사이클페달종류에따른비숙련자의관절움직임과근육활성도 특성비교 Differences in the Joint Movements and Muscle Activities of Novice according to Cycle Pedal Type Jeong-Woo Seo 1, Dae-

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1 사이클페달종류에따른비숙련자의관절움직임과근육활성도 특성비교 Differences in the Joint Movements and Muscle Activities of Novice according to Cycle Pedal Type Jeong-Woo Seo 1, Dae-Hyeok Kim 1, Seung-Tae Yang 1, Dong-Won Kang 3, Jin-Seung Choi 2,3, Jin-Hyun Kim 4, Gye-Rae Tack 2,3 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea 3 BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea 4 Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Jeju International University, Jeju, South Korea Corresponding Author Gyerae Tack Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 27478, South Korea Phone: , Fax: , grtack@kku.ac.kr Acknowledgements 이논문은 2016학년도건국대학교의연구년교원지원에의하여연구되었음. This paper was written as part of Konkuk University s research support program for its faculty on sabbatical leave in Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the joint movements and muscle activities of novices according to pedal type (flat, clip, and cleat pedal). Methods: Nine novice male subjects (age: 24.4 ± 1.9 years, height: 1.77 ± 0.05 m, weight: 72.4 ± 7.6 kg, shoe size: ± 7.50 mm) participated in 3-minute, 60-rpm cycle pedaling tests with the same load and cadence. Each of the subject s saddle height was determined by the 155 knee flexion angle when the pedal crank was at the 6 o clock position (25 knee angle method). The muscle activities of the vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius medialis were compared by using electromyography during 4 pedaling phases (phase 1: , phase 2: , phase 3: , and phase 4: ). Results: The knee joint movement (range of motion) and maximum dorsiflexion angle of the ankle joint with the flat pedal were larger than those of the clip and cleat pedals. The maximum plantarflexion timing with the flat and clip pedals was faster than that of the flat pedal. Electromyography revealed that the vastus lateralis muscle activity with the flat pedal was greater than that with the clip and cleat pedals. Conclusion: With the clip and cleat pedals, the joint movements were limited but the muscle activities were more effective than that with the flat pedal. The novice cannot benefit from the clip and cleat

