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1 Korean Journal of Adult Nursing Vol. 0 No., 06-1, April 018 ORIGINAL ARTICLE pissn / eissn 88-8X Open Access 대장암노인환자의복강경수술시마취가스가온가습요법의효과 : 무작위대조군실험연구 박효선 1 강윤희 가천대학교길병원 1, 이화여자대학교간호대학 Effects of Heated-Humidified Anesthetic Gas in the Elderly Patients with Colorectal Cancer during Laparoscopic Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial Park, Hyo-Sun 1 Kang, Younhee 1 Gachon University, Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate effects of heated-humidified anesthetic gas on body temperature, acid-base balance, blood cortisol, and lymphocyte in the elderly patients with colorectal cancer during laparoscopic surgery. Methods: This study utilized an experimental design with a randomized controlled trial. A total of 60 patients with colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to one of two groups: either to the heated-humidified anesthetic gas group or to the usual anesthetic gas group. The following variables were measured: body temperature, acid-base balance, blood cortisol, and lymphocyte. The data were analyzed with independent t-test, x test, ANCOVA, and repeated ANOVA using SPSS/WIN 0.0. Results: There was a significant difference in body temperature between the experimental group and the control group during laparoscopic surgery (F=1.18, p<.001). However, no statistically significant differences were found in acid-base balance, blood cortisol, and lymphocyte between two groups. Conclusion: In this study, the body temperature during laparoscopic surgery was more effectively maintained with the heated-humidified anesthetic gas compared with the regular anesthetic gas. Therefore, the heated-humidified anesthetic gas might be considered to maintain the body temperature during laparoscopic surgery especially in the elderly population. Key Words: Anesthesia, Colorectal neoplasms, Laparoscopy, Body temperature 서론 1. 연구의필요성 우리나라전체인구중노인이차지하는비율이 01년에 1.8% 였으나 06년에는.% 로매우급격하게증가될것으 로예상되고있다 [1]. 이러한노인인구의증가는 6세이상노인암유병률과노인암환자의수술증가와도밀접히연관되어있다. 최근국내암통계 [] 에의하면, 서구화된식습관과좌식생활등으로대장암발생률이 1999년에는 0.% 였으나 01 년에는 1.9% 로급증하였다. 그러나대장암발생률의추이를상세히살펴보면 1990년부터 010년기간에는연간퍼센트변 주요어 : 마취, 대장암, 복강경, 체온 Corresponding author: Kang, Younhee College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 0760, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , yxk1@ewha.ac.kr Received: Jan 1, 018 / Revised: Apr, 018 / Accepted: Apr 1, 018 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( by-nc/.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 018 Korean Society of Adult Nursing

