05-07노영선

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1 대한응급의학회지제 18 권제 6 호 Volume 18, Number 6, December, 2007 원 저 화상환자에서응급센터기반전원의적절성평가 서울대학교의과대학응급의학교실, 제주대학교의과대학응급의학교실 1 노영선 신상도 김유진 박주옥 1 서길준 Appropriateness of Emergency Department-based Triage for Determining Transfer of Burn Patients to a Burn Care Specialty Center Young Sun Ro, M.D., Sang Do Shin, M.D., Yu Jin Kim, M.D., Ju Ok Park, M.D. 1, Gil Joon Suh, M.D. Purpose: This study was conducted to assess the appropriateness of emergency department-based triage for determining whether to transfer of burn patients to a burn care specialty center. Methods: Eligible subjects were enrolled from the EDbased injury surveillance registry from April 2006 to March 2007 in a regional emergency center, which logs more than 42,000 patients annually. To assess the appropriateness of emergency department-based triage for determining whether to transfer patients to a burn center, we used the transfer guidelines recommended by the American Burn Association as the gold standard. Under-triage (defined as non-transfer of a victim who should have been transferred) and the over-triage (defined as transfer of a victim who should not have been transferred) rates were calculated. Results: The total number of burn injury victims was 144 and the male-female ratio was 1:1.15. The mean age was 25.5±20.9 years. The numbers of flame, electrical, chemical, inhalation, and other burn injuries were 133 (92.4%), 2 (1.4%), 6 (4.1%), 1 (0.7%), and 2 (1.4%), respectively. Of these 144 patients, 25 (17.4%) were transferred to the ED of a burn center after triage and primary management. The others were discharged and followed up at local clinics. The 책임저자 : 신상도서울특별시종로구연건동 28 서울대학교병원응급의학과 Tel: 02) , Fax: 02) shinsangdo@snuh.org 접수일 : 2007년 9월 5일, 1차교정일 : 2007년 10월 1일게재승인일 : 2007년 10월 22일 487 numbers of major and moderate burns that were indicated for transfer to the burn center were 33 (22.9%) and 3 (2.1%), respectively. The rates of under- and over-triage were 14.6% and 6.9%. Conclusion: The proportion of inappropriate disposition of burn injury in a regional emergency center was high (21.5%). Recommended guidelines for triage of burn injuries should be applied more strictly. Key Words: Burns, Triage, Emergency department Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul Korea, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Cheju Korea 1 서 미국화상협회에따르면, 매년미국에서는 100만명의화상환자가발생하며이중70만명이상이응급실을찾고 4만 5천명정도가입원을하며, 매년 4천 5백명정도가화상으로사망한다 1,2). 소방방재청에서보고한국내화재발생통계에따르면화재발생건수는 2003년 31,372건, 부상자수는 2,089명, 사망수는 744명이던것이 2004년전체화재발생건수는 32,736건으로소폭증가하고, 부상은 1,818명, 사망은 483명으로소폭감소하였음을알수있다 3). 한편화상은응급실을방문하는손상환자의손상기전중약 3% 정도로비교적낮은비율로발생하나, 경증손상보다는중증손상이많으며, 응급실에서화상의범위와심도및중증도를빠르게평가하고적절한초기처치및배치를하는것이환자의예후에큰영향을준다고알려져있다 1,4). 또한, 전체화상환자의 70% 이상이응급실을방문하므로응급실에서의처치가매우중요하다. 그러나화상은진행성손상이라는점에서초기평가로예후를예측할수없을뿐아니라여러시점에서다양한종류의의료서비스가제공되어야하며, 치료의기간이일정하지않고, 추후미용적 론