2 pedals regardless of their pull-up pedaling advantage. Therefore, the novice should perform the skilled pulling-up pedaling exercise in order to benefit from the clip and cleat pedals in terms of pedaling performance. Key words: Pedal type, Joint movement, Electromyography 서론 ; Introduction 사이클의대중화가급속하게이루어짐에따라사이클은단순한이동수단을넘어레크리에이션과운동의목적으로페달링능력향상과부상방지에대한관심이증가하고있다. 엘리트선수가아닌비숙련자인일반인의경우에도페달링능력과부상의방지를위해프레임사이즈피팅 (fitting) 을받거나, 고가의부품또는장비를사용하는경우가많아졌다. 위의대표적인두가지방법중피팅은자전거프레임의사이즈와각도, 안장높이및핸들의위치를탑승자의체형과주법에맞게조절하는방법이다 (Bae et al., 2012). 이는숙련된전문가의도움이필요하며국내에는아직까지널리보급되지못하고있는실정이다. 또다른방법인부품및장비의교체는경량의프레임을선택하거나크랭크기어비율을조절하고페달링에유리한바퀴사이즈나페달의종류를선택하는등의방법이다. 두가지방법모두페달링능력향상과부상방지에도움이된다. 비숙련자또는동호회인들의경우쉽게접하기어려운피팅보다부품및장비의선택및교체를선호하며대표적인부품으로는페달이있다. 페달은탑승자의인체와장비인사이클이접합되어궁극적으로힘이가해지는요소이다. 페달에가해진힘은크랭크로전달되며, 이는크랭크의저항과관성을극복하며에너지로전환된다 (Raasch et al., 1997). 페달은누구나손쉽게교체할수있으며프레임이나바퀴에비해저비용으로페달링효율성을높일수있다는장점이있다. 페달은크게세가지종류로나누어진다. 첫번째는평페달 (flat pedal) 이다. 평페달은대중적인사이클에사용되는일반적인페달이며페달에특별한고정장치없이발을올려놓을수있어다른페달에비해안전한것이장점이다. 하지만페달링시크랭크의회전구간중페달이크랭크를기준으로가장낮은위치에있을때인하사점이후의페달을당기는힘을낼수없는단점이있다. 두번째로는클립페달 ( 또는토클립페달 ) 이다. 클립페달은중족골부터발끝부분까지를케이지로감싸는형태이다. 이는발을넣고빼기가번거롭고스트랩으로고정된상태에서는정차후에발을분리해야하는단점이있으나평페달과다르게페달을당기는힘을발휘할수있다는장점이있다. 이는현재경륜경기에서사용되고있다. 세번째로클릿페달 ( 또는클립리스페달 ) 은클립페달에서발을감싸는부위를없애고신발하부에클릿 (cleat) 을장착하여페달에탈착시키는형태로되어있다. 클릿페달은클립페달에비해탈착이간편하여상대적으로안전하며, 클립페달과동일하게고정된형태이므로페달을당기는힘을발휘할수있다. 클릿페달은크로스컨트리나다운힐, 로드바이크에서는필수장비로인식되고있으며최근선수뿐만아니라비숙련자들에서도클릿페달의사용이증가하고있다. 하지만하부에클릿이장착된특정신발을착용해야한다는단점이있다. 이와같이페달의형태에는여러가지가있으며, 페달에발이체결되는형태나종류에따라페달링시신체의움직임과특성또한달라진다. 페달종류에따른페달링특성을확인한대표적인선행연구로는트라이애슬론선수를대상으로클립페달과클릿페달사용시근육활성도를측정하고비교한연구가있다 (Cruz & Bankoff, 2001). 연구결과, 클릿페달사용시반힘줄근 (semitendinosus), 반막근 (semimenbranosus), 대퇴이두근 (biceps femoris) 그리고외비복근 (gastrocnemius lateralis) 의활성도가줄어들었다. 이와같이근육의관점에서엘리트선수를대상으로페달종류를비교한연구는어느정도수행되고있지만비숙련자를대상으로페달과발의고정상태에따라발현되는힘과운동학적형태를함께확인한연구는미비한실정이다. 올바른페달의선택은퍼포먼스의향상과함께부상의방지로이어지므로하체의움직임과힘을발생시키는근육의활성도를우선적으로확인할필요성이있다 (Seo et al., 2012). 비숙련자의경우페달을당기는힘에대한숙련도가부족하므로페달의종류가다르더라도운동학적형태및근육의사용은유사할것으로예상된다. 따라서본연구에서는비숙련자의사이클페달링시평페달, 클립페달, 클릿페달세종류의페달링에서나

3 타나는운동학및근육활성도특성을확인하여페달링퍼포먼스향상과근골격계부상방지를위한적정페 달종류의선택에도움이되고자하였다. 연구방법 ; Method 1. 연구대상본연구의대상자는평소사이클을즐기지않으며근골격계질환이없고정상적인페달링이가능한건강한 20대 9명의비숙련자를대상으로하였다 ( 나이 : 24.40±1.90 세, 키 : 1.77±0.05 m, 몸무게 : 72.20±7.60kg). 모든실험참가자는실험참가이전에연구대상자용설명문및동의서에동의한후실시되었으며, 건국대학교연구윤리위원회 (IRB) 로부터승인된실험계획을준수하였다 ( HR-062). 2. 실험장비 모든실험은기존사이클과동일한페달링을수행할수있도록롤러가부착된고정형사이클에서수행되었다. 관절각도와페달위치및근육활성도를측정하기위해적외선카메라 6대로구성된 3차원동작분석시스템 (Motion Analysis, USA) 과근전도측정시스템 (trigno wireless EMG systems, DELSYS, USA) 을사용하였다. 3차원동작분석시스템과근전도측정시스템은동기화하였으며, 각각샘플링주파수 120 Hz, 1200 Hz로데이터를획득하였다. 페달링속도와파워를측정하기위해 SRM파워미터 (Schoberer Rad Messtechnik, Germany) 를사용하였고, 페달종류에따른파워의통계적인차이는없었다. 