정과관련요인분석 : The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) - i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - vii - - viii - - ix - -
More information(Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern (Micro- Environment) Re
EMF Health Effect 2003 10 20 21-29 2-10 - - ( ) area spot measurement - - 1 (Exposure) Exposure (Exposure Assesment) EMF Unknown to mechanism Health Effect (Effect) Unknown to mechanism Behavior pattern
More information(
317 318 319 320 1 3 5 5 5 5 2 321 : 1.,,,,, 06 2. X-ray beam penetration (density) (contrast) 03 3. patch coating, precipitation, flaking 03 4. centering 03 5. Esophagus, cardia, fundus, body, angle, antrum,
More informationKISEP KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE September 2000 Vo. 2, No 2, page 뇌동맥류수술을위한측두하접근법 이재환 허승곤 Subtemporal Approach for Cerebral Aneurysm Jae-Wha
KISEP KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE September 2000 Vo. 2, No 2, page 163-70 뇌동맥류수술을위한측두하접근법 이재환 허승곤 Subtemporal Approach for Cerebral Aneurysm Jae-Whan Lee, MD and Seung-Kon Huh, MD Department of Neurosurgery,
More informationA 617
Special Issue Diabetic Retinopathy Won Ki Lee, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Kangnam St. Mary s Hospital E mail : wklee@catholic.ac.kr Abstract R
More information08-조태구-최종
Influence of Intraoperative Ventriculostomy on the Occurrence of Shunt - Dependent Hydrocephalus in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Tae Koo Cho, MD 1 Jae Min Kim, MD, PhD 1 Sung Soo Kim, MD 1 Hyeong
More information04조남훈
Received : 2011. 11. 16 Reviewed : 2011. 11. 25 Accpeted : 2011. 12. 5 A Case Report of Prescribing Yanghyeolgeopung-tang(yangxuequfeng-tang) to Two Patients with Cervical Disc Herniation and Headache
More information자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 A B Fig. 1. High-contrast spatial resolution in phantom test. A. Slice 1 with three sets of hole arr
Original Article pissn 1738-2637 J Korean Soc Radiol 2012;67(2):129-134 The Survey of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality according to in Korea 1 자기공명영상장치(MRI) 자장세기에 따른 MRI 품질관리 영상검사의 개별항목점수 실태조사 1 Hyun-Hae
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp DOI: : Researc
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2017, Vol. 27, No. 2, pp.251-273 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.27.2.201706.251 : 1997 2005 Research Trend Analysis on the Korean Alternative Education
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:237~251 Received: 2016/11/20, Accepted: 2016/12/24 Revised: 2016/12/21, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] Recently, there is an increasing
More information( )Jkstro011.hwp
비인강암의방사선치료결과및생존율에관한예후인자분석 2005 2 1 2005 3 28. :, Tel: 053)250-7665, Fax: 053)250-7984 E-mail: jhkim@dsmc.or.kr 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 정영연외 2 인 : 비인강암의예후인자분석 Carcinoma of the nasopharynx treated by radiotherapy
More information03이경미(237~248)ok
The recent (2001-2010) changes on temperature and precipitation related to normals (1971-2000) in Korea* Kyoungmi Lee** Hee-Jeong Baek*** ChunHo Cho**** Won-Tae Kwon*****. 61 (1971~2000) 10 (2001~2010).