2 488 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 18 권제 6 호 2007 혹은기능적장애를남길수있다는점에서다른질환군에비해매우복잡한성격을가진다. 특히집중치료가필요한중증화상환자를위하여특수화된장비및기술이필요하지만, 비용-효과의문제로인하여모든응급의료센터가같은수준의장비를모두갖추어놓기는어렵다. 따라서대부분의응급센터의역할은보다전문적인치료가필요한화상환자들에게적절한초기처치후화상센터로적절하게전원하는것이중요하다. 화상환자에대한응급의료의특수성을반영하여이미미국과같은선진국에서는화상환자진료를집중적으로담당하는특수전문센터를지정하여운용하고있으며, 이를제외한응급의료기관은초기처치후적절한중증도분류를수행하여집중치료가가능한병원으로환자를이송하도록권장하고있다 5). 다행스럽게국내에서도법적요건을만족하는지정된화상전문센터가 2006년등장하였고, 아울러화상환자집중진료시설을충분히갖추어경험적으로화상환자를진료하는응급의료기관이다수존재한다. 그러나주요응급의료체계의대부분을차지하는권역및지역응급의료센터가화상환자의초기진료및중증도분류후적절하게화상전문센터로이송하고있는지에대해서는알려진바가적다. 이에본연구의저자들은한개의권역응급의료센터에내원한화상환자들의역학적특성을파악하고, 이들환자에서초기처치후중증도분류에따른화상전문센터전원이적절하였는지평가하고자하였다. 대상과방법 1. 연구대상본연구는 2006년 4월부터 2007년 3월까지 1년간일개권역응급의료센터로내원한화상환자를대상으로하였으며, 환자선별은응급실기반손상감시체계를이용하였다. 본응급센터는 2006년도이후응급실에내원한모든손상환자들을대상으로응급실기반손상감시체계를작성하고있다. 응급실기반손상감시체계의내용은, 손상감시항목으로손상외인에관한국제분류체계 (International Classification of External Causes of Injuries, ICECI) 에서제안한핵심자료체계 (Core dataset) 를기반으로하여, 환자신상정보와의료기간정보, 내원정보, 응급실진료내용과결과, 최종진료결과에대해기록한다. 응급실기반손상감시체계를이용하여, 등록된환자들중국제질병분류제 10판 (International Classification of Disease- 10th Edition, ICD-10) 의 T20.0 에서 T32.9 사이의퇴원진단명을가진환자들을연구의대상으로하였다 6). 2. 연구방법화상환자의일반적인특징을파악하기위하여손상감시체계에등록된환자의성별, 연령등인구학적정보, 발병일시, 내원일시, 병원전단계처치및후송관련정보, 손상의의도성, 손상당시의활동, 손상이발생한장소, 손상의기전등손상기전정보, 국제질병분류제 10판 (ICD- 10) 에근거한모든손상의진단명, 주요치료내용, 치료결과및퇴실시각등진료경과정보를파악하였다 6,7). 화상과관련한역학적특성으로는화상부위별빈도, 화상의구체적인원인, 화상의범위와심도, 중증도를조사하였다. 화상부위별빈도는여러부위의화상의경우각각의화상부위에대해독립적인자료로입력하였다. 화상원인으로는손상외인에관한국제분류체계 (ICECI, version 1.2) 에의거하여, 크게다섯가지로분류하여온열에의한화상과전기화상, 화학화상, 흡입화상, 기타 ( 자외선화상포함 ) 로분류하였다 7). 화상의범위는체표면적의백분율로표시하였고, 성인에서는 Rule of nines 을적용하였고소아에서는연령에따라부위별체표면적을퍼센트로구해놓은 Lund-Browder burn chart 를사용하여측정하였다. 화상의심도는 1도화상, 2도화상, 3도화상으로분류하였으며, 여러화상을겸하는경우에는높은정도의화상으로기록하였다. 화상의중증도는미국화상협회 (American Burn Association) 의분류에입각하여중증, 중등도, 경증화상으로구분하였다 (Appendix 1) 1). 응급실에서의초기처치내용은전자의무기록의의사지시지를통하여수집하였으며, 예방적항생제사용, 진통제투여, 수액치료, 그리고파상풍주사에대해조사하였다. 예방적항생제사용은경구, 근육주사, 혹은정맥주사로투여된경우로정의하였으며, 진통제는 acetaminophen, NSAIDs 및마약성진통제등이진통을목적으로투여된경우로정의하였으며수액치료는정질액 (crystalloid) 이실제주입되었을경우로하였다. 환자배치 (disposition) 는환자퇴실정보를이용하여, 퇴원후귀가및외래통원치료를받은환자군과화상센터로전원된환자군으로나누었다. 분류의적절성은미국화상협회에서 1999년에발표한화상센터전원규범 (Burn unit referral criteria) 에의거하여, 환자의중증도와환자배치간의적절성을평가하였다 (Appendix 2) 5,8). 화상센터전원규범에따르면, 대개의중증및중등도환자는화상센터로전원해야하는적응증이되며, 경증환자에한하여퇴원후외래추적관찰이가능하다. 그러므로적절하게분류된환자군은화상센터전원규범에따라화상센터로전원된경우와, 경증화상으로분류되어퇴원후외래통원치료를받은경우를포함하며, 과분류 (over-triage) 된환자군은경증화상이나화상센터로전원된환자, 저분류 (under-triage) 된환자군은화상센터전

