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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 87 권제 5 호 미만성거대 B 세포항암치료중유발된주기적저칼륨성마비 1 예 가톨릭대학교의과대학내과학교실 하경선 박영재 박성수 이준엽 김지현 장인애 변재호 Glucocorticoid Triggers an Attack of Periodic Hypokalemic Paralysis during Treatment for Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Kyung Sun Ha, Young Jae Park, Sung Soo Park, Joon Yub Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Inae Jang, and Jae Ho Byun Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare disorder characterized by sudden onset of weakness and low serum potassium levels. We report a case provoked by combination chemotherapy including prednisolone. A 23-yr-man, diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, received chemotherapy. He developed significant weakness in upper and lower extremities during chemotherapy, and his serum potassium level was 1.7 mmol/l. Potassium replacement restored the weakness. Further workup revealed that prednisolone had provoked hypokalemic paralysis. As prednisolone triggered an attack of hypokalemic periodic paralysis, it should be administered with caution, particularly in patients with periodic paralysis. (Korean J Med 2014;87: ) Keywords: Hypokalemic periodic paralysis; Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma 서론주기적저칼륨성마비는매우드물게발생하는저칼륨혈증과관련된이완성근육의발작성장애이다 [1,2]. 마비는수시간에서수일까지다양하게일어날수있으며, 마비가있는동안대부분안구와호흡근은보존된다 [1]. 마비는장시간운동한후, 탄수화물이풍부한식이후, 야간휴식중, 음주후에발생할수있고, 그외에도추위, 감염, 월경, 수면부족이나 β-mimetics 또는스테로이드같은약제에의해서도유 발될수있다 [1,2]. 스테로이드가주기적인마비를유발할수있으나문헌에서보고된임상증례는드물며, 특히저칼륨혈증을동반한경우는극히드물다 [1,3,4]. 이에저자들은미만성거대B 세포림프종의항암치료동안사용된 Prednisolone 으로유발된저칼륨혈증을동반한주기적인마비가발생한환자를경험하여문헌고찰과함께보고하고자한다. 본증례의보고는 2010년 10월 24일기관 IRB의승인 ( 과제번호 ; OC10RISE0073) 을받았다. Received: Revised: Accepted: Correspondence to Jae Ho Byun, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56 Dongsu-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon , Korea Tel: , Fax: , jhbyun37@catholic.ac.kr Copyright c 2014 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 87, No. 5, Figure 1. Chest computed tomography scan shows multiple lymphadenopathy in the left axilla. A B Figure 2. (A) Microscopic findings (hematoxylin and eosin, 400) show centroblast morphology with large cells containing scant to moderate cytoplasm and oval vesicular nuclei without prominent nucleoli. Some nuclei showed grooves, notches, or indentations (B) CD20 immunohistochemical staining ( 400) shows B cell infiltration. 증례환자 : 23세남자주소 : 사지쇠약감현병력 : 액와부림프절종대로내원하여미만성거대B세포림프종으로진단되었으며 (Fig. 1, 2), Rituximab, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristin, Prednisolone (R-CHOP) 으로치료를시행하였고, 항암치료중항암제에의한구토를예방하기위해 Substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist (Aprepitant) 와 Serotonin antagonist (Ondansetron) 를투여받았다. 첫번째주기의 R-CHOP 치료동안사지쇠약감을호소하였으며, 사지마비를경험하였다. 쇠약감은양측으로왔으며원위부사지뿐아니라어깨와엉덩이의근위부근육까지침 범되었다. 호흡이나연하장애는없었으며통증이나이상감각호소도없었다. 과거력 : 18, 20, 22세에원인불명의쇠약감을세차례경험하였다. 환자는천천히걸을수는있었으나계단을오르는것은힘들었다. 마비는아침에갑자기시작되었으며, 수시간동안지속되었고, 저녁에특별한치료없이천천히회복되었다. 사회력 : 다른약물복용력은없었으며, 술복용은부인하였고, 식이나활동의변화는없었다. 가족력 : 특이사항은없었다. 신체학적소견 : 당시혈압은 120/80 mm/hg, 심박수는분당 70회, 체온은 36.5, 호흡수는분당 18회였고, 전신소견은정상으로보였다. 폐와복부검진에서는특이소견이없었