More information목 차 회사현황 1. 회사개요 2. 회사연혁 3. 회사업무영역/업무현황 4. 등록면허보유현황 5. 상훈현황 6. 기술자보유현황 7. 시스템보유현황 주요기술자별 약력 1. 대표이사 2. 임원짂 조직 및 용도별 수행실적 1. 조직 2. 용도별 수행실적
用 役 指 名 願 금번 貴 社 에서 실시하고자 하는 用 役 에 참여하고자 當 社 의 指 名 願 을 提 出 하오니 審 査 하시고 指 名 하여 주시면 감사하겠습니다. 2014년 (주)하우드 엔지니어링 종합건축사사무소 대표이사 문 홍 길 대표이사 채 희 대표이사 이 재 규 대표이사 김 성 우 SUBMISSION We are submitting our brochure
More informationTable 1. Common secondary complications of subarachnoid hemorrhage* Medical complications Pulmonary complications 2. 호흡기계합병증 (Pulmonary complications)
KISEP KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE March 2001 Vo. 3, No 1, page 19-24 뇌동맥류성지주막하출혈의합병증 이제혁 김태선 General Complications of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Je-Hyuk Lee, MD and Tae-Sun Kim, MD Department
More informationAnalyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong
Analyses the Contents of Points per a Game and the Difference among Weight Categories after the Revision of Greco-Roman Style Wrestling Rules Han-bong An 1 & Kyoo-jeong Choi 2 * 1 Korea National Wrestling
More informationMicrosoft Word - 21-최석철.doc
J. Exp. Biomed. Sci. 10 (2004) 467 472 Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity of Young People in Their Twenties Seok-Cheol Choi, Heun-Young Kwon, Tae-Un Kim and Jai-Young Kim Department of Clinical Laboratory Science,
More information달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 達 은 23) 의 丹 溪 에 최초로 기 재된 처방으로, 에 복용하면 한 다하여 난산의 예방과 및, 등에 널리 활용되어 왔다. 達 은 이 毒 하고 는 甘 苦 하여 氣, 氣 寬,, 結 의 효능이 있
대한한방부인과학회지 THE JOURNAL OF ORIENTAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY VOL.17, NO.2 : 115-122 (2004) 달생산이 초산모 분만시간에 미치는 영향 * 북경한의원, ** 윤산부인과의원, *** 최은림산부인과의원, 상지대학교 한의과대학 부인과학교실 ****, 경희대학교 동서의학대학원 김성준 *****, 윤왕준
More informationuntitled
경동맥검사 1. 적응증 경동맥초음파검사는다음과같은임상증상이나질환이의심될때시행되어야하며, 진료 현장에서검사가필요하다고판단된경우아래적응증에국한되지않고시행할수있다. 1) 임상증상 - 경동맥부위잡음 (carotid bruit) - 경동맥부위의박동성종괴 - 일과성흑암시 (amaurosis fugax) - 구음장애 (dysarthria) 2) 의심질환 - 쇄골하동맥도류증후군
More information저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할
저작자표시 - 비영리 - 변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는아래의조건을따르는경우에한하여자유롭게 이저작물을복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연및방송할수있습니다. 다음과같은조건을따라야합니다 : 저작자표시. 귀하는원저작자를표시하여야합니다. 비영리. 귀하는이저작물을영리목적으로이용할수없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는이저작물을개작, 변형또는가공할수없습니다. 귀하는, 이저작물의재이용이나배포의경우,
More information서론 34 2
34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
More information( )Kjhps043.hwp
Difference of Fistula Maturation Degree and Physical Property by the Types of Tube Material: An Experimental Study Sang Koo Kang, M.D. 1, Hee Chul Yu, M.D. 1,4, Woo Sung Moon, M.D. 2,4, Ju Hyoung Lee,
More information歯5-2-13(전미희외).PDF
The Korean Journal of Counseling 2004, Vol. 5, No. 2, 423-434,. 4 5 18 9, 9.,,,,,.,,, t-.. :,,, (,, 1996),.,,. (, 2001),... 88 98 2000, 88 12.5%(250 )98 35.6%(712 )2.8 (,,, 2001) (Corresponding Author)
More informationÀ̱ٿµ
607 Table 1. Diagnostic Accuracy in the Detection of Urinary Stone Between CT Urography (CTU) and Intravenous Urography (IVU) (n=34) CTU Urinary stone (+) Urinary stone ( ) (n=27) (n=7) IVU Urinary stone