2 Heated-humidified anesthetic gas 화 (Annual Percentage Change, APC) 가통계적으로유의미하게 6% 증가하였으나 010년부터 01년기간에는대장암발생률의 APC가통계적으로유의미하게.6% 감소한것으로나타났다 []. 그럼에도모든암발생률중대장암의발생률은갑상선암, 위암다음으로 위를나타내고있어대장암의발생률은여전히매우높다고할수있다 []. 대장암의치료방법으로는근치적수술이시행되고있는데특별히노인대상자는성인대상자와비교하여수술상처치유지연, 감염등개복술에의한대장암수술후합병증의발생가능성이더높기때문에최근복강경에의한대장암수술이선호되는추세이다 []. 개복수술의경우절개부위가크고, 수술소요시간이길어수술중저체온발생비율이 60~70% 이며, 개복수술대상자의 0% 에서.0 이하의저체온발생이보고되고있다 []. 개복수술과복강경수술간의시간에따른체온변화를비교한결과개복수술에서는 0분이후, 복강경수술에서는 분이후부터체온의감소가나타났다 []. 위와같이복강경수술과개복수술중에일어나는주된문제인저체온은특히수술시사용하는전신마취제로인한말초혈관의확장과혈관수축반응의역치증가에의해나타난다 [6,7]. 또한 1 의마취가스, 실온의소독제와수액및수술실의낮은온도도저체온의원인이된다 [8]. 복강경수술의경우에는기복을위해 1 의 CO 가스를복강내주입하는과정이부가되므로저체온의발생가능성이훨씬높다 [9]. 복강경수술을시행받는성인대상자 0명에게 1 의 CO 가스주입이후체온의변화를살펴본결과마취전 6. 에서수술 90분후에.8 로체온이감소되었다 [10]. 6 이하저체온이발생되면신체는내부의열을보상하려고신체대사율을증가시키고, 이하인경우에는전율이심해지며, 0 이하가되면의식이상실된다. 이하로체온이내려가면심실세동이자주발생하며 0 이하가되면심정지로사망하게된다 [11]. 특히노인대상자의경우에는성인에비해혈관수축의역치가저하되어있으며, 혈관수축반응이잘일어나지않는등정상적인체온조절능력의저하로인해수술중저체온발생가능성이높은위험군이라고할수있다 [1,1]. 수술중발생한저체온은혈중카테콜라민을증가시켜빈맥, 고혈압, 말초혈관수축은물론조직의저산소증을유발한다. 조직의저산소증은혐기성대사를유도하여젖산이생산되며이는대사성산증을초래한다 [6,1]. 또한저체온은혈중코티졸을증가시키고 [1] 면역반응을저하시켜수술부위감염과상처회복을지연시키기도한다 [16]. 즉, 저체온, 외상, 수술등의스트레스로인해혈중코티졸이상승되면림프구와대식세 포의기능을방해하고싸이토카인의생성을억제하여면역기능의중심역할을하는림프구가감소되면서면역억제가일어나게된다 [17]. 더불어 1 의마취가스흡입은호흡상피세포에손상을주고섬모기능을저하시켜분비물의축적을유발하며체온을감소시킨다 [1]. 이와같이저체온이심혈관계와호흡기계에부작용을초래하고, 면역기능을억제시키며수술후회복을지연시킨다는점에서저체온예방을위한간호중재는매우중요하며필수적이다. 체온은인간의생명보존을위한기본적인생리적지표로정상체온유지업무는기본간호업무중하나이다. 이러한정상체온유지업무는수술대상자의대상자뿐아니라모든간호대상자에게기본적으로체온유지를위한간호사정과중재를통해제공되어야할독자적인간호업무라고할수있다. 특히정상체온유지에취약한대상인수술대상자에대한체온유지를위한간호중재는매우중요하다. 현재개복수술대상자에게이용하고있는저체온예방간호중재로는피부가온요법, 수액가온요법과마취가스가온가습요법이있다. 피부가온요법에는전기순환물담요를, 수액가온요법에는애니맥또는핫라인을이용하고있다 [10,18]. 개복위절제술시피부가온요법이수액가온요법과비교하여체온유지효과가좋으나피부가온요법만으로는수술중정상체온을유지하지못하는것으로보고되었다 [19]. 그러나마취가스가온가습요법은개복수술중 1 마취가스의계속적인주입으로인한체온감소를예방하는데효과가있는것으로나타났다 [10,0]. 또한마취가스가온가습요법은장시간수술시 1 의건조한마취가스로부터기관손상의합병증을예방하고감염을예방할수있고 [1] 다양한체위에도제약없이적용할수있는장점도있다 [10]. 복강경수술을하는경우쇄석위자세를하고 1 의마취가스를흡입하며수술중복강내 1 CO 가스의계속주입을하게되어저체온의위험성이높으므로체온유지를위한간호중재가필요하다. 그러나복강경수술시마취가스가온가습요법이체온에미치는효과에대한연구는실험설계가아닌단순비교연구 [] 외에전무하고특히저체온의위험성이높은노인을대상으로한중재평가연구는전무하다. 저체온의결과로나타나는산염기불균형, 혈중코티졸의변화에대한가온가습요법의효과또한알려진바없다. 따라서수술중저체온의고위험군인노인복강경수술대상자에서의마취가스가온가습요법의효과를체온뿐만아니라저체온으로인한생리적반응지표인산염기균형, 혈중코티졸, 림프구에미치는영향을총체적으로파악할필요가있다. Korean J Adult Nurs. 018;0():