또한페달링수행시일정한페달링속도및파워를유지하기위해트레이닝프로그램인 I-Magic trainers(tacx, Netherlands) 와메트로놈 (metronome) 을사용하였다. 세가지페달의형태는 <Figure 1> 과같다. 평페달의경우자체제작하였고 (Lee et al., 2014), 클립페달은시마노사의클립을 (DuraAce pedals PD-7400 with toe clips, Shimano Inc., Japan) 평페달전면부에부착하였으며, 클릿페달은시마노사클릿신발 (SH-XC30, Shimano Inc., Japan) 하부에부착된클릿이장착될수있도록평페달의상부덮개에고정장치를설치하였다. 모든페달은실험이전에무게를실측하여동일함을확인하였고, 신발은시마노사클릿신발의클릿을제거한상태로평페달과클릿페달또한동일하게사용하였다. Figure 1. Pedal type (left top: flat, right top: clip, and bottom: cleat)

4 3. 실험절차 본실험에앞서충분한스트레칭과 warm-up 을수행하였다. 그후 Plug-in set을바탕으로우측하지에 6개의반사마커를부착하였다. 상전장골돌기마커 (ASIS marker) 는위앞쪽장골돌기 (anterior superior iliac spine), 대전자마커 (greater trochanter marker) 는대퇴의대전자 (great trochanter of femur) 의외측큰돌기, 무릎마커 (Knee marker) 는외측대퇴부상완골내측상과 (lateral epicondyle of the knee), 발목마커 (Ankle marker) 는외측복사뼈 (lateral malleolus) 그리고발뒤꿈치마커 (heel) 와발가락마커 (toe) 는바닥과평형이되도록부착하였다. 근전도측정은우측하지의외측광근 (vastus lateralis muscle, VL), 대퇴이두근 (biceps femoris muscle, BF), 내측비복근 (gastrocnemius medial muscle, GM) 그리고전경골근 (tibialis anterior muscle, TA) 으로하였다. 모든연구대상자의하지분절길이와비율은상이하므로동일한페달링조건을구현하기위해 Holmse 의 25도무릎각도법으로안장높이를설정하였다 (Holmse et al., 1994). 이는페달이가장낮은위치인하사점 (bdc, bottom dead center) 에위치하였을때시상면에서바라본무릎관절내측의각도가 155도가되는 (Holmes 의 25도무릎각도와동일한각도 ) 안장의높이를의미한다. 각연구대상자는위의방법으로설정된안장높이와동일한안장앞뒤위치에서동일한부하의조건으로 3분동안일정한속도 (60RPM) 의페달링을유지하였으며, 페달의종류에따라 2회씩실시하였다. 각실험사이에는실험후상승된심박수 (heart rate) 가실험전안정된상태의심박수와동일해지기에충분한시간인 15분의휴식을취하였다 (Seo et al., 2012). 근육의피로도를고려하여각페달종류별로 3일에나누어실험을진행하였다. 4. 자료분석 3분간의페달링수행시획득된모든데이터는전후의 30초구간을제외하고안정적인페달링이수행되는 2분데이터의평균값을분석에사용하였다. 데이터의잡음 (noise) 을제거하기위해 3차원동작데이터는 (sampling frequency: 120Hz) 2차 0지연 Butterworth 필터 (2nd order zerolag Butterworth filter) 를이용하여 6 Hz 차단주파수 (cut-off frequency) 로처리하였고, 근전도데이터는 (sampling frequency: 1200 Hz) 4차 0지연 Butterworth filter 를이용하여 Hz bandpass 로필터링하였으며, 전파정류 (full wave rectification) 를실시하고 40 ms의평균을이용하여평활화 (smoothing) 하였다 (Albertus-kajee et al., 2010). 페달링국면별분석을위해근전도데이터는제1국면에서제4국면까지 (Phase 1: , Phase 2: , Phase 3: , Phase 4: ) 네가지국면으로나누어비교하였다 (Dorel et al., 2010, Bae et al., 2014; Figure 2). 모든자료의분석은 MATLAB. R2013a (Mathworks Inc., USA) 을사용하였다. Figure 2. Definition of the pedaling phase 4.1 운동학분석 페달링시무릎관절의최대굴곡 (flexion) 및신전 (extension) 각도와그시점 (timing), 발목관절의최대배측 굴곡 (dorsiflexion) 각도및최대족저굴곡 (plantarflexion) 각도와그시점 (timing), 그리고가동범위 (range