More information(JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) (Regular Paper) 21 1, (JBE Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2016) ISSN 228
(JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) (Regular Paper) 1 1, 016 1 (JBE Vol. 1, No. 1, January 016) http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/jbe.016.1.1.60 ISSN 87-9137 (Online) ISSN 16-7953 (Print) a), a) An Efficient Method
More information14.531~539(08-037).fm
G Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 531~539, August, 2008 š x y w m š gj p { sƒ z 1) * 1) w w Evaluation of Flexural Strength for Normal and High Strength Concrete with Hooked
More information<31372DB9DABAB4C8A32E687770>
김경환 박병호 충북대학교 도시공학과 (2010. 5. 27. 접수 / 2011. 11. 23. 채택) Developing the Traffic Severity by Type Kyung-Hwan Kim Byung Ho Park Department of Urban Engineering, Chungbuk National University (Received May
More information#00-본문외-앞(10-3)
KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2OO8 Vol. 10 No 3, page 419-423 왈레스기념침례병원신경외과오현민 이동열 박화성 송준석 허 @ 원 이창주 정세헌 Clinical Analysis of Prognostic Factors in Primary Intraventricular Hemorrhage Hyun Min
More information( ) Jkra076.hwp
Vol. 11, No. 4, December, 2004 Objective: Ultrasonography (USG) of joints has a unique position for the diagnosis of joint diseases. Bone surface, cartilage, periarticular soft tissue and their pathologic
More information........-55..9.30
MYONGJI ST. MARY S HOSPITAL EXCELLENT STROKE TREATMENT CENTER The president of Myongji St. Mary s Hospital M.D. HUH, CHOON WOONG Graduated from Seoul Catholic Medical College. Achived M.D. in Neurosurgeon.
More information975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
More informationJNN ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn X eissn 중대뇌동맥에서경두개색조이중도플러초음파와경두개도플러초음파검사의비교연구 박정아정근화김정미이우진고상배이승훈윤
JNN ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn 2635-425X eissn 2635-4357 https://doi.org/10.31728/jnn.2017.00009 중대뇌동맥에서경두개색조이중도플러초음파와경두개도플러초음파검사의비교연구 박정아정근화김정미이우진고상배이승훈윤병우 서울대학교의과대학서울대학교병원신경과 Comparative Study of Transcranial
More informationCan032.hwp
Chromosomal Alterations in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines Detected by Comparative Genomic Hybridization Sang Jin Park 1, Mahn Joon Ha, Ph.D. 1, Hugh Chul Kim, M.D. 2 and Hyon Ju Kim, M.D. 1 1 Laboratory
More informationuntitled
Korean J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;27(3):108-113 http://dx.doi.org/10.5758/kjves.2011.27.3.108 경동맥협착증의 초음파 판정기준 경희대학교 의과대학 외과학교실 1, 영상의학교실 2 조진현 1 ㆍ안형준 1 ㆍ남덕호 2 ㆍ박호철 1 Duplex Criteria for Carotid Artery
More information139~144 ¿À°ø¾àħ
2 139 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.139 2 Received : 10. 04. 08 Revised : 10. 04. 26 Two Case Report on Wrist Ganglion Treated with Scolopendrid Pharmacopuncture Accepted : 10. 05. 04 Key Words: Wrist Ganglion,
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp DOI: 3 * Effects of 9th
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2019, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp.357-378 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.29.2.201906.357 3 * Effects of 9th Grade Students Participation in Career Curriculum Cluster