3 Park, H-S Kang, Y. 연구목적본연구의목적은대장암으로복강경수술을받는노인환자를대상으로마취가스가온가습요법이체온, 산염기균형, 혈중코티졸및림프구에미치는영향을파악하기위함이다.. 연구가설본연구의목적을달성하기위하여다음의가설을설정하였다. 가설 1. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중체온은차이가있을것이다. 가설. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중산염기균형은차이가있을것이다. 부가설 -1. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중 ph는차이가있을것이다. 부가설 -. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중 PCO 는차이가있을것이다. 부가설 -. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중 HCO - 는차이가있을것이다. 부가설 -. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중 base excess는차이가있을것이다. 가설. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술후혈중코티졸은차이가있을것이다. 가설. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술후림프구는차이가있을것이다. 연구방법 의불균형을막기위해개발된설계방법으로블록의크기는집단의수의배수로정한다 []. 즉실험군, 대조군총 개의집단과블록크기 로정하여산출되는총 6가지방법을컴퓨터프로그램 (microsoft excel) 을이용하여무작위로블록을선택하여정하였다. 최종적으로실험군에 0명, 대조군에 0명을배정하는과정을수행하였다.. 연구대상본연구의대상자는일개도시소재대학부속병원에서전신마취하에복강경대장암수술을받기위해입원한 60명의노인환자로서수술전날연구목적과절차를설명하고서면동의를구하였다. 대상자의선정기준은 6세이상의노인대상자로미국마취과학회 (American Society of Anesthesiologist, ASA) 신체상태분류법 (physical status classification) [] 에서 Class I 또는 Class II에해당하고복강경하에대장암수술을받는대상자에서수술시간이 ~시간이상을초과하지않는환자이다. 이는복강경을이용하여대장암을수술하는시간은결장암에서평균 19분, 직장암에서 8분이소요되므로 [] 수술시간에따라체온이변화할수있어수술시간을 시간에서 시간까지로통제하였다. 또한 ~8 에보관되는전혈 1 pint 수혈시체온이감소된다는사실에 [6] 근거하여수술중수혈을하지않은자로제한하였다. 고도의전신질환을가진 ASA Class III 이상의자는연구대상에서제외하였다. 연구대상자수는 G*Power 프로그램.1.0[7] 을이용하여분석하였다. 본연구의목적을달성하기위해체온비교선행연구 [18,8] 에근거해서 independent t-test 효과크기 (d).6, 유의수준 ( ).0, 검정력 (1-β).80을유지하기위한대상자수는실험군, 대조군각각 0명으로총 60명이었다. 실험군과대조군에각각배정된총 60명의대상자중연구진행과정에서탈락한대상자는없었다. 1. 연구설계. 연구도구 본연구는복강경수술을받는노인대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법적용시체온, 산염기균형, 혈중코티졸, 림프구에미치는영향을파악하기위한무작위대조군사전-사후설계의실험연구이다. 실험군과대조군의배정은블록무작위배정 (block blind randomization) 방법을활용하였다 []. 블록무작위배정방법은특별히대상자의수가적은경우, 단순무작위배정방법에서발생될수있는실험군과대조군간대상자의수 1) 체온수술중체온의변화는식도하 1/ 부위에식도청진기 (#- 9-D, Deroyal, USA) 를삽입한후 ECG monitor에연결하여수술전과수술중 1분마다총 17회측정하였다. 체온의측정시기는수술대상자 1명을대상으로가장큰폭으로체온이감소하는시간과감소치를비교한결과체온이 10~1분간격으로유의하게변화하였다는결과에근거하여설정하였다 [9]. 08

