The Asian Journal of Kinesiology Asian J Kinesiol 2018; 20(2):43-50 DOI: Original Research Self-palpation Fe

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1 The Asian Journal of Kinesiology Original Research Self-palpation Feedback for Abdominal Hollowing Exercise Young-kyun Kim 1, Min-ra Choi 1, Seong-jun Kim 1, Ki-kwang Lee 1, Hye-ree Kim 1* 1 Kookmin University, Seoul, Korea ABSTRACT Received: March 7, 2018 Accepted: April 23, 2018 Published online: April 30, 2018 Keywords: Abdominal hollowing exercise Abdominis muscle Low back pain Pressure biofeedback Self-palpation PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate abdominal muscles thickness change during abdominal hollowing with self-palpation feedback. METHODS Twenty six healthy males participated in this study. Subjects were instructed how to perform AHE on hook-lying position. Ultrasound images (transverse abdominis (TA), internal oblique (IO), external oblique (EO)) were measured during resting and AHE using self-palpation feedback or pressure biofeedback. RESULTS TA thickness increased significantly with both self-palpation feedback and pressure biofeedback groups (p<.05). In TA, the control group showed more increased thickness than the experimental group. However, there was no interaction between AHE and using pressure biofeedback in IO and EO. Also, all subjects's muscle thickness of IO were increased (p<.01) and EO were decreased (p<.05) significantly. CONCLUSIONS Self-palpation feedback during AHE is useful to perform AHE. Therefore self palpation feedback is a simple method to provide feedback when ultrasound and biofeedback equipment are no available. The Asian Society of Kinesiology and the Korean Academy of Kinesiology 서론 요통 (Low back pain; LBP) 은현대사회에서가장만연 한질병중의하나이다. 인구의약 60-80% 가일생동안한 번이상요통을경험하며, 그중 80-90% 는보통 3 달안에증 상이완화되지만, 재발되는것이일반적이다 (Hides et al., 1996; Long et al., 1996). 이때문에요통을위한다양한치료 방법들이개발되어져왔다. 일반적으로요통환자들은와 식, 좌식생활등을피하고정상적인생활패턴으로돌아가 는것이좋다고알려져있으며, 또한전신운동을실행하 는것이효과적이라고보고되었다 (Maher et al., 1999). 그러 나최근연구에서는일반적인전신운동프로그램과더불 어직접적으로요추근육을운동하는것을강조하고있다. 이러한운동은보다더효과적이고효율적인치료를위해 *Correspondence: Hye-ree Kim, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea @hanmail.net 척추및골반 (lumbar-pelvic) 과관련된근육들의안정성에초점을맞추어발전되었다 (Richardson et al., 1999). 몸통안정화운동 (core stability exercise) 은복부 (abdominal) 와요추 (lumbar spine) 심부근육의동원패턴과타이밍을향상시키는것으로알려져있다 (O sullivan et al., 1997). 따라서이러한운동은만성요통이나요통이재발한사람들을위해주로처방된다 (O sullivan et al., 1998). 요통환자들이처방받는몸통안정화운동의초기단계에서는복부당기기운동 (abdominal hollowing exercise; AHE) 으로알려진 drawing-in방법을사용한다. Drawing-in 방법은복부심부근육의안정화에가장좋은효과를가지며, 요통의원인이나그결과에상관없이치료와재발방지에효과적이라고보고되었다 (Kisner & Colby, 2012). 정확한 AHE를하기위해서, 환자들은외복사근 (external oblique; EO), 복직근 (rectus abdominis; RA), 또는척주기립근 (erector spinae) 의수축을하지않고전외측 (anterolateral) 심부복근, 특히복횡근 (transverse abdominis; TA) 과내복사근 (internal oblique; IO) 을수축하는것을배워야한 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Asian Journal of Kinesiology 43