3 - Kyung Sun Ha, et al. Periodic hypokalemic paralysis - Figure 3. Concentration of potassium (K+) during chemotherapy. Potassium replacement therapy was conducted during chemotherapy after one cycle of R-CHOP. 다. 사지변형이나부종은보이지않았으며, 원위부맥박은보존되어있었고, 양측이동일하였다. 신경학적검사에서근육강도는골반과어깨를포함한근위부와원위부의근육모두 Grade 2/5로측정되었다. 감각은보존되었으나심부건반사는 3/4 정도로감소되어있었다. 뇌신경기능은보존되어있었다. 검사실소견 : 혈액학적검사에서간기능검사와일반혈액검사는정상범위였으며칼륨수치만 1.7 mmol/l (3.5-5 mmol/l) 로감소하여있었다. 심전도소견 : 정상동성리듬을보였다. 치료및경과 : 근력저하는저칼륨혈증의교정으로호전되었다. 정맥내로칼륨을투여한지두시간후환자의신경학적증상은천천히회복되었으며, 혈중칼륨농도는 4.0 mmol/l로측정되었다. 저칼륨혈증과마비의원인을찾기위해신소실에대해 Transtubular potassium gradient (TTKG) 를검사하였고, 부신침범을배제하기위해혈중알도스테론, 레닌농도를측정하였으며, 갑상선기능에대해평가하기위해갑상선자극호르몬 (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) 를측정하였다. 검사결과는모두정상이었으며, CACNA1S gene 검사에서도변이는없었다. 첫항암치료에서다른원인을발견하지못하였기때문에두번째항암치료동안치료약제가저칼륨혈증과마비를유발하는지여부를감별하기위해항구토제와항암제를한 Table 1. Differentials of hypokalemia and hypokalemic periodic paralysis Drug (amphotericin B, tocolytics, and theophylline) Thyrotoxicosis Barium poisoning Diuretics Primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism Pseudohyperaldosteronism (licorice ingestion) Conn syndrome Bartter s syndrome Gitelman syndrome Renal tubular acidosis Nephrotics syndrome Acute tubular necrosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Uterosigmoidostomy Liddle syndrome Celiac disease Tropical sprue Severe infectious diarrhea Short bowel syndrome Vomiting Diabetic acidosis Insufficient potassium intake 가지씩투여하였으며 Prednisolone이저칼륨성마비를일으킨다는것을발견하였다. 첫번째 R-CHOP 후항암치료동안경구와정맥내로칼륨보충을시행하였으나, 6회의 R-CHOP 동안반복적으로주기적인저칼륨성마비를경험하였다 (Fig. 3). 6회의 R-CHOP 이완료된후환자는완전관해되었으며현재까지주기적인저칼륨성마비가일어나지않았다. 고 주기적인저칼륨성마비는대사나전해질장애와관련된여러종류의주기적인마비중가장흔한형태로마비형과근육형의두가지종류가있다 [1]. 마비형은저칼륨혈증과가역적인이완성마비에의해유발되며하반신마비나사지마비를유발할수있으나호흡근과심근은보존된다. 근육형은대략 25% 에서발생할수있으며진행되는근육의약화를일으키고, 주로하지에나타난다 [4]. 주기적인저칼륨성마비의진단은이완성마비의병력 ; 마비가있는동안혈중칼륨농도의감소 (< mmol/l) 찰

4 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 87 권제 5 호통권제 651 호 를보이나마비가없는동안에는칼륨수치가정상인경우 ; 임상적으로나심전도에서근긴장이없는경우 ; 갑상선항진증이없는경우 ; 신체추형장애나심부정맥이없는경우 ; 상염색체우성의가족력으로주기적인저칼륨성마비를진단할수있다 [4]. 갑상선중독증, 이뇨제사용, 고알도스테론증, 신세뇨관산증, 구토, 설사등의원인을배제해야한다 (Table 1) [1]. 일차성주기적저칼륨성마비에서혈중칼륨농도는마비후에정상으로회복되는반면, 이차성주기적저칼륨성마비의경우혈중칼륨농도는마비에서회복된후에도이상을보이며, 이는신장으로배설되거나위장관으로소실되기때문이다 [2]. 주기적저칼륨성마비의진단기준을만족시키는환자중대략 55-70% 는 CACNA1S유전자의변이를가지고있고, 8-10% 에서는 SCN4A 변이를가지고있다 [1]. 유전자변이는골격근에서막전위를유발하는이온채널의변화를일으키며상염색체우성으로일어난다. 나트륨과칼슘이온채널의교란으로칼륨이온농도가낮아지며, 근육장애가일어난다 [2]. 혈중칼륨농도는낮으나체내칼륨농도는실제로정상이며, 이러한현상은혈액내칼륨이세포내로이동하기때문이다 [3]. 쇠약감은일시적이고가벼운증상에서부터호흡근을침범하는형태까지다양하며, 가장흔한형태는기상시나강도높은운동을하고난후발생하는쇠약감이다. 발병은보통소아기에나타난다 (1-20세). 몇몇환자는가벼운마비를평생한번에서몇번경험하기도하며, 어떤환자는하지근력의심각한저하를매일경험하기도한다 [4]. 마비가없을때의혈중칼륨농도는정상범위이다 [5]. 마비증상은바이러스감염이나피로와같은스트레스상황에서유발될수있으며 β-mimetics, 인슐린, 스테로이드같은약제에의해서도유발될수있다 [1,2]. 