More information44-4대지.07이영희532~
A Spatial Location Analysis of the First Shops of Foodservice Franchise in Seoul Metropolitan City Younghee Lee* 1 1 (R) 0 16 1 15 64 1 Abstract The foodservice franchise is preferred by the founders who
More information( )Jksc057.hwp
직장암환자의전직장간막절제술의 예측인자분석 : 불완전절제와절제시간에영향을미치는인자에관한연구 Analysis of Factors Affecting the Degree of Difficulty in Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Investigation of the Factors Affecting Incomplete
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:275~289 Received: 2016/12/02, Accepted: 2016/12/22 Revised: 2016/12/20, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] SNS is used in various fields. Although
More information09-10-박희정
대한응급의학회지제 20 권제 4 호 Volume 20, Number 4, August, 2009 원 저 외상성두부손상에서기존뇌동맥류파열의 CT 소견 단국대학교의과대학응급의학교실 박희정 김갑득 CT Findings of Rupture of Pre-existing Cerebral Aneurysm in Blunt Head Trauma Heu Jung Park, M.D.,
More information인문사회과학기술융합학회
Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement
More informationAbstract Background : Most hospitalized children will experience physical pain as well as psychological distress. Painful procedure can increase anxie
Volume 12, Number 1, 92~102, An Intervention Study of Pain Reduction during IV Therapy in Hospitalized Children Myo-Jin Kim 1), Joung-Hae Bak 1), Won-Seok Seo 2) Mi-Young Kim 3), Sun-Kyoung Park 3), Jai-Soung
More information878 Yu Kim, Dongjae Kim 지막 용량수준까지도 멈춤 규칙이 만족되지 않아 시행이 종료되지 않는 경우에는 MTD의 추정이 불가 능하다는 단점이 있다. 최근 이 SM방법의 단점을 보완하기 위해 O Quigley 등 (1990)이 제안한 CRM(Continu
한 국 통 계 학 회 논 문 집 2012, 19권, 6호, 877 884 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5351/ckss.2012.19.6.877 Maximum Tolerated Dose Estimation Applied Biased Coin Design in a Phase Ⅰ Clinical Trial Yu Kim a, Dongjae Kim
More informationMicrosoft Word doc
KISEP KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY March 2005 Vol. 7, No 1, page 5-11 한국뇌혈관외과발전사 * 이규창 Development of Cerebrovascular Surgery in Korea Kyu Chang Lee, MD, PhD Professor Emeritus, Yonsei University College
More informationKISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc , 2000 급성경막하혈종에서응급두개골천공의위치 문수현 김근회 권택현 박윤관 정흥섭 서중근 = Abstract = Emergency Trephination Site o
KISEP Clinical Research J Korean Neurosurg Soc 29659-663, 2000 급성경막하혈종에서응급두개골천공의위치 = bstract = Emergency Trephination Site of cute Subdural Hematoma Soo-Hyeon Moon, M.D., Geun-Hoe Kim, M.D., Taek-Hyun
More informationTrd022.hwp
김신태, 이선녕, 이석정, 정필문, 박홍준, 신명상, 김종환, 이부길, 김상하, 리원연, 신계철, 용석중 Shin-Tae Kim, M.D., Shun Nyung Lee, M.D., Seok Jeong Lee, M.D., Pil Moon Jung, M.D., Hong Jun Park, M.D., Myung Sang Shin, M.D., Chong Whan Kim,
More information슬라이드 제목 없음
MR Angiography 김재형 서울의대방사선과학교실 ( 분당서울대병원 ) Contents Time-of-flight (TOF) MRA Phase contrast (PC) MRA Contrast-enhanced (CE) MRA Basic principles Clinical application I. Time-of-flight (TOF) MRA Principles:
More informationAnalysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in Univ
Analysis of objective and error source of ski technical championship Jin Su Seok 1, Seoung ki Kang 1 *, Jae Hyung Lee 1, & Won Il Son 2 1 yong in University & 2 Kang Won University [Purpose] [Methods]
More informationKOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2011 Vol. 13 No 3, page 클립결찰술이나코일색전술이불가능한동맥류에서의뇌혈관우회수술 연세대학교의과대학강남세브란스병원신경외과학교실 김정수 박상혁 홍창기 허준석 강형래 주진
KOR J CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY September 2011 Vol. 13 No 3, page 194-200 연세대학교의과대학강남세브란스병원신경외과학교실 Cerebral Bypass Surgery for Treating Unclippable and Uncoilable Aneurysms Jung Soo Kim Sang Hyuk Park Chang
More information<494352503131335FC1F8B9E6B1B3C0B02E687770>
ICRP 간행물 113 진단 및 중재 절차를 위한 방사선방호 교육훈련 Education and Training in Radiological Protection for Diagnostic and Interventional Procedures 대한방사선방어학회 이 번역본 발간은 2011년도 원자력안전위원회 방사선안전기술 개 발사업 과제 지원(한국동위원소협회로 부터
More informationMicrosoft Word doc
INVITED REVIEW online ML Comm J Neurocrit Care 2009;2 Suppl 1:S32-S42 ISSN 2005-0348 뇌동맥류성지주막하출혈의치료지침 - 미국심장학회산하뇌졸중연구팀, 2009 개정판 - 가톨릭대학교의과대학성빈센트병원신경외과학교실 성재훈 Guideline for Management of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid
More information( )Kju269.hwp
만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
More information서론
- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - - 4 - - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 - - 11 - - 12 - - 13 - - 14 - - 15 - - 16 - - 17 - - 18 - - 19 - - 20 - - 21 - - 22 - - 23 - - 24 - -
More information54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, I. 1.,,,,,,, (, 1998). 14.2% 16.2% (, ), OECD (, ) % (, )., 2, 3. 3
27 2, 53-70, 2009. (Nursing Home) * ** (Nursing Home). 5 50 5 2 1,,,,, SPSS t.,,,,,,,. :,, : 2009/08/27 : 2009/09/24 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: hjkim@daelim.ac.kr) 54 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009. I. 1.,,,,,,, (,
More information27 2, 1-16, * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** ( :
27 2, 1-16, 2009. * **,,,,. KS,,,., PC,.,,.,,. :,,, : 2009/08/12 : 2009/09/03 : 2009/09/30 * ** (: jjhkim@cau.ac.kr) 2 한국교육문제연구제 27 권 2 호, 2009 Ⅰ.,. 2008 3,536, 10 99.9% (, 2008). PC,, (, 2007). (, 2008),.,
More informationKor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 및 자아존중감과 스트레스와도 밀접한 관계가 있고, 만족 정도 에 따라 전반적인 생활에도 영향을 미치므로 신체는 갈수록 개 인적, 사회적 차원에서 중요해지고 있다(안희진, 2010). 따라서 외모만족도는 개인의 신체는 타
RESEARCH ARTICLE Kor. J. Aesthet. Cosmetol., 20-40대 여성의 외모만족도가 미용관리태도에 미치는 영향 홍수남 1, 김효숙 2 * 1 건국대학교 뷰티사이언스디자인학과, 2 건국대학교 의상디자인과 Effects of Extrinsic Body Satisfaction on Beauty Management Behavior of
More information001-학회지소개(영)
Review Article Randomization, What is the Proper Method? Jin Ho Hong, M.D., Jae Chul Yoo, M.D. Shoulder & Sports medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center Purpose: Among the numerous
More information304.fm
Journal of the Korean Housing Association Vol. 20, No. 3, 2009 yw s w - û - A Study on the Planning of Improved-Hanok - Focused on Jeon-Nam Province - y* ** z*** **** Kang, Man-Ho Lee, Woo-Won Jeong, Hun
More information<35335FBCDBC7D1C1A42DB8E2B8AEBDBAC5CDC0C720C0FCB1E2C0FB20C6AFBCBA20BAD0BCAE2E687770>
Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 15, No. 2 pp. 1051-1058, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.2.1051 멤리스터의 전기적 특성 분석을 위한 PSPICE 회로 해석 김부강 1, 박호종 2, 박용수 3, 송한정 1*
More informationPJTROHMPCJPS.hwp