5 of motion, ROM) 를구하였다. 모든관절의각도는시상면으로고려하였고, 크랭크를회전하는페달암 (pedal arm) 의각도가가장높은위치를 0도 ( 상사점, top dead center, TDC), 가장낮은위치를 180도 ( 하사점, bottom dead center, BDC) 로정의하고이를기준으로페달의위치를확인하였다. 관절의각도가최대신전 ( 또는저측굴곡 ) 일때크랭크암의각도를최대신전 ( 저측굴곡 ) 시점각도로, 관절의각도가최대굴곡 ( 또는배측굴곡 ) 일때크랭크암의각도를최대굴곡 ( 배측굴곡 ) 시점각도로정의하였고, 관절이최대굴곡된각도에서최대신전된각도의차이를가동범위로정의하였다. 본연구에서의관절각도정의는 <Figure 3> 과같다. Figure 3. Definition of the joint angle 4.2 근육활성도분석페달링수행시활성화되는우측하지의 4개근육 (VL, TA, BF, GM) 의근전도를측정하였다. 측정된근전도데이터에서최대근육활성도를나타내는최대치 (peak) 와크랭크를기준으로최대치가나타나는시점 (peak timing), 그리고근육활성도의합인국면별적분근전도 (integrated EMG, iemg) 를변인으로산출하였다. 5. 통계처리 페달종류에따른통계적유의차를확인하기위해 IBM SPSS v21 (IBM, USA) 를사용하여반복측정분산분석 (repeated measure ANOVA) 을수행하였으며사후집단간비교를위해 bonferroni 의다중비교를수행하였 다. 통계적유의수준은 α=.05 로하였다. 결과 ; Results 1. 운동학결과 페달종류에따른운동학결과는 <Table 1> 과같다. 평페달의무릎관절최대굴곡과신전은클립페달대비 4.71, 7.94, 클릿페달대비 3.10, 8.05 크게나타났고, 발목관절최대배측굴곡은클립페달대비 8.00, 클릿페달대비 6.73 크게나타났다. 최대족저굴곡의경우클립페달이가장컸으며, 평페달대비 4.46, 클릿페달대비 2.22 크게나타났다. 무릎관절의가동범위는평페달이클릿페달과클립페달에비해 3.54, 4.95 크게나타났고, 발목관절의가동범위또한평페달이클릿페달과클립페달에비해 3.54, 4.49 크게나타났다. 통계적으로는무릎관절에서최대신전시점을제외한최대신전각도, 최대굴곡각도및그시점과가동범위에서평페달과의유의한차이를보였다. 최대굴곡각도의경우평페달과클립페달사이, 그시점의경우평페달과클릿페달사이, 최대신전각도와가동범위의경우평페달과클립페달및클릿페달사이에서통계

6 적인차이를보였다. 발목관절의경우최대배측굴곡각도와최대족저굴곡시점에서만유의한차이를보였다. 최대배측굴곡각도의경우평페달과클립페달사이, 최대족저굴곡시점의경우평페달과클립페달사이에서통계적인차이를보였다. Table 1. Kinematic results according to pedal type (significant difference between # and *, mean ± SD; p <.05: Bonferroni, ns = not significant (Unit: degrees) Joint Knee Ankle Dorsi Plantar Flexion Flexion Extension Extension Dorsi Pedal type ROM flexion flexion max timing max timing timing max max Plantar timing ROM flat clip cleat mean * * *,# *,# * * SD mean * * * 7.22 * SD mean * # # * SD p-value * 0.03 * 0.00 * 0.00 # ns * 0.00 # 0.00 * ns ns 0.04 * ns 2. 근육활성도결과페달종류에따른근육활성도결과는 <Table 2, 3> 과같다. VL, TA, BF, GM 네가지근육의최대활성도 (peak) 및최대활성화시점에서는페달의종류에따른유의한차이가나타나지않았다. 네가지페달링국면별적분근전도의비교에서는제1국면 VL근육에서평페달과클릿페달사이에서만 0.80± 0.32mV, 0.65±0.26mV 의값을보이며통계적으로유의한차이가확인되었다. 그외모든조건에서페달의종류에따른유의한차이가확인되지않았다. Table 2. iemg results by phase (significant difference between # and *, mean ± SD; p <.05: Bonferroni; ns = not significant (Unit: mv) Muscle Pedal type Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Total phase flat 0.80±0.32 * 1.65± ± ± ±0.91 VL clip 0.57± ± ± ± ±0.25 cleat 0.65±0.26 * 1.72± ± ± ±0.97 p-value 0.03 * ns ns ns ns TA flat 0.71± ± ± ± ±1.81 clip 0.48± ± ± ± ±0.51