2 다 (O Sullivan et al., 1997). 그러나현장에서 TA 수축의지도를위해초음파를이용하는것이비용적, 시간적제한이크다. 이때문에 AHE를배우고가르치기위해서일반적으로압력바이오피드백기구 (pressure biofeedback unit) 를이용하여훈련하는방법이많이사용되고있다 (Lee et al., 2013; Jung et al., 2014; Park & Lee, 2013). 압력바이오피드백기구는근육이수축할때그힘을기구에전달하여해당하는압력을표시해주는장비로서, 목표근육의운동을돕는역할을한다 (Yun & Kim, 2013). 압력바이오피드백기구를사용하여근수축훈련을수행한뒤, 목표근육의실제수축여부를확인하기위해서는실시간초음파영상 (real-time ultrasound imaging) 이주로사용된다 (Hides et al., 1995). 초음파검사는비침습적 (noninvasive) 으로복부심부근육들의크기와활동상태를측정할수있는도구이며, 시각적인피드백을제공하여자세조절능력을향상시킬수있다 (Kwon et al., 2011). 하지만이런방법은요통환자에게있어서압력바이오피드백기구와초음파가있어야하는어려움이있다. 따라서요통환자들의 AHE 수행여부를확인할수있는접근성이용이한피드백이필요하다. 대상자가편안하게누운상태에서전외측복벽 (anterolateral abdominal wall) 을초음파촬영을하면 3개 (TA, EO, IO) 의분리된근육층을확인할수있다. 대상자가 EO 및 RA와분리하여 TA와 IO를수축하는데능숙하다면 EO와 RA가두꺼워지는것을최소화하면서 IO 쪽으로부착되어있는 TA만이두꺼워지는것을확인할수있다 (Hodges et al., 2003). Goldby, et al.(2006) 은초음파를사용하여 TA 활성화에대한피드백을주는것이언어적인피드백으로운동을가르치는것보다더좋은결과를가져왔다고보고하였다. 또한, Kwon, et al.(2011) 은복부 drawing-in 훈련시초음파영상으로시각적피드백을받은집단과받지못한집단을비교하였는데, TA의두께차이가각각 37%, 17% 증가하는것을확인하였다. Lee, et al.(2013) 은압력바이오피드백을이용하여 Abdominal Drawing-In Maneuver(ADIM) 시복부근육이가장활성화되는다리각도를확인했고 Jung, et al.(2014) 은복부근육의활성화차이를 standing과 supine 자세에서비교했다. 또한, ADIM 시압력바이오피드백을사용할때는그값을 40mmHg를기준으로약 0-2mmHg 증가가복부근육트레이닝에효과적인것을확인했다 (Park & Lee, 2013). 그러나대상자가스스로 AHE를수행할때 TA를수 축하는것을확인하기위해서매번압력바이오피드백기구와초음파를사용하기는쉽지않다. 하지만운동하는대상자가자신의심부복부근육의수축에대하여정확한피드백을받을수있다면 AHE 운동에대한피드백을전달하기간편해질수있다. AHE의목적은요부의안정성을높이기위한요통관련재활운동으로 TA, IO, EO 의수축패턴이중요하다. 하지만이에관한연구가현재까지이루어지지않았다. 따라서본연구의목적은대상자가 AHE를수행하는과정에서압력바이오피드백기구의사용과자가촉진에따른심부복부근육의수축차이를비교하는것이다연구방법연구대상본연구에서는건강한 20대남성 26명을대상으로실험하였다. 연구대상자는압력바이오피드백기구를이용하여 AHE를실시한대조군 13명과압력바이오피드백기구없이자가촉진피드백으로 AHE를실시한실험군 13 명으로무작위분류되었다. 대상자의신체정보는 <Table 1> 과같다. 실험을수행하기전에대상자들에게실험에대해이해할수있도록설명을충분히하였으며, 이를듣고실험에동의한사람들은동의서에서명하였다. 대상자중실험이전에복부쪽에외과적인수술경험이있거나일상생활에영향을줄수있는요통또는고관절통증 (hip pain) 이있는사람들은실험대상에서제외되었다 (Teyhen et al., 2005). 또한신경학적인문제를가지고있거나실험자세를견딜수없는사람도제외되었다 (Richardson et al., 1992). 측정장비본연구에서는 TA, IO, EO의두께변화를살펴보기위해초음파장비 (logiq 200 Series, GE Healthcare, USA) 1대와 3.5MHz의 linear probe를사용하였다 (Figure 1). 또한, AHE 를보조하기위하여압력바이오피드백기구 1개 (Chatta- Table 1. Physical characteristic of subjects (M±SD) Group n age (yr) height (cm) weight (kg) Control ± ± ±7.0 Experimental ± ± ± The Asian Journal of Kinesiology