3 노영선외 : 화상환자에서응급센터기반전원의적절성평가 / 489 원규범에따라화상센터로전원하는적응증이되는환자가퇴원후귀가한경우로정의하였다. 이를기초로각요인에따른분류의적절성의분포를비교하였으며이를위하여 χ 2 -test나 Fisher의정확성검증을사용하였으며, p-value가 0.05 미만인경우통계학적유의성이있는것으로간주하였다. 결과 1. 대상환자의특징 (Table 1) 대상화상환자는총 144명이었으며, 성별발생빈도는 Table 1. Demographic findings of study subject Severity Total Major Moderate Minor N N % N % N % Total Sex male female Age group, years 00~ ~ ~ ~ Injured body area head & neck eye upper extremity lower extremity trunk inhalation Mechanism flame non-flame electrical chemical inhalation other Total body surface area, % 00~ ~ Depth first degree second degree third degree Management antibiotics analgesia fluid tetanus Disposition transfer to burn center discharge and follow-up N; number, %; percent

4 490 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 18 권제 6 호 2007 남자가 67명 (46.5%), 여자가 77명 (53.5%) 로남녀의비는 1:1.15 이었다. 연령별분포는 0~19세가 56명 (38.9%), 20~39세가 51명 (35.4%), 40~59세가 27명 (18.8%), 60세이상이 10명 (6.9%) 순으로 0~19세가가장높게나타났으며, 중간연령은 25.5세이었다. 화상부위별빈도로는상지가 71명 (49.3%), 하지가 37명 (25.7%), 두부와경부가 30명 (20.8%), 체간부 22명 (15.2%), 눈이 8명 (5.6%), 흡입화상이 1명 (0.7%) 순이었다. 상지에서는손목을포함한손의화상이 46명 (31.9%), 손목이외의상지화상이 25명 (17.4%) 이었다. 화상원인으로는온열화상이 133명 (92.4%) 으로가장많고, 화학화상이 6명 (4.1%), 전기화상이 2명 (1.4%), 기타가 2명 (1.4%), 흡입화상이 1명 (0.7%) 순이었다. 화상의범위는 0~9% 가 132명 (91.7%) 으로가장많고, 10~19% 가 8명 (5.6%), 20~29% 가 4명 (2.7%) 순이었다. 화상의심도는 2도화상이 109명 (75.7%) 으로가장많고, 1도화상이 32명 (22.2%), 3도화상이 3명 (2.1%) 순이었다. 예방적항생제는 37명 (25.7%) 에서사용되었으며, 진통제는 46명 (31.9%) 에서투여되었다. 응급실에서의수액치료는 7명 (4.9%) 에서이루어졌으며, 15세이상의화상환자 90 명중파상풍주사는 14명 (15.6%) 에서접종되었다. 화상의중증도는미국화상협회의분류에입각하여중증, 중증도, 경증화상으로구분하였으며, 경증화상이 108 명 (75.0%) 으로가장많고, 중증화상이 33명 (22.9%), 중등도화상이 3명 (2.1%) 순이었다. 연령별분포에따르면중증화상이 0~19세의경우 10.7%, 21세 ~40세는 19.6%, 41세 ~60세의경우 51.9%, 61세이상에서는 30.0% 로연령의증가에따라증가하는경향을보였으며, 가장연령별빈도가높았던 0~19세에서경증화상의빈도가 85.7% 로가장높았다. 부위별분포에따르면두부및경부, 눈부위의경우중증화상이 50% 로사지화상에비하여월등히그비율이높았다. 손상기전, 화상의면적, 화상의깊이등은중증도와직접관련되는요인으로비온열 성화상에서, 면적이넓을수록, 깊이가깊을수록중증화상의비율이높았다. 중증도별치료를보면중증화상에서수액의투여비율이비교적높았다. 2. 응급실에서치료후환자배치의적절성평가 (Table 2) 환자배치는 119명 (82.6%) 의환자들이응급실에서처치및분류후외래통원치료하였으며 25명 (17.4%) 의환자들이초기처치후화상센터로전원되었다. 중증및중등도환자각각 33명, 3명중화상센터로전원된환자는각각 12명, 3명이었다. 미국화상협회에서발표한화상센터전원규범을이용하여환자의중증도와환자배치간의적절성을평가하였다. 화상환자중전원이필요한환자는 36명이었으나이중 21명 (14.6%) 에서전원을수행하지않아전체적으로 14.6% 가저분류 (under-triage) 되었고, 전원이필요하지않은 108명중 10명이화상센터에전원되어전체적으로약 6.9% 에서과분류 (over-triage) 되었다. 이를제외한 113명 (78.5%) 만이적절하게분류되었다. 3. 주요위험요인과환자배치분류의적절성의분포 (Table 3) 환자분류의적절성에영향을미치는요인을평가하기위하여, 환자의주요위험요인과분류의적절성과의분포를비교하였다. 환자성별은유의한차이가없었으나 (p=0.16), 환자연령은 20세초과인군이그이하인군에비하여유의하게부적절한분류가많았다 (p=0.01). 손상부위별분포를보면두경부에손상이있을경우부적절한분류가유의하게높았으며 (p=0.01), 상지에화상을입은경우도부적절한분류가유의하게많았다 (p=0.00). 그러나기타분위별분포에서는부적절한배치와유의한관련성이없었다. 