7 cleat 0.49± ± ± ± ±0.70 p-value ns ns ns ns ns flat 0.21± ± ± ± ±0.52 BF clip 0.25± ± ± ± ±0.45 cleat 0.21± ± ± ± ±0.65 p-value ns ns ns ns ns flat 0.21± ± ± ± ±0.63 GM clip 0.24± ± ± ± ±0.57 cleat 0.19± ± ± ± ±0.41 p-value ns ns ns ns ns Note: VL:Vastus lateralis, TA:Tibialis anterior, BF:Biceps femoris, GM:Gastrocnemius medial Table 3. Peak and peak timing according crank angle EMG (mean ± SD, p <.05: Bonferroni; ns = not significant (Unit: peak = mv, peak timing = crank angle) Pedal type VL TA BF GM peak peak timing peak peak timing peak peak timing peak peak timing flat ± ± ± ±9.37 clip ± ± ± ±19.60 cleat ± ± ± ±27.26 p-value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns 논의 ; Discussion 본연구에서는비숙련자의사이클페달링시평페달, 클립페달, 클릿페달세종류의페달사이에서나타나는관절의움직임과근육활성도특성을확인하였다. 모든연구대상자는본실험에서분당 60회페달링속도를최대한유지하도록통제되었으며무릎각도법으로안장높이를결정하여신체분절길이의상이함에따른연구대상자간의신체특성차이점을보완하도록하였다. 무릎각도법은고정형사이클에서페달링자세를취하고, 페달의위치가크랭크의가장낮은곳에위치한하사점에서의무릎각도가 25도 ( 본연구의무릎각도정의로는 155도 ) 가되도록설정하며다수의선행연구에서최적의페달링을할수있는안장높이라고알려져있다 (Tamborindeguy & Bini, 2011). 이는동일한조건에서페달링을수행하도록하여페달종류에따른운동학및근육활성도특성의차이를정확하게비교하기위해서이다. 본연구의운동학결과에서페달종류에따른발목관절변인보다무릎관절변인에서차이가많이나타났다. 이는페달에가장가깝게접해있는발목관절에더욱영향을줄것으로예상했던것과는다른결과이며, 이러한이유로는페달의종류가다름에도불구하고엘리트선수와비숙련자사이의숙련도차이에따라발목관절의움직임이엘리트선수에비해자유롭지못하기때문으로사료된다 (Chapman et al., 2007). 발목관절에서의차이는무릎관절움직임의차이로나타났다. 무릎관절의최대굴곡각도는평페달과클립페달페달링사이에서차이를보였는데이는무릎이최대로굴곡되는시점인상사점을지나는순간발목관절최대배측굴곡각도에서발생된차이의영향때문이다. 즉, 발목관절에서배측굴곡이발생하여무릎관절의

8 굴곡각도가작아진것이다. 무릎관절의최대신전각도또한평페달과클립및클릿페달페달링사이에차이를보였다. 무릎관절의최대신전은하사점을지나기이전에나타나며, 최대신전각도의차이에의해무릎관절의 ROM에서도차이가발생하게된다. 무릎관절 ROM의경우평페달이클립페달및클릿페달에비해크게나타났으며클립페달과클릿페달은유사한무릎관절의움직임을보였다. 발목관절의경우최대족저굴곡각도에서는차이를보이지않았지만최대족저굴곡시점이평페달에비해두페달모두약 20도가량빨라지는차이를보였다. 이는클립페달과클릿페달의사용시상사점에서부터하사점으로미는힘을발생하는추진전략 (push down strategy) 을빠르게끝내고배측굴곡으로전환됨을의미하는데클립과클릿페달은평페달과는다르게회복구간 (recovery phase) 에서힘을발휘할수있는형태의페달이기때문이다. 또한최대배측굴곡값이양의값을나타내는것은배측굴곡이일어나지않음을의미한다. 즉클립페달과클릿페달의경우발목의배측굴곡이발생하지않는다. 이는페달링국면별적분근전도값의결과에서배측굴곡을발생시키는 TA 근육의활성도평균값이제3, 4국면에서평페달이더욱높게나타나는것으로설명할수있다. 비숙련자의경우엘리트선수에비해페달을당기는힘에익숙하지못하다 (Chapman et al., 2007). 또한대부분평페달사용에익숙하므로클립이나클릿페달처럼당기는힘을낼수있는형태의페달을사용하더라도페달을미는힘으로만페달링을수행하게된다. 이는페달을미는힘인제2, 3국면에서주로사용되는 BF와 GM근육의활성도에서페달종류에따른차이가없음으로설명이가능하다. 엘리트선수를대상으로페달종류에따른근육활성도비교를한선행연구결과에서는클릿페달을사용할경우클립페달에비해근육활성도가줄어든다고하였다 (Cruz & Bankoff, 2001). 하지만본연구의결과에서는클립과클릿페달사이에근육활성도의차이는확인되지않았다. 따라서엘리트선수와비숙련자의페달링특성차이가있음을예상할수있겠다. 최대근활성도와최대근활성화시점에서도차이가나타나지않았다. 이는페달종류에따라특정근육의사용이증가하거나감소되지않음을의미한다. 운동학및근육활성도의결과를종합해보면무릎과발목관절의움직임은평페달에서더욱크게나타나며클립페달과클릿페달은발목관절의움직임이제한적이다. 또한동일한페달링속도와파워를유지하는상태에서근육의활성도가적다는것은더욱적은힘또는에너지로동일한거리를이동할수있음을의미하므로제1국면에서평페달사용시 VL근육의활성도가더욱크게나타난결과에따라페달을당기는힘에서미는힘으로전환하는힘은평페달보다클립페달과클릿페달이더욱효율적이라고할수있겠다. 비숙련자의경우페달링퍼포먼스향상의측면에서클립페달과클릿페달을효율적으로사용하기위해서는엘리트선수들이사용하는페달을당기는전략의페달링을수행하여야할것이다. 추후연구에서는힘의관점에서페달종류의영향그리고엘리트선수와비숙련자사이의클립및클릿페달의특성인당기는전략의활용능력차이를확인하고자한다. 결론 ; Discussion 본연구에서는페달종류가비숙련자의관절움직임과근육활성도에미치는영향을살펴보았다. 그결과, 평페달사용시관절의움직임이더욱크게나타났으며클립페달과클릿페달의경우발목관절의배측굴곡이발생하지않았다. 하지만근육활성화양의차이는확인되지않았다. 