3 Figure 1. Pressure biofeedback 의휴식상태에서의초음파영상을수집하였다. 그다음, 대조군과실험군은각각바이오피드백을적용하는 AHE 방법과자가촉진피드백을이용하는 AHE 방법에대한연습을 3회씩실시하였다. 이후, 대조군대상자들은압력바이오피드백기구의압력을 20mmHg로맞춘뒤 PSIS에기구의아래쪽을위치시켜 AHE를실시하였다. 압력바이오피드백기구의압력이 40mmHg가되는순간초음파영상을수집하였다. 실험군대상자들은압력바이오피드백기구없이 AHE를실시하였다. 대상자들 TA의수축을스스로촉진하기위하여 ASIS(Anterior Superior Iliac Spine) 의 inferior-medial 방향으로 2.5cm 부위에중지를위치하여 AHE 시근육수축이느껴질때 (Henry & Westervelt, 2005) 검사자에게반대손가락만을올려신호를주었으며, 연구자는초음파영상을촬영하여각근육의두께를측정하였다 (Figure 3). 이과정은 2회반복수행되었으며각수행의평균값이데이터분석에사용되었다. 표준화된초음파영상을얻기위하여검사자는 11번째늑연골과장골능사이의중간지점에 linear probe를위치하였다 (Park, 2010; Teyhen et al., 2005). 각근육의두께측정은영상의정중앙에서수직선을그어흰색영상으로나타나는근막의윗경계끝에서아랫경계끝을연결하여길이를측정하였다 (Ha et al., 2013)(Figure 4). Figure 2. Ultrasound system nooga Stabilizer Group Inc, Hixson, TN, USA) 가사용되었다 (Figure 2). 실험설계및절차대상자들은 hook-lying 자세를한뒤요추가바닥쪽으로납작해지고, 압력이증가하는것을느끼면서움직임을수행하도록지도받았다. 또한, 머리와상체는안정적으로가만히유지하였으며발은앞으로당기거나밀지않도록하였다 (Henry & Westervelt, 2005). 대상자들은이러한방식으로계속수축을유지하면서편안한상태에서호흡을계속하도록지시받았으며, 운동중흉곽아랫부분 (lower rib cage) 이내려갈경우실패한것으로간주하였다 (Richardson et al., 1992). 본실험의데이터수집을위하여첫번째로대상자들 자료처리휴식상태와 AHE 중압력바이오피드백기구의사용유무에따른 TA, IO, EO 근육두께차이를알아보기위하여이원반복분산분석 (two-way repeated measure ANOVA) 을실시하였으며, 대조군과실험군내의차이는 paired t-test를실시하였다. 모든유의수준은 α=.05로설정하였다. 결과휴식상태와 AHE, 그리고압력바이오피드백기구사용유무에따른근육두께차이는다음과같다. TA에서는 AHE 운동여부와압력바이오피드백기구사용여부에따른상호작용이통계적으로유의하게나타났다 (F=7.015, p<.05). 또한대조군 (p<.001) 과실험군 (p<01) 모두휴식상태보다 AHE 시 TA의두께가증가하는것으로나타났다 (Table 2, Figure 5). IO와 EO에서는 AHE 운동여부와압력바이오피드백기구사용유무에따른 The Asian Journal of Kinesiology 45

4 논의 Figure 3. Data acquisition Figure 4. Ultrasound imaging of abdominal muscles A:rest, B:AHE 상호작용은나타나지않았다. 하지만 IO 에서대조군과 실험군내의휴식상태와 AHE 는각각유의한차이를보 였다 (p<.000, p<.01, Table 3, Table 4). <Table 5> 는휴식상태와 AHE 시각근육의두께차이 를나타낸결과로, TA 와 IO 는 AHE 시각각 82.41±57.09%, 26.55±25.08% 정도근육두께가두꺼워져통계적으 로유의한차이를확인할수있었으며 (p<.001), EO 는 7.76±16.87% 정도근육두께가감소하여통계적으로유 의한차이가나타났다 (p<.05). 본현대사회에서가장흔한질환중하나인요통은변화된생활환경으로인해그환자가점점증가하고있다. 이를위해재활이나물리치료등여러분야에서요추안정화운동으로 AHE를사용하고있다. AHE는요추안정화를위해가장기본적으로사용되는방법으로써팔다리가움직이기이전에몸통을안정화시키기위하여 TA와다열근 (multifidus) 의동시수축 (coactivation) 을활성화시키기위한운동이다 (O sullivan et al., 1998; Teyhen et al., 2005). 이운동은활동적인움직임을수행할때몸통의심부근육을먼저활성화시키는것에초점을두어요추 (lumbar spine) 의안정성을증가시켜주며, 요통과관련된증상들을완화시켜주는것으로알려져있다 (O sullivan et al., 1997; Richardson et al., 2002). 하지만 AHE는다른검사자또는초음파장비를이용하여피드백을받아야하고 (Hides et al., 1995; Goldby et al., 2006; Kwon et al., 2011), 압력바이오피드백기구를이용한훈련을하여야한다는단점이있다. 따라서본연구에서는대상자가 AHE시에압력바이오피드백기구가없이복부의심부근육을활성화시킬수있는지알아보고자하였다. 본연구에서자가촉진시모든대상자의휴식상태와 AHE 사이의 EO, IO, TA의두께변화를살펴본결과, 휴식상태보다 AHE시 TA의두께는약 82.41% 증가하였고, IO 는약 26.55% 증가하였으며 EO의두께는약 7.76% 감소하는것을확인할수있었다. 