한편온열성손상과비온열성손상을비교하 Table 2. Appropriateness of disposition of burn injury patients on the basis of referral criteria recommended by the American Burn Association Referral criteria* Disposition Total Yes No N N % N % Transfer to burn care specialty center Discharge and follow-up at outpatient or local clinic Total Over-triage=10/ =6.9% N; number, %; percent Under-triage=21/ =14.6% Appropriate triage=(15+98)/ =78.5% * Referral criteria was on the basis of Burn Unit Referral Criteria of American Burn Association 5)

5 노영선외 : 화상환자에서응급센터기반전원의적절성평가 / 491 Table 3. Comparison of appropriateness of transfer to burn care specialty center by burn injury-related risk factors Triage Risk factors Total Appropriate Inappropriate p-value* N N % N % Total Sex male female Age group, years 0~ ~ ~ Injured body area head & neck yes no eye yes no upper extremity yes no lower extremity yes no trunk yes no inhalation yes no Mechanism flame non-flame electrical chemical inhalation other Total body surface area, % 0~ ~ Depth first degree second degree third degree * Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square or Fisher s exact test N; number, %; percent

6 492 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 18 권제 6 호 2007 였을때비온열성손상에서부적절한분류가유의하게높았으며 (p=0.00), 화상부위별분포, 화상의깊이등에서는유의한차이가나지않았다. 고찰본연구의의미는응급실에내원하는화상환자들의역학정보를파악하고, 화상센터전원규범에따른분류의적절성을분석함으로서부적절하게분류된군과관련된위험인자들을평가하는데그목적이있다. 그러나본연구는몇가지제한점을가진다. 첫째본연구는특정권역응급의료센터한곳만을대상으로하였다는점에서전체화상환자에대해일반화하기에는다소무리가있다. 두번째제한점은연구기간이짧으며표본수가작아서부적절하게분류된군의의미있는위험인자들을평가하는데다소무리가있었다. 그러나이러한제한점에도불구하고본연구가가지는장점은, 미국화상협회에서제안한화상센터전원규범을기준으로할때화상환자의응급처치와응급처치후배치의적절성에대한기초자료를제공하고있으며, 특히부적 절한환자배치에영향을미치는요인을파악함으로써차후대규모연구의기본방향을제시하고있다는데의의가있다고하겠다. 중증화상환자에게있어서사망의위험은화상의범위가넓을수록, 나이가많을수록, 여성일수록높으며흡입화상의경우더높다 1). Shin 등 9) 의보고에따르면, 우리나라에서화상으로인한사망의위험은성별에따른유의한차이는없으나나이가많을수록더높았다. 본연구에서연령별분포를살펴보면, 0~19세사이의연령군이가장많이분포하였으며, Singer와 Thode 10) 의보고에서도 18세이하의연령군에서 25% 로가장높았고, Ahn 등 11) 의보고에서도소아에서 26.5% 로가장많았다는점에서일치된결과를보여주고있다. 남녀비율은 1:1.15였으나, Fagenholz 등 12), Singer 와 Thode 10) 의보고에서는 1.3~1.5:1 정도로남자에서화상발생률이높았으며, Ahn 등 11), Jun 등 13) 의보고에서는화상발생률이남자에서 2:1 정도로더욱높게나타났다. 화상부위는본연구에서상지의빈도가 49.3% 로가장높았으며, Fagenholz 등 12) 의보고에서도 38% 로가장빈도가높았으나, Ahn 등 11) 의보고에서는체간부가 54.4% 였으며상지가 49.7% 였다. 이러한 Appendix 1. Classification of burn injury 1) Major Burns Major burns are defined as 01) partial-thickness burns greater than 25 percent BSA in the 10- to 50-year-old age group 02) partial-thickness burns greater than 20 percent BSA in children under 10 or adults over 50 03) full-thickness burns of greater than 10 percent BSA in anyone 04) burns involving the hands, face, feet, or perineum 05) burns crossing major joints 06) circumferential burns of an extremity 07) burns complicated