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1 ISSN (Print) / ISSN (Online) The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers Vol. 63, No. 5, pp. 671~675, 일정한주름을갖는친수성 PDMS 제작및응용 Fabrication of Hydrophilic Poly(dimethylsiloxane)with Periodic Wrinkling Surface and Its Application 이동국 * 오창규 * 양승호 ** 한승진 ** 정옥찬 (Dong-Guk Lee Chang-Kyu Oh Sung-Ho Yang Seung-Jin Han Ok-Chan Jeong) Abstract - This paper presents a fabrication of hydrophilic Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with periodic wrinkling surface. The proposed periodic wrinkling surface was fabricated using the sequential processes of typical curing process of PDMS, cutting process, platinum deposition process, and wrinkling transfer process. The surface morphology of the fabricated wrinkling surface was observed by using optical and dynamic atomic force microscopy and discussed. The measured period and amplitude of wrinkling was about 2.2 μm and 0.31 μm, respectively. And, the contact angles of water droplets on the wrinkled surface were measured in order to understand effect of the wrinkling surface on surface modification of hydrophobic PDMS. Our new finding was that the proposed wrinkling surface was hydrophilic and the measured contact angle was about 62. Moreover, it was found out from the simple cell culture test that the fabricated wrinkling surface was more effective for cell spreading and adhesion than the case of native PDMS substrate. Key Words : Hydrophilic, Cell spreading, Cell adhesion, PDMS, Wrinkling 1. 서론최근자연현상중의하나인주름 [1] 을이용한많은소자연구개발에대한사례가보고되고있는데, 유연한전자회로 [2], 마이크로렌즈어레이 [3], 그리고마이크로머시닝분야 [4] 등이대표적이다. 주로일정한주기를갖는주름제작은유연한폴리머기판위에백금과같이상대적으로강성이높은금속의고온증착및상온냉각과정을통하여발생하는열압축응력을이용한방식이일반적이다 [5]. 또폴리머기판위에 plasma oxidation 혹은 Ultra violet/ozone radiation 공정을이용한 silicate를증착하는방법으로일정한주기를갖는주름을형성하거나 [6], silicate 증착과더불어폴리머를한방향또는두방향으로 stretching /releasing을순차적으로인가하는방식을활용하여주름형상을제어하기도한다 [7]. 이와같이기계적혹은화학적방식과더불어다양한방식의주름생성방법에대한연구가수행되고있지만, 고가의시약및특수한시설및장비들이필요하고, 또복잡한공정및숙련도등이요구된다. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, Sylgard 184, Dow Corning Inc) 는간단한제조방법, 높은투명도, 탄력성, 기체투과성, 저렴한가격, 무독성등의장점들을가지고있어미세광학, 생명공학, 화학센서, 그리고바이오멤스분야에서널리사용되고있다 [8]. 하지만, PDMS는소수성과매끄러운 Corresponding Author : Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Inje Univerity, Korea memsoku@inje.ac.kr * Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Inje Univerity, Korea ** Inje Univerity, Korea Received : March 5, 2014; Accepted : April 15, 2014 표면특성 [9] 을가지고있기때문에세포부착및성장에적합하지않다. 이러한문제점을해소하기위하여기계적 [10] 혹화학적방식 [11] 을이용한표면개질에대한연구가보고되고있다. 세포기판으로써활용하기위하여폴리머 [12] 나금속표면 [13] 에주름을형성함으로써, 표면의거칠기를높이는방식으로세포부착력을증대시키기도한다. 또표면의젖음특성또한세포부착과관련이깊은데, 오히려초친수성의표면에서는세포부착능력이감소하게되고, 대략접촉각이약 64 부근에서세포부착능력이증대된다 [14]. 본연구에서는영구적으로일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 표면을제작하는방식을제안하고, 제작된일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 표면형상관찰및접촉각측정을활용한친수개질효과, 그리고세포배양을통한세포의퍼짐및부착정도를토론한다. 2. 주름생성방법그림 1은본연구에서제안하는일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 제작방법이다. 먼저 PDMS의주재료와경화제비율을각각 10:1 및 20:1로달리하여혼합및교반한물리적특성이다른 PDMS-A 및 PDMS-B 프리폴리머를준비한다 [15]. 유리기판위에 PDMS-B를도포하고, 75 C에서 4 시간동안경화한다. 다시경화된 PDMS-B 층위에 PDMS-A를도포하고, 125 C에서 1 시간동안경화한다 (a). 이때주름은자연냉각과정에서두 PDMS 층접합면에기계적물성치의차이로인하여발생하게되는데 [16] 이러한주름생성은실험자체의반복재현성이낮고, 주름의형태및밀도제어가용이하지않다. 이에본연구에서는백금증착공정을이용하여일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 구조물을제작한다. 일정한주름을갖는친수성 PDMS 제작및응용 671

2 전기학회논문지 63 권 5 호 2014 년 5 월 그림 1 주름을갖는 PDMS 제작공정. (a) 2층 PDMS-A/PDMS-B 도포및경화, (b) 시편절단및상부 PDMS-A 층제거, (C) 백금증착공정을통한주름생성, (d) PDMS-A 도포및경화, (e) 상부 PDMS-A 층분리, (f) 주름복제. Fig. 1 Fabrication process of periodic wrinkling surface. (a) coating and curing of dual layer PDMS-A/PDMS-B, (b) cutting of sample and peel off of PDMS-A, (c) wrinkling generation through a platinum deposition process, (d) coating and curing of PDMS-A, (e) peel off of PDMA-A, (f) duplication of wrinkling shape 경화된시편을펀칭머신 (QM130, QMESYS, Korea) 을사용하여폭과길이가각각 2 mm 와 4 cm인직사각형형태로절삭한후 PDMS-A를 PDMS-B로부터분리하고 (b), PDMS-A 접합면에 30 nm 두께의백금을증착한다 (c). 백금의고온증착공정중, 냉각과정에서백금과 PDMS 사이에열압축응력이발생하게되는데, 시편의물리적형상으로인하여시편의길이방향과수직으로주름이발생한다. 백금이증착된 PDMS 표면은세포기판으로활용하기힘들기때문에, 세포기판을제작하기위해순수한 PDMS를이용하여주름을복제한다. 백금이증착된주름형상을복제하기위하여일정한주름을가진 PDMS-A 위에액상 PDMS-A를코팅한후 50 C에서 2 시간경화한다 (d). PDMS-A를백금이증착된 PDMS-A로부터분리후 (e), 일정한주름을갖는 PDMS의제작을완료한다 (f). 찰되었으며 (b), 좁고긴형태로시편을절단하고, 백금증착한경우에는길이방향과수직인형태로주름이비교적균일하게발생하였다 (c). 평균거칠기는 6.32 nm이고, 최고거칠기값은 nm이다. 그림 2(d) 는앞서제작된백금이증착된 PDMS 표면을복제한것으로써, 평균거칠기는백금이있는경우 (c) 와흡사하나, 최고거칠기값은다소차이가있다. 이는 PDMS 자체의강한소수성으로인하여주름형상으로완벽하게스며들기힘들기때문