4 Heated-humidified anesthetic gas ) 산염기균형산염기균형은요골동맥천자부에적용한 monitoring kit (PX 60 Edwards, USA) 를통하여 1 ml의동맥혈을채취해동맥혈가스분석기 (Gem premier 000, Hippo, USA) 를이용하여 ph, PCO, HCO -, base excess를수술전, 수술중 1시간마다총 회측정하였다. 각측정변수의정상범위는 ph가 7.~7., PCO 는 ~8 mmhg, HCO - 는 18~ meq/l, base excess는 0± meq/l이다. ) 혈중코티졸혈중코티졸은정맥혈 ml를채취하여이디티에이 (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, EDTA) 튜브에담아항응고처리를하고원심분리기 (KUBOTA, KN70) 를이용해서,00 RPM으로 10분간원심분리를한후방사면역측정방법 (radio immuno assay) 으로분석하였으며수술전, 수술후 1시간, 수술후 1일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일에혈중코티졸을오전 8시에총 회측정하였다. 혈중코티졸은오전 8시정상수치가 8~1 ug/dl이다. ) 림프구림프구는정맥혈 ml를채취하여 EDTA 튜브에담아항응고처리를하고면역비탁법 (immuno turbidimetric assay) 으로원심분리를한후자동혈구분석기 (Coulter AC*T, USA) 를이용하여분석하였다. 림프구를수술전, 수술후 1시간, 수술후 1일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일오전 8시에총 회측정하였다. 이는면역억제가수술후 시간에서 1주일까지도나타난다는선행연구에근거를두었으며 [9] 림프구의정상치는 1.0~0.0% 이다.. 마취가스가온가습요법 에서진행되었고자료를수집하기전에기관연구윤리심의위원회의승인을받은후 (IRB No. IRB GIRBA88) 시행되었다. 자료수집기간은 010년 1월 1일부터 011년 8월 1일까지진행되었다. 연구대상자의일반적특성과수술관련특성은본연구자가수술전날진료기록을통해수집하였다. 수술시작부터수술종료까지의자료수집은지속성을위해 1인의마취전문간호사가시행하였고, 수술전과후의혈액채취는외과의사, 외과전담간호사와병동간호사에의해이루어졌다. 수술당일대상자가마취준비실도착시앙와위상태로요골동맥에서 1mL의동맥혈을채취하여동맥혈가스분석을하였다. 실험군과대조군의동일한실험조건을유지하기위해수술실온도는 ~6, 습도를 0~0% 로유지를하였고수술환경에따른변화를통제하기위해동일한수술방을지정하였다. 실험군과대조군모두수술전투약은 Robinul을근육주사하였고마취제로는 Pofol, Alfentanil, Desflurane을사용하였으며근이완제는 Esmeron (1 mg/kg) 을정맥으로주사하고기관내삽관후인공호흡기로호흡을유지하였다. 마취유도직후식도하 1/지점에식도청진기를삽입한후가온가습장비를가동시키고가온장비의체온계로체온을측정하였다. 실험군에는가온전기장치 (Heated Humidification Circuit, A10677, Medimed, Korea) 에의해마취가스가 1 로가온가습된마취가스를제공하고대조군에는 1 의일반마취가스를제공하였다. 일반적인수술처치로실험군과대조군모두에게동일한방법으로마취유도전부터전기순환물담요를 8 로유지하여환자등에깔아주고수액가온기로수액을 1 로가온하여정맥주입하였다. 피부는실온의 Povidine으로소독하였다. 연구주요변수외에연령, 성별, 진단명, 수술유형, 수액주입량, 수술실온도와습도, 수술시간, 마취시간은연구자료수집기록지를통해수집하였다. 마취가스가온가습요법은가온가습기구를이용하여마취가스를가온가습시키는방법으로 [10] 마취가스가온가습기구 (Heated Humidification Circuit, A10677, Medimed, Korea) 흡기회로안에증류수를넣고전기장치를 1 로설정하고수술환자기관내삽관튜브에연결하여마취가스를가온가습하는방법이다.. 자료수집본연구의자료수집은인천광역시가천대학교부속길병원 6. 자료분석수집된자료는 SPSS/WIN 0.0 프로그램을이용하여분석하였다. 실험군과대조군간의일반적특성에대한동질성은 Independent t-test와 x test로분석하였다. 실험군과대조군간의체온, ph, PCO, HCO -, base excess, 혈중코티졸, 림프구의차이는동질성을확보하지못한수술시간과마취시간을공변량으로통제하여반복측정분산분석법을이용하여분석하였다. Korean J Adult Nurs. 018;0():

5 Park, H-S Kang, Y 실험군과대조군간의산증대상자수차이는 x test를이용하여분석하였다. 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의동질성검증 대상자의일반적특성은연령, 성별, 진단명, 수술명, 수액양, 수술실온도와습도로통계적으로유의한차이가없어실험군과대조군간의동질성이검증되었다. 그러나마취시간이실험군은.±.0 min이었고대조군이 6.6±. min 으로두군간에유의한차이가있었으며 (t=.0, p<.001), 수술시간도실험군은 10.±8.8 min, 대조군이 190.±18.1 min 으로유의한차이가있어 (t=., p<.001), 공변수처리하였다. 수술전체온, ph, PCO, HCO -, base excess, 혈중코티졸, 림프구는두집단간에유의한차이가없어동질성이검증되었다 (Table 1).. 마취가스가온요법의효과 1) 가설 1. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중체온은차이가있을것이다. 