by inhalation injury 08) electrical burns 09) burns complicated by fractures or other trauma 10) burns in infants and the elderly 11) burns in poor-risk patients These burns typically require referral to a specialized burn treatment center. Moderate Burns Moderate burns are 01) partial-thickness burns of 15 to 25 percent BSA in the 10- to 50-year-old age group 02) partial-thickness burns of 10 to 20 percent BSA in children under 10 or adults over 50 03) full-thickness burns of less than 10 percent BSA in anyone Partial-thickness burns of the hands, face, feet, or perineum or circumferential burns of an extremity are excluded. These patients typically require hospitalization for burn care. Minor Burns Minor burns include 01) partial-thickness burns of less than 15 percent BSA in the 10- to 50-year-old age group 02) partial-thickness burns of less than 10 percent BSA in children under 10 or adults over 50 03) full-thickness burns of less than 2 percent BSA in anyone, without associated injuries These burns generally require only outpatient treatment.

7 노영선외 : 화상환자에서응급센터기반전원의적절성평가 / 493 화상부위의분포차이는화상환자를일차적으로진료하는일반응급센터와화상환자를전문적으로치료하는특수한의료기관의차이로기인하는면이작지않을것이다. 화상의원인으로는온열화상이 92.4% 로가장많았으며, 화상의범위는 0~9% 가 91.7% 였고, 화상의심도는 2도화상이 91.7% 로가장많았다. Shin 등 9) 의보고에서도온열화상이가장많았으며, Ahn 등 11) 의보고에서는 21~30% 가 29.9% 로가장많았고, Fagenholz 등 12) 의보고에서는 2도화상이 48% 로가장많았다. 화상의넓이역시화상환자를진료하는기관이일차적인기관인가이차적인기관인가에따라크게좌우될수있으며, 전반적으로는지난수년간화상의범위가줄고있다는보고도있지만본연구자료에서는이를확인하기는어렵다 14). 본연구에서는경증화상이 75.0% 로가장많았으며의외로중등도화상이매우적은비율을차지하고있다. 이는본권역센터가지역내에위치하는경증화상환자에대한 1차응급진료를담당하면서도, 구급대등이권역내의중증화상환자를일차적으로이송하는권역응급의료센터의역할을하고있기때문으로파악된다. 지난 20년간화상환자의처치에대해중요한변화가있었다. 초기화상치료는화상의진행을막아야하며, 수액요법과상처처치, 합병증치료로대별할수있다. 수액요법은 1900년대 Paracandulo 와 Snevert가최초로생리식염수를사용한이래, 현재는파크랜드공식 (Parkland Formula) 에따라포도당 (dexterose) 을함유하지않은 Lactated Ringer solution으로 4 ml/kg 체중 (Kg) 화상범위 (%) 로투여하여화상성쇽으로인한사망이크게감소하였고, 이에대부분의응급의학의사와외과의사는파크랜드공식을사용하는것으로알려져있다 15). 본연구에서는단지 4.9% 의환자에게정질액이정주되었다. 이는중증도이상의화상환자 36명중 19.4% 에불과한숫자로, 응급실근무자에게합병증예방과치료로서충분한수액투여를수행하고있지않음을의미하며, 수액요법의중요성 에대한충분한교육이필요하다하겠다. 화상의깊이는전통적으로 1도화상, 2도화상, 3도화상으로분류되나, 화상이진행성병변이라는특성상응급실에서의초기평가로화상의깊이를완전하게평가할수는없으므로, 표재성홍반을포함한모든부분적침범 (partial thickness) 화상상처는전층침범 (full thickness) 화상으로의진행을고려하여평가되어야한다 16). 화상의범위는 Hammond와 Ward 17), Collis 등 18) 과 Jun 등 13) 의연구에서응급실에서높게평가하는경향이있다고보고되어있다. 이처럼응급실에서의상처평가는화상의시간적인진행을고려하여평가하고, 적절하게초기처치를하는것이중요하다. 초기처치로서국소항생제치료는상처의감염을예방하기위해제한적으로사용되나예방적전신항생제치료는근거가부족하다. 반면, 파상풍접종에대한지침은다른상처와동일하게적용된다. 본연구에서는 25.7% 에서예방적항생제가사용되었으며, 파상풍접종의적응증이되는환자가운데단지 15.6% 에서접종이이루어졌다. 이는화상상처가열린상처 (open wound) 와는다르게인식되어파상풍예방접종의중요성이간과되었다는점을의미한다. 초기진통제투여는표층부분침범 (superficial partial thickness) 화상이가장고통스럽기때문에대부분의환자에게서투여되어야한다. 