즉, 클립페달과클릿페달의장점인페달을당기는전략의사용이가능함에도불구하고그힘을발휘하지못한것이며, 그이유는비숙련자의경우페달을당기는힘의사용이익숙하지못하기때문으로사료된다. 따라서클립또는클릿페달을효과적으로사용하기위해서는페달을당기는페달링주법에대한적응및노력이필요할것이다. 참고문헌 Albertus-Kajee, Y., Tucker, R., Derman, W., & Lambert, M. (2010). Alternative methods of normalising EMG during cycling. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(6), Bae, J. H., Choi, J. S., Kang, D. W., Seo, J. W., & Tack, G. R. (2012). Technical note: Development of

9 electric riding machine for cycle fitting. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 22(3), Bae, J. H., Choi, J. S., Kang, D. W., Seo, J. W., & Tack, G. R. (2014). Saddle height determination by effectiveness of pedal reaction force during cycle pedaling. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 24(4), Chapman, A., Vicenzino, B., Blanch, P. & Hodges, P. (2007). Do differences in muscle recruitment between novice and elite cyclists reflect different movement patterns or less skilled muscle recruitment?. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(1), Cruz, C. F., & Bankoff, A, D. (2001). Electromyography in cycling: difference between clipless pedal and toe clip pedal. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 41(4), Dorel, S., Couturier, A., Lacour, J. R., Vandewalle, H., Hautier, C., & Hug, F. (2010). Force velocity relationship in cycling revisited: benefit of two-dimensional pedal forces analysis. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 42(6), Holmes, J. C., Pruitt, A. L., & Whalen, N. J. (1994). Lower extremity overuse in bicycling. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 13(1), Lee, J. H., Kang, D. W., Bae, J. H., Shin, Y. H., Choi, J. S., & Tack, G. R. (2014). Development of three dimensional force plate adapted for measuring force effectiveness in cycle. The 2014 Conference of Biomedical System & Smart Care, The Korea Institute of Electrical Engineers, Raasch, C. C., Zajac, F. E., Ma, B., & evine, W. S. (1997). Muscle coordination of maximum-speed pedaling. Journal of Biomechanics, 30(6), Seo, J. W., Choi, J. S., Kang, D. W., Bae, J. H., Tack, G. R. (2012). Relationship between lower-limb joint and muscle activity due to saddle height during cycle pedaling. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 22(3), Tamborindeguy, A. C., & Bini, R. R. (2011). Does saddle height affect patellofemoral and tibiofemoral forces during bicycling for rehabilitation? Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, 15,

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