제 출 문 농림수산식품부장관 귀하 본 보고서를 트위스트 휠 방식 폐비닐 수거기 개발 과제의 최종보고서로 제출 합니다. 2008년 4월 24일 주관연구기관명: 경 북 대 학 교 총괄연구책임자: 김 태 욱 연 구 원: 조 창 래 연 구 원: 배 석 경 연 구 원: 김 승 현 연 구 원: 신 동 호 연 구 원: 유 기 형 위탁연구기관명: 삼 생 공 업 위탁연구책임자:
More informationPharmacotherapeutics Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee Univ
Application of New Pathogenesis on the Drug Treatment of Diabetes Young Seol Kim, M.D. Department of Endocrinology Kyung Hee University College of Medicine & Hospital E mail : ycell2@yahoo.co.kr Abstract
More informationÆ÷Àå½Ã¼³94š
Cho, Mun Jin (E-mail: mjcho@ex.co.kr) ABSTRACT PURPOSES : The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding
More information,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012). (2007) 26%., (,,, 2011;, 2006;
,,.. 400,,,,,,.,,, -, -, -., 3.. :, Tel : 010-9540-0640, E-mail : sunney05@hanmail.net ,,,.,,,, (, 2013).,.,, (,, 2011). (, 2007;, 2008), (, 2005;,, 2007).,, (,, 2010;, 2010), (2012),,,.. (, 2011:,, 2012).
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
한국소음진동공학회 2015추계학술대회논문집년 Study of Noise Pattern and Psycho-acoustics Characteristic of Household Refrigerator * * ** ** Kyung-Soo Kong, Dae-Sik Shin, Weui-Bong Jeong, Tae-Hoon Kim and Se-Jin Ahn Key Words
More informationMicrosoft Word doc
online ML Comm 0CLINICAL ARTICLE0 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 2008;4:57-61 ISSN 1738-8708 Barbiturate 혼수치료에서환자의동공빛반사의의의 연세대학교원주의과대학신경외과학교실 조평구 황금 변진수 허철 홍순기 정현호 The Significance of Pupillary Light Reflex
More informationJournal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp DOI: * A Research Trend
Journal of Educational Innovation Research 2018, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.295-318 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21024/pnuedi.28.4.201812.295 * A Research Trend on the Studies related to Parents of Adults with Disabilities
More informationhttp://www.kbc.go.kr/pds/2.html Abstract Exploring the Relationship Between the Traditional Media Use and the Internet Use Mee-Eun Kang This study examines the relationship between
More informationuntitled
대한수혈학회지:제권 제호, 0 한 대학병원의 혈액 폐기 분석 김병철ㆍ서영익ㆍ채금란ㆍ신정원ㆍ최태윤 = Abstract = 순천향대학교 의과대학 서울병원 진단검사의학교실 Analysis of Discarded Blood Components at a University Hospital in Korea Byung Chul Kim, Young Ik Seo, Gum Ran
More informationEffects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting Jong-Hwa Lee, Seok-Jin Kim, & Seon-Jin Kim* Seoul National University [Purpose] [Methods] [Results]
More informationAbstract Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Related Factors for Nurses and Radiological Technologists Wearing a Lead Apron for Radiation Pro t e c t i o n Jung-Im Yoo, Jung-Wan Koo 1 ) Angio Unit, Team of Radiology,
More information00약제부봄호c03逞풚
경희대학교 동서신의학병원 약품 정보지 2 0 0 7. S P R I N G. V O L. 0 1 신약 소개 02 Journal Review 03 Special Subject 04 복약 지도 06 의약품 안전성 정보 07 약제부 알림 07 약제부 업무 소개 08 E A S T - W E S T N E O M E D I C A L C E N T E R 본 약품
More informationDBPIA-NURIMEDIA
The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 4, August, 30, 2016:319~332 Received: 2016/07/28, Accepted: 2016/08/28 Revised: 2016/08/27, Published: 2016/08/30 [ABSTRACT] This paper examined what determina
More information