본연구에서는 31.9% 에서진통제가투여되었으며, Bezuhly 등 19) 의연구에서는 55% 의일차진료의만이진통제투여가필요함을인식하였고, Fagenholz 등 12) 의연구에서도 47% 의환자들에게진통제가투여되었으며, 이중 83% 가마약성진통제로투여되었고, Singer와 Thode 10) 의보고에서도 40~57% 의환자들에게진통제가투여되었다고보고한바있다. 뿐만아니라, 의료진들이화상환자의통증에대해질문하고평가하는비율도 50% 이하로낮으며, 통증조절에대한잘못된인식으로인하여통증조절을하지않는경우가많았다는보고도있다 19,20). 이는응급실에서화상환자치료및통증에대한전반적인이해가부족한것으로, 응급 Appendix 2. Burn Unit Referral Criteria 5) 01. Partial-thickness burns greater than 10% total body surface area (BSA) 02. Burns that involve the face, hand, feet, genitalia, perineum, or major joints 03. Third-degree burns in any age group 04. Electrical burns, including lightning injury 05. Chemical burns 06. Inhalation injury 07. Burn injury in patients with preexisting medical disorders that could complicate management, prolong recovery, or affect mortality 08. Any patients with burns and concomitant trauma (such as fractures) in which the burn injury poses the greatest risk of morbidity or mortality 09. Burned children in hospitals without qualified personnel or equipment for the care of children 10. Burn injury in patients who will require special social, emotional, or long-term rehabilitative intervention

8 494 / 대한응급의학회지 : 제 18 권제 6 호 2007 실근무자의교육이절실히필요하다는것을의미하며본연구에서도적극적인통증치료가매우부족함을알수있었다. 환자배치는 82.6% 의환자들이외래로통원치료하였으며 17.4% 가초기처치후화상센터로전원되었다. 이중 78.5% 는적절하게분류되었으며, 14.6% 에서는저분류되었고, 6.9% 에서는과분류되었다. 본연구는표본집단의수가작아서적절하게분류된군과부적절하게분류된군으로구분한후, 적절하게분류되지않은군에영향을미치는요인을분석하였기때문에과분류와저분류각각에따른위험인자들의유의한차이를확인할수는없었다. 다만주요요인별부적절성의분포를살펴보면환자연령은 21 세이상의환자에서부적절하게분류된경우가유의하게많았으며 (p=0.01), 부위별특징과화상의종류별특징이부적절성과관련되고있는것으로파악되었다. 특히부위별특징에서두경부의화상은추후미용적, 기능적장애를남길수있다는점에서중요한문제점이라고하겠다. 손상기전중온열화상과전기화상을제외한화학화상, 흡입화상, 기타화상에서는부적절하게분류된군의비율이높았다. 본연구에서특히화학화상환자의 100% 가부적절하게분류되었는데, 화학화상의 67% 가눈에화상을입어내원하였으며퇴원시화상센터로전원되지않고안과당직의의진료를받거나대학병원안과외래를방문하도록하였다. 화상센터전원규범에따르면, 화학화상인경우와두경부의화상인경우모두화상센터로전원하도록규정해놓았다. 그러나국내응급의료체계의경우권역응급의료센터등대형병원이오히려안과화상환자에대한진료인력을더많이확보하고있는경우가많아미국화상협회제안이국내실정에맞지않을수도있어국내실정에맞는전원규정을확립하는것이중요하다고하겠다. 또한, 본연구에서상지에발생한화상의경우부적절하게분류된경우가많았는데, 상지화상중손목을포함한손의화상이 46명 (31.9%), 손목이외의상지화상이 25 명 (17.4%) 이었으며, 부적절하게분류된상지화상의경우손목을포함한손의화상이많았다. 화상센터전원규범에따르면손의화상일경우화상의심도와는상관없이화상센터로전원하도록권고하고있으나, 손바닥이나손등의경증화상은발생률이비교적높지만깊이나넓이가작을경우미약한화상으로단정하여장기적인후유증을고려하지않는경향을보인다. 따라서상지손상에서는더욱신중하게화상센터전원여부를결정할수있어야하겠다. 결론본연구는일개권역응급의료센터를내원한화상환자의역학적특징과초기처치의일반적특성을파악하고, 미국 화상협회가제안하고있는화상센터전원규범에따른환자배치분류의적절성을조사하였다. 이를통해화상환자초기처치에서간과했던점들과, 미국화상협회에서제안한화상센터전원규범을우리나라에서적용할때주의할점을고찰하였다. 본연구에서초기응급처치후부적절하게환자를배치한경우가 21.5% 로매우높게나타났다. 비용효과적인화상환자치료를위해서는국내실정에맞는화상환자응급진료지침을개발하여보다안전하고수준높은응급진료가수행될수있어야겠다. 참고문헌 01. Tintinalli JE, Kelen GD, Stapczynski JS. Emergency Medicine. A comprehensive study guide. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; p American Burn Association. Burn incidence fact sheet; Available at: Accessed July 30, Available at: Accessed July 30, Available at: Accessed July 30, Guidelines for the Operation of Burn Units, in Committee on Trauma, American College of Surgeons. Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient. Chicago, American College of Surgeons, 1999; Available at ameriburn.org/. Accessed July 30, Kim TY, Shin SD, Suh GJ, Song KJ, Choi WJ, Jung ST. A preliminary application of an emergency departmentbased in-depth injury surveillance system. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 2006;17: WHO-ICECI Coordination and Maintenance Group. International Classification of External Causes of Injuries (ICECI). Amsterdam: Consumer Safety Institute; July 2004; Available at: Accessed July 30, Saffle J. Practice Guidelines for Burn Care. Chicago, American Burn Association, Shin SD, Suh GJ, Sung J, Kim J. Epidemiologic characteristics of death by burn injury from 1991 to 2001 in Korea. Burns 2004;30: Singer AJ, Thode HCJ. National analgesia prescribing patterns in emergency department patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil 2002;23: Ahn YH, Choi WK, Park CS, Jo J, Yoo BD, Lee DP. Clinical observation in 1211 cases of burn patients. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 1998;9: Fagenholz PJ, Sheridan RL, Harris NS, Pelletier AJ, Camargo CA. National Study of Emergency Department

9 노영선외 : 화상환자에서응급센터기반전원의적절성평가 / 495 Visits for Burn Injuries, 1993 to J Burn Care Res 2007;28: Jun DH, Choi DH, Choi WI. Burn size estimation and fluid resuscitation in the emergency department. J Korean Soc Emerg Med 2004;15: Robb BW, Kagan RJ. Outpatient and emergency department management of thermal injuries. Prob in Gener Surg 2003;20: Hagstrom M, Wirth GA, Evans GR, Ikeda CJ. A review of emergency department fluid resuscitation of burn patients transferred to a regional, verified burn center. Ann Plast Surg 2003;51: Gueugniaud PY, Carsin H, Bertin-Maghit M, Petit P. Current advances in the initial management of major thermal burns. Intensive Care Med 2000;26: Hammond JS, Ward CG. Transfers from emergency room to burn center: errors in burn size estimate. J Trauma 1987;27: Collis N, Smith G, Fenton OM. Accuracy of burn size estimation and subsequent fluid resuscitation prior to arrival at the Yorkshire Regional Burns Unit. A three year retrospective study. Burns 2000;26: Bezuhly M, Gomez M, Fish JS. Emergency department management of minor burn injuries in Ontario, Canada. Burns 2004;30: Alexander J, Manno M. Underuse of analgesia in very young pediatric patients with isolated painful injuries. Ann Emerg Med 2003;41:

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