연구대상자의체온을 1분단위로반복측정한결과실험군과대조군간에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났으며 (F= 1.18, p<.001), 수술시작부터수술종료 시간까지반복측정한시점별차이는통계적으로유의하지않았다 (F=1., p=.0). 또한실험군과대조군의수술시작부터수술종료 시간까지반복측정한집단과시점간의교호작용은유의한차이가있는것으로나타나가설이채택되었다 (F=1.0, p<.001) (Figure 1). ) 가설. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술중산염기균형은차이가있을것이다. 실험군과대조군간의 ph, HCO -, base excess는유의한차이가없었고수술시작부터수술종료 시간까지반복측정한 Table 1. Homogeneity of General Characteristic between Experimental and Control (N=60) Exp. (n=0) Cont. (n=0) Variables Categories x t p n(%) or M±SD n(%) or M±SD Age (year) 7.7±6. 7.6± Gender Male Female 17 (.8) 1 (.) 1 (.8) 16 (.) Diagnosis Rectal cancer Colon cancer 1 (0.0) 1 (0.0) 1 (0.0) 1 (0.0) Operation Laparoscopic LAR Laparoscopic colectomy 7 (.9) (.) (7.1) 6(66.7) Fluid (ml) 1,77±61 1,0± Room temperature ( ).8±1.7.6± Humidity (%) 6.± ± Anesthetic time (min).±.0 6.6±..0 <.001 Operating time (min) 10.± ±18.1. <.001 Body temperature ( ) 6.1±0. 6.0± ph 7.±0. 7.6± PCO (mmhg) 8.±. 7.6± HCO - (meq/l) 6.8±.6 6.± Base excess (meq/l).8±..± Cortisol (ug/dl) 1.± ± Lymphocyte (%) 6.8±9. 0.7± LAR=low anterior resection; Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group. 10

6 Heated-humidified anesthetic gas 시점별차이는유의하지않았다. 그러나 PCO 는실험군과대조군에서유의한차이가나타났으나수술시작부터수술종료 시간까지반복측정한시점별차이는유의하지않았다. 대사성산증을나타내는 base excess -meq/l 이하인환자의분포가수술후 시간에는실험군에서 명 (1.%), 대조군이 1명 (0.0%) 으로두군간에통계적으로유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다 (x =., p=.00)(table ). ) 가설. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술후혈중코티졸은차이가있을것이다. 실험군과대조군간의혈중코티졸은수술전, 수술후 1시간, 수술후 1일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일에유의한차이가없었으나 (F=., p=.11) 반복측정한혈중코티졸의시점별차이는유의한것으로나타났다 (F=.6, p=.00). 반면실험군과대조군의집단과시점간의교호작용은통계적으로유의하지않은 Figure 1. Differences in body temperature between experimental group and control group. Table. Differences in Acid Base Balance between Experimental and Control (N=60) Variables Categories Exp. (n=0) M±SD Cont. (n=0) M±SD Source F p ph 1 7.±0. 7.9± ± ± ± ±0. 7.± ± ± ± PCO (mmhg) 1 8.±..±6..±7..8± ±.9 7.6±. 8.6±6.9.±.7 0.±.8 9.± HCO - (meq/l) 1 6.8±.6 6.0±..±..0±..0±. 6.±..6±..0±..7±..± Base excess (meq/l) 1.8±. 0.8±.7 0.0±.9 0.0±.9 0.±..±. 1.0±. -0.±.7 0.±.7 0.6±.9 Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; =*; 1=Pre-operation; =1 hour after surgery; = hours after surgery; = hours after surgery; = hours after surgery Korean J Adult Nurs. 018;0():