이번증례에서환자는가족력이없었으며 CACNA1S 유전자의돌연변이는없었고, 다른유발인자없이마비가발생하는동안혈중칼륨농도가저하되어진단되었다. Glucocorticoid에의한주기적저칼륨성마비는 Na K adenoinetriphosphatase (Na+-K+ ATPase) 에 Glucocorticoid가간접적으로작용하여골격근세포의막을가로질러세포외에서세포내로칼륨이이동하면서세포내로칼륨이분포되어발생된다. 당분이많은음식물섭취가주기적저칼륨성마비의유발인자로알려져있어 Glucocorticoid가혈당에영향을 주어발생할수있음을고려해야한다. Glucocorticoid 는인슐린저항성을일으키며그결과고혈당과고인슐린혈증을일으킨다 [6]. 인슐린은정상생리학적범위내에서도수분내로 Na+-K+ ATPase 의활성도를증가시킬수있다. 그러므로 Glucocorticoid 는인슐린저항성을일으키는고혈당뿐아니라인슐린과아밀린에의해매개되는 Na+-K+ ATPase 를자극하여저칼륨혈증을일으킬수있다 [6]. 마비증상은칼륨보충으로치료될수있지만마비가일어나지않을때의칼륨농도는정상이기때문에예방적인칼륨또는 Acetasolamide 의보충은이점이없으며고칼륨혈증을유발할수있어위험할수있다 [7]. 그리고 Acetazolamide는당뇨병을가지고있는환자에서근육세포안으로칼륨을이동시킬수있어마비를악화시킬수있다고보고되고있다 [8]. 다른증례에서발작의중증도가 Glucocorticoid의양과투여방법모두관련이없다고보고되고있어, Glucocorticoid 투여시어떤형태든지주기성마비가있었다면주의깊게투여해야한다 [9]. 또 Glucocorticoid의영향은주기적마비의종류나특별한유전자의변이와관계없으며, 심지어짧은기간투여에도영향을줄수있어주의깊은관찰이필요하다 [9]. 대부분의미만성거대B 세포림프종의항암치료는외래에서주로시행되며치료에서스테로이드가중요한역할을하므로주기적저칼륨성마비가있는환자에서주의깊은관찰이필요하다. 만약 Glucocorticoid의투여가절대적으로필요하다면주기적저칼륨성마비가있는환자에서칼륨보충이필요하며, 근력약화가나타나는환자에서는 Glucocorticoid 투여전혈중칼륨농도를측정하는것이필요하다 [10]. 요약이번증례는드문예지만항암치료를위해투여한스테로이드가주기적저칼륨성마비의유발인자로작용할수있음을보여준다. 미만성거대B세포림프종의치료중주기적저칼륨성마비가있는경우칼륨수치에대한측정과칼륨보충이필요하다. 중심단어 : 주기적저칼륨성마비 ; 미만성거대B세포림프종

5 - 하경선외 6 인. 주기적저칼륨성마비 - REFERENCES 1. Finsterer J. Primary periodic paralyses. Acta Neurol Scand 2008;117: Fontaine B, Fournier E, Sternberg D, Vicart S, Tabti N. Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: a model for a clinical and research approach to a rare disorder. Neurotherapeutics 2007;4: Wongraoprasert S, Buranasupkajorn P, Sridama V, Snabboon T. Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis induced by pulse methylprednisolone. Intern Med 2007;46: Sternberg D, Tabti N, Hainque B, Fontaine B. Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis. In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Bird TD, Dolan CR, Fong CT, Stephens K, eds. GeneReviews R[Internet]. Seattle(WA): University of Washington, Streeten DH, Speller PJ, Fellerman H. Use of corticotropin-induced potassium changes in the diagnosis of both hypo- and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Eur Neurol 1993;33: Brillon DJ, Zheng B, Campbell RG, Matthews DE. Effect of cortisol on energy expenditure and amino acid metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol 1995;268:E Tassone H, Moulin A, Henderson SO. The pitfalls of potassium replacement in thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report and review of the literature. J Emerg Med 2004;26: Ikeda K, Iwasaki Y, Kinoshita M, et al. Acetazolamide- induced muscle weakness in hypokalemic periodic paralysis. Intern Med 2002;41: Arzel-Hézode M, McGoey S, Sternberg D, Vicart S, Eymard B, Fontaine B. Glucocorticoids may trigger attacks in several types of periodic paralysis. Neuromuscul Disord 2009;19: Miyashita Y, Monden T, Yamamoto K, et al. Ventricular fibrillation due to severe hypokalemia induced by steroid treatment in a patient with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. Intern Med 2006;45:

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