초음파이미지를통하여복부근육두께의신뢰도를연구한 Hides, et al.(2007) 의연구또한본연구의결과와마찬가지로 IO와 TA가각각 16.7%, 41.2% 두꺼워지는결과를나타내었다. Critchley(2002) 는 LAHE(low abdominal hollowing exercise) 시 IO는 22.0%, TA 는약 49.7% 증가한다고하였고 AHE 시 TA뿐아니라 IO 또한약간수축된다고보고하였다. 선행연구들과비교해보았을때본연구의결과와일치하였으며, 자가촉진을통한 AHE 훈련이가능한것으로판단된다. 또한, 본연구에서 AHE운동시압력바이오피드백기구의사용여부에따른차이를분석한결과, EO에서그룹에따른상호작용이 p=.388로통계적으로유의미한차이를확인할수없었다. 따라서 EO는압력바이오피드백기구사용여부에따른효과가발생하지않았다고판단된다. IO 또한압력바이오피드백기구사용에따른차이가발생하지않았다 (p=.096). 이원반복분산분석결과 TA 46 The Asian Journal of Kinesiology

5 Table 2. Thickness of Transverse abdominis (M±SD) Group n Position(mm) Thickness(mm) Difference(mm) Interaction Control 13 Experimental 13 * p<.05, AHE: Abdominal Hollowing Exercise Resting 3.38±0.54 t= ±0.68 AHE 6.36±1.22 p=.000 *** Resting 3.11±0.98 t= p=.002 ** 1.84±0.2 AHE 4.95±1.18 F=7.015 p=.014 * Table 3. Thickness of Internal Oblique (M±SD) Group n Position(mm) Thickness(mm) Difference(mm) Interaction Control 13 Experimental 13 * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001 AHE: Abdominal Hollowing Exercise Resting 9.15±1.88 t= ±0.5 AHE 10.7±2.38 p=.010 ** Resting 8.55±1.94 t=5.278 p=.000 *** 2.84±0.81 AHE 11.39±2.75 F=2.997 p=.096 Table 4. Thickness of External Oblique (M±SD) Group n Position(mm) Thickness(mm) Difference(mm) Interaction Control 13 Resting 7.34±1.04 t= ±0.33 AHE 6.86±1.37 p=147 F=.774 Experimental 13 Resting 6.06±1.28 t=1.596 p= ±0.55 AHE 5.56±1.83 p=.146 * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001 AHE: Abdominal Hollowing Exercise Table 5. Muscle thickness of the TA and IO, EO Muscle n Resting(mm) AHE(mm) Difference(%) F value p value TA ± ± ± *** IO ± ± ± *** EO ± ± ± * * p<.05, ** p<.01, *** p<.001, TA: Transverse Abdominis, IO: Internal Oblique, EO: External Oblique, AHE: Abdominal Hollowing Exercise 에서는두집단의상호작용이나타났는데 (p=.014), 이결과로휴식상태에서의대조군과실험군의 TA 두께차이보다 AHE 시대조군과실험군의 TA 두께차이가더큰것을확인할수있었다. 또한사후분석결과대조군과실험군모두휴식상태보다 AHE시 TA 두께가유의하게증가하는것으로나타났다. 따라서압력바이오피드백기구를사용하여 AHE를수행한것이 TA의두께증가에더도움이되었다고사료된다. 결과적으로압력바이오피드백기구의도움을받아 AHE를수행하였을때 IO는두께의 변화가없었고, EO의두께는휴식상태보다 AHE시더증가했지만상호작용이없었기때문에휴식상태와 AHE 시대조군과실험군의 EO 근두께차이는일정하게증가했다고할수있다. 그러나 TA의두께변화에는상호작용이나타났으며이것은휴식상태보다 AHE 시근두께가모두증가했지만실험군의근두께차이가더크다는것이므로선택적으로 TA 두께를증가시키는데도움이되었다고판단된다. AHE를수행하는대상자에게피드백을주는방법으 The Asian Journal of Kinesiology 47