7 Park, H-S Kang, Y Table. Differences in Cortisol and Lymphocyte between Experimental and Control (N=60) Variables Categories Exp. (n=0) M±SD Cont. (n=0) M±SD Source F p Cortisol 1 1.± ±8. 11.±8. 1.7± ±.6 16.±9..± ±7. 1.±.9 1.9± Lymphocyte 1 6.8± ±8.0 1.± ±6. 1.1±7. 0.7± ± ±6. 17.±.7.6±8.1 Exp.=experimental group; Cont.=control group; =*; 1=Pre-operation; =1 hour after surgery; =1 day after surgery; = days after surgery; = days after surgery 것으로나타나 (F=0.79, p=.) 가설은기각되었다 (Table ). ) 가설. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의수술후림프구는차이가있을것이다. 실험군과대조군간의림프구는수술전, 수술후 1시간, 수술후 1일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일에유의한차이가없었으며 (F=0.60, p=.) 반복측정한림프구의시점별차이도유의하지않은것으로나타났다 (F=1.99, p=.110). 또한실험군과대조군의반복측정한림프구의집단과시점간의교호작용도통계적으로유의한차이가없는것으로나타나 (F=0.7, p=.6) 가설이기각되었다 (Table ). 논의 본연구에서는노인대장암복강경수술대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법을적용하여대상자의체온, 산염기균형, 혈중코티졸, 림프구에미치는영향을확인하였다. 전기순환물담요및수액가온요법을받은대조군은수술전체온이 6.0 이었으며수술후 1분부터체온이.7 로저하된후 10 분에.7 그리고 0분에. 로저하되었다. 그러나전기순환물담요및수액가온요법이외에마취가스가온가습요법을받은실험군은수술전체온이 6.1 이었고수술후 90 분부터체온이.8 로저하된후에수술 0분후에도체온이.6 로나타났다. 이러한결과를통해마취가스가온가습요법은대장암노인대상자의복강경수술중체온감소를예방하는데효과가있다는것을확인할수있었다. 마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군에서수술 0분후의체온은대조군보다 1. 높게유지되었다. 이러한연구결과는전신마취하에수술을시행받는대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법을제공하여수술 시간후에 6. 로체온유지를하였으며대조군보다 0.~0.7 높게나타난선행연구결과들 [18,0] 과일치하고있다. 그러나이들선행연구는개복수술시마취가스가온가습요법을적용한연구결과 [18,0] 로서수술후 시간후에체온이 6. 로유지되어본연구결과인수술 시간후에.6 로나타난결과와비교해 0.6 높은것으로나타났다. 이러한차이는선행연구의경우 0세부터 60세의성인만을대상으로하였고 [0] 본연구의대상은 6세이상노인대상자로서연령에따른체온조절기능의차이로인한것으로설명될수있다. 또한본연구에서는노인대장암복강경수술대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법을시행하였으나마취 시간후에.6 로정상체온유지하지못한반면에개복위절제술대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법을시행한결과마취 시간후에도 6. 의정상체온을유지할수있었는데 [18] 이는복강경수술의경우기복을위해주입하는 1 CO 가스주입이부가되므로체온유지에차이가있었을것으로추측할수있다. 본연구에서노인대장암복강경수술대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법과수액가온및전기순환물담요를적용하고수술 시간후의체온을측정한결과.6 였다. 그러나성인대장암복강경수술대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법만을적용하여수술 시간후의체온이.7 로측정되었다 []. 이러한결과를보면본연구에서노인대상자에게수술중마취가스가온가습요법, 수액가온, 전기순환물담요를병행하여적용했음에도불구하고마취가스가온가습요법만을성인대상으로한연구결과 [] 와유사한것은노인의체온조절능력이저하되어나타난결과라고생각된다. 따라서노인수술대상자 1

8 Heated-humidified anesthetic gas 의저체온예방을위해서는기존의체온유지를위한간호중재방법보다중재의시간연장을고려하고피부가온, 수액가온, 마취가온가습등다양한유형의중재법을동시에활용하는적극적인중재가필요함을알수있었다. 본연구에서마취가스가온가습요법을받은수술대상자의체온은마취가스가온가습요법을제공받지못한대상자의체온과비교하여수술시작 1시간, 시간, 시간그리고 시간시점에서각각 0., 0.6, 0.9 그리고 1. 가높은것으로나타났다. 그러나수술시작 1~시간의체온은.6~.9 에불과하여정상체온을유지하지못하였다. 본연구에서전기순환물담요, 수액가온과마취가스가온가습요법을적용했음에도불구하고개복수술을하는경우와비교하여정상체온을유지하지못한것은복강경수술시복강내로주입되는 1 의 CO 가스도저체온의원인이라고생각된다. 따라서대장암복강경수술을받는대상자에게수술중 6 이하로저체온이발생하는것을예방하기위해서는전기순환물담요, 수액가온과마취가스가온가습요법외에복강내로주입되는 1 의 CO 가스가온요법을추가적으로고려해야할것으로생각한다. 수술중체온감소가됨에도불구하고 ph, HCO, base excess는정상범위를유지하였으며실험군과대조군의유의한차이가없었다. 반면 PCO 는실험군과대조군의집단간의차이가있었으나 PCO 는두군모두정상범위내에있었다. 또한실험군과대조군의시점간의차이가없었으며집단과시점간의교호작용도유의한차이가없었다. 그러나대사성산증을나타내는 ph가 7. 이하로떨어진대상자는수술종료 시간에실험군에서는 6명, 대조군에서는 10명으로나타났고, base excess는집단과시점간의교호작용에유의한차이가있었으며 base excess -meq/dl 이하인환자가수술종료 시간에실험군에서는 명으로 1.% 였으며, 대조군에서는 1명으로 0% 를차지하였다. 또한대조군에서수술시간이길어지면서체온감소에따른산염기불균형이나타났다. 이와같은현상은수술중체온감소로인해산염기불균형이나타난연구결과와도유사한맥락이다 [19]. 이상의결과에근거하여수술시간이길어질수록체온감소로인한산염기불균형이나타나고있는것으로추측된다. 본연구에서는마취시간과수술시간이대조군에비해마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군에서수술시간이더길었음에도불구하고체온이유지됨을확인할수있었다. 이러한결과를토대로복강경수술대상자에게저체온을예방하기위해피부가온요법, 수액가온요법, 마취가스가온가습요법등을포함한적극적인가온중재가필요함을확인할수있었다. 수술중마취가스가온가습요법을적용한실험군과적용하지않은대조군의혈중코티졸은수술전, 수술후 1시간, 수술후 1일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일의시점별차이는통계적으로유의한것으로나타났다. 본연구에서수술전실험군의혈중코티졸은 1.±11.9이며대조군은 16.±9.였으며이는모두오전 8시기준혈중코티졸정상수치인 8~1 ug/dl와근접하였다. 그러나수술후 1시간에혈중코티졸은실험군에서 19.9±8.이고대조군에서는.±9.1로두군모두상승하였다. 이는복부수술을하는대상자 7명이수술중체온이감소됨에따라수술후 1시간에혈중코티졸이상승되었다는연구결과와일치하였다 [0]. 그리고대조군에서혈중코티졸이더많이상승되었는데이는체온감소가클수록혈중코티졸이더상승되는것으로생각된다. 본연구에서코티졸은수술후 1일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일에는두군모두정상으로회복되었다. 본연구에서는혈중코티졸과체온의측정시점이일치하지않아체온변화에의한두군간의혈중코티졸수치의차이를명확히제시하는데에는제한이따른다. 또한수술후혈중코티졸을상승시킬수있는요인인노인의정신적스트레스, 통증, 감염등을총체적으로고려하지못하였으므로결과해석에주의가요구된다. 뿐만아니라본연구에서는수술중체온감소에따른혈중코티졸이최고로상승된시점과림프구가최저로감소된시점을파악하지못하였다. 따라서추후연구를통해서체온변화에따른혈청코티졸및림프구의변화를확인할수있는연구설계를제언한다. 혈중코티졸의상승은림프구와대식세포의기능을방해하고사이토카인의생성을억제시켜림프구가감소되면서면역억제가일어난다 [16,17]. 림프구의정상치는 1.0~0.0% 이며본연구에서혈중코티졸과림프구를수술후 1시간수술후 1 일, 수술후 일, 수술후 일에측정한것은수술스트레스에의한면역억제가수술후 시간에서 1주일까지나타난다는선행연구에근거를두었다 [9,0]. 본연구결과에서림프구는실험군과대조군간의차이, 시점별차이, 집단과시점간의교호작용은나타나지않았다. 그러나림프구는수술전실험군에서 6.8± 9., 대조군에서는 0.7±1.1이었으며수술후 1시간에실험군은 11.0±8.0, 대조군은 10.±6.6으로두군모두수술전에비해림프구가감소하였고수술후 1일, 수술후 일에서서히회복되었다. 이러한결과는수술후 1일에림프구가감소되었다가서서히회복되었다는결과와일치하고있음을알수있었으나 [18, 0] 그외관련된선행연구가전무하여이에대한측정비교가불가능하므로반복연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 본연구에서실험군에서는 명, 대조군에서는 명에서수 Korean J Adult Nurs. 018;0():06-1 1

9 Park, H-S Kang, Y 술후감염이나타났으며모두혈중코티졸은상승되었고림프구는감소되었다. 본연구에서는수술과저체온으로인하여수술후 1시간에혈중코티졸이상승되었고이에따른림프구는수술후 1시간에감소되면서수술후 1일에정상으로회복되었다. 이러한연구결과는수술중인대상자에게서수술중체온이감소되면혈중코티졸이상승되고이에따른면역억제반응이일어나림프구의감소가나타나며대상자의건강상태에따라회복지연과수술부위감염이발생될수있다는사실을지지한다. 따라서이러한면역기능의회복을위해수술중가온요법을적용하여정상체온을유지하는것이필수적으로요구됨을알수있다. 또한수술중가온요법의적용뿐아니라수술전, 수술후회복실에서도수술대상자의저체온을예방하고빠른회복과감염을도모하는간호중재의적용을고려해볼필요가있다. 본연구는체온과혈중코티졸의각측정시점에차이가있어체온변화에따른혈중코티졸의변화를반영하는데에는제한이따른다. 따라서추후연구를통해서체온변화에따른혈중코티졸과림프구의변화를탐색하기를제언하다. 결론및제언 본연구를통해대장암노인복강경수술대상자에게수술중체온을유지하기위한마취가스가온가습요법의적용은효과적인가온간호중재요법임을확인하였다. 산염기균형, 혈중코티졸, 림프구에미치는영향은통계적으로유의하지않는것으로나타났다. 그러나혈중코티졸은반복측정한시점별차이가유의한것으로나타났으며수술후 1시간에두군모두상승하였고림프구는반복측정한시점별차이가유의하지않은것으로나타났으나두군모두수술후 1시간에림프구가감소되었음을파악할수있었다. 본연구의결과에따르면복강경수술중마취가스가온가습요법은체온감소예방에는효과가있으나수술중정상체온을유지하기에는부족함을알수있었다. 그러므로추후수술전, 수술중, 수술후에계속적인가온요법을적용하여체온유지의효과를지속적으로확인하는연구를제언한다. 결론적으로본연구는최근지속적으로증가하고있는노인대장암환자의복강경수술중발생하는저체온을예방하기위한간호중재로서마취가스가온가습요법의효과를확인하고실제적인중재적용의가능성을보여준주요한임상적의의가있는연구라고판단된다. 특별히가온요법은간호사의독자적인간호중재로서다양한가온요법의효과를검증하여실무에 활용하는연구는독자적간호중재의개발과확대를위해서매우의의가있다고생각한다. 본연구시행시에는마취가스가온가습요법이전혀의료보험에적용되지않아서고가의비용이소요되는중재이었으며연구수행에도많은재원이투입되었다. 그러나현재는본중재가의료보험에적용되는가온요법으로분류되어있으므로간호사는복강경수술대상자에게마취가스가온가습요법의효과에대한정보를제공하고수술대상자의저체온을예방하기위한적극적중재활용에관심을가져야할것으로생각한다. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST The authors declared no conflict of interest. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This manuscript is based on a part of the first author's doctoral dissertation from Ewha Womans University. ORCID Park, Hyo-Sun Kang, Younhee REFERENCES 1. Statistics Korea. Population projections for Korea (01~06) [Internet]. Seoul: Statistics Korea; 016 [cited 018 April 09]. Available from: 10&navCount=10&currPg=&sTarget=title&sTxt=%EC%9E% A%EB%9E%98%EC%9D%B8%EA%B%AC%EC%B6%9% EA%B%8. Jung KW, Won YJ, Oh CM, Kong HJ, Lee DH, Lee KH, et al. Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 01. Cancer Research and Treatment. 017;9 (): Lee YS, Lee IK, Kang WK, Cho HM, Park JK, Kim JG. Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer in elderly patients. Journal of the Korean the Society of Coloproctology. 007;(): Kongsayreepong S, Chaibundit C, Chadpaibool J, Komoltri C, Suraseranivongse S, Suwannanonda P, et al. Predictor of core hypothermia and the surgical intensive care unit. Anesthesia and Analgesia. 00;96(): Cho EJ, Lee KS, Hong SJ. Comparison of core temperature changes during prolonged laparoscopic and open surgery. 1

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