6 Figure 5. TA Interaction 로는크게언어적인피드백과촉각적인피드백만을주는전통적인피드백방법, 그리고이것과더불어초음파를사용하여시각적인피드백까지제공하는바이오피드백 (biofeedback) 방법두가지로나눌수있다 (Teyhen et al., 2005). 일반적으로바이오피드백방법이전통적인피드백방법을사용하였을때와비교하여지도자가 AHE를가르칠때대상자가더빠르게학습하고더정확한 AHE 를수행한다 (Henry & Westervelt, 2005). Kwon, et al.(2011) 은전통적인피드백을사용한그룹은 EO와 TA의두께가모두증가한반면, 바이오피드백을사용한그룹에서는 EO의두께가감소하였고 TA의두께가증가하여선택적으로복부심부근육의수축이가능했다고보고하였다. Hong(2016) 또한전통적인피드백을사용한그룹에서는 EO, IO, TA의두께가모두증가하였지만바이오피드백을사용한그룹에서는 TA의두께만증가했다고보고하였다. 하지만본연구에서자가촉진피드백을적용한그룹에서 TA와 IO가유의하게증가하였다. 그러나 AHE를수행할때마다다른검사자나초음파장비, 또는압력바이오피드백기구를이용하여피드백을받는것이어렵기때문에스스로촉진하여해당근육의수축정도를평가하는것은매우중요하다. 그러나본연구에서는 IO와 TA가모두두께가증가하여대상자들이자가촉진한결과가 IO와 TA의두께증가를모두느낀것인지 TA만의두께증가를느낀것인지정확히확인할수없었다. 통계적으로는실험군과대조군의비교에서 IO와 EO의두께가유의미하게두꺼워지지않았지만, 실험군의 IO가 2.84±0.81mm 증가하여대상자가느낀근육의수축은 TA만이라고단정할수없다고판단된다. 또한, TA 수축정도가두그룹모두유의하게증가하였으나실험군은대조군보다 TA가유의하게작았다. 하지만두그룹에서모두 TA 수축이유의하게나타나자가촉진에의한 TA 수축피드백의효과가있다고판단된다. 따라서본연구의결과에의하면자가촉진에의한 AHE의피드백이 TA 수축에도움이되었으나압력바이오피드백에의한피드백이조금더효과가있었다고할수있다. 하지만자가수축만으로 AHE 의 TA 수축피드백을줄수있다고판단된다. AHE는크게세가지지도방식을사용할수있다. 첫번째는Posterior pelvic tilt방법으로써대상자의치골결합 (pubic symphysis) 을가슴쪽으로당기는동안골반을뒤쪽으로회전시켜요추가바닥과평평해지며복부의압력이증가하고있다는것을느끼게하는방법이다 (Richardson et al., 1992). 두번째는 Abdominal bracing 방법으로다른사람이복부를가격하기전복부가긴장하여힘이들어가단단해지는것처럼대상자의장골능 (iliac crests) 바로위의허리부분을비스듬한방향으로힘을주게하는방법이다 (Jang, 2016; Richardson et al., 1992). 세번째는 Lower abdominal hollowing combined with lumbar spine flattening 방법으로배꼽을등쪽으로당기는것처럼복부를갈비뼈아래쪽으로수축시키는방법이다 (Lee & Park, 2011; Richardson et al., 1992). 본연구에서는위세가지방법중마지막지도방식을사용하였다. 이전연구들에서위세가지방법을사용하여몸통안정화운동을실시하고그효과에대해논의하였지만, 대부분대상자가스스로촉진하여피드백을받고지도하는방식이아닌다른검사자또는초음파를이용하여피드백및지도하는방식을사용하였다. 그때문에추후연구에서는세가지지도방법중본연구에서사용하지않은다른두가지방법도자가촉진을사용하여연구하고, 그결과가동일하게측정되는지비교할필요가있다. 결론바이오피드백사용유무에따른자가촉진 AHE를실시하였을때, TA와 IO의두께는통계적으로유의하게증가하였고 EO의두께는감소하여복부심부근육을수축하는데도움이되는것을확인할수있었다. 또한, 압력바이 48 The Asian Journal of Kinesiology

7 오피드백기구를사용하는것이 TA의두께를선택적으로두꺼워지게하는것으로나타났다. 그러므로자가촉진으로 AHE를훈련하는것은대상자가다른검사자의유무와상관없이스스로 TA를수축할수있는방법이다. 또한, 압력바이오피드백기구를사용하는것이다른근육에영향을미치지않고 TA만을수축하는 AHE 훈련에도움이될수있다고판단된다. 따라서 AHE를수행할때마다검사자나초음파장비를이용하여피드백을받는것이어렵기때문에자가촉진을이용한 AHE 훈련을하는것은매우중요하며, 추후자가촉진시 Hook-lying이아닌다른자세와서로다른피드백방법, 지도방법을사용한 AHE 연구와요통환자에대한효과비교연구가필요할것으로생각된다. Acknowlegdement 이논문은 2013년정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아연구되었음 [NRF-2013S1A5A2A ]. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Critchley, D. (2002). Instructing pelvic floor contraction facilitates transversus abdominis thickness increase during low-abdominal hollowing. Physiotherapy Research International, 7(2), Goldby, L. J., Moore, A. P., Doust, J., & Trew, M. E. (2006). A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic low back disorder. Spine, 31(10), Ha, Y., Lee, G. C., Bae, W. S., & Cho, Y. J. (2013). The Effect of abdominal muscle drawing-in exercise during bridge exercise on abdominal muscle thickness, using for real-time ultrasound imaging. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 8(2), Henry, S. M., & Westervelt, K. C. (2005). The use of real-time ultrasound feedback in teaching abdominal hollowing exercises to healthy subjects. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 35(6), Hides, J. A., Miokovic, T., Belavý, D. L., Stanton, W. R., & Richardson, C. A. (2007). Ultrasound imaging assessment of abdominal muscle function during drawing-in of the abdominal wall, an intrarater reliability study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 37(8), Hides, J. A., Richardson, C. A., & Jull, G. A. (1996). Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain. Spine, 21(23), Hides, J., Richardson, C., Jull, G., & Davies, S. (1995). Ultrasound imaging in rehabilitation. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 41(3), Hodges, P. W., Pengel, L. H. M., Herbert, R. D., & Gandevia, S. C. (2003). Measurement of muscle contraction with ultrasound imaging. Muscle & Nerve, 27(6), Hong, S. K. (2016). Effect of abdominal hollowing exercise with visual feedback on enhancing the transversus abdominis in healty subjects, (Master s thesis). Kyungpook national university, Deagu, Republic of Korea. Jang, H. R. (2016). The Effect of abdominal bracing and abdominal hollowing technique on the respiratory function of adults in their 20s, (Master s thesis). Daegu university, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea. Jung, D. E., Kim, K., & Lee, S. K. (2014). Comparison of muscle activities using a pressure biofeedback unit during abdominal muscle training performed by normal adults in the standing and supine positions. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(2), Kisner C, Colby LA (2012). Therapeutic exercise: Foundations and techniques. USA: FA Davis Company. Kwon, N. H., Lee, H. O., & Park, D. J. (2011). The use of real-time ultrasound imaging for feedback during abdominal hollowing. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 6(3), Lee, H. O., & Park, D. J. (2011). Understanding and clinical application of abdominal hollowing exercise: A literature review. Journal of the Korean Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Association, 9(2), The Asian Journal of Kinesiology 49

8 Lee, J. C., Lee, S. K., & Kim, K. (2013). Comparison of abdominal muscle activity in relation to knee angles during abdominal drawing-in exercises using pressure biofeedback. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(10), Long, D. M., BenDebba, M., Torgerson, W. S., Boyd, R. J., Dawson, E. G., Hardy, R. W.,... & Watts, C. (1996). Persistent back pain and sciatica in the United States: patient characteristics. Journal of Spinal Disorders, 9(1), Maher, C., Latimer, J., & Refshauge, K. (1999). Prescription of activity for low back pain: What works?. Australian Jurnal of Physiotherapy, 45(2), O'sullivan, P. B., Phyty, G. D. M., Twomey, L. T., & Allison, G. T. (1997). Evaluation of specific stabilizing exercise in the treatment of chronic low back pain with radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Spine, 22(24), O'Sullivan, P. B., Twomey, L., & Allison, G. T. (1998). Altered abdominal muscle recruitment in patients with chronic back pain following a specific exercise intervention. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 27(2), O'Sullivan, P., Twomey, L., Allison, G., Sinclair, J., Miller, K., & Knox, J. (1997). Altered patterns of abdominal muscle activation in patients with chronic low back pain. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 43(2), Park, D. J. (2010). The effect of real-time ultrasound imaging feedback during abdominal hollowing in four point kneeling to healthy men. The journal Korean Society of Physical Therapy, 22(22), 1-6. Park, D. J., & Lee, S. K. (2013). What is a suitable pressure for the abdominal drawing-in maneuver in the supine position using a pressure biofeedback unit?. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(5), Richardson, C., Jull, G., Hodges, P., & Hides, J. (1999). Therapeutic exercise for spinal segmental stabilization in low back pain. London: Churchill Livingstone, pp Richardson, C., Jull, G., Toppenberg, R., & Comerford, M. (1992). Techniques for active lumbar stabilisation for spinal protection: a pilot study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 38(2), Richardson, C. A., Snijders, C. J., Hides, J. A., Damen, L., Pas, M. S., & Storm, J. (2002). The relation between the transversus abdominis muscles, sacroiliac joint mechanics, and low back pain. Spine, 27(4), Teyhen, D. S., Miltenberger, C. E., Deiters, H. M., Del Toro, Y. M., Pulliam, J. N., Childs, J. D.,... & Flynn, T. W. (2005). The use of ultrasound imaging of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver in subjects with low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 35(6), Yun, K. H., & Kim, K. (2013). Effect of craniocervical flexion exercise using sling on thickness of sternocleidomastoid muscle and deep cervical flexor muscle. Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine, 8(2), The Asian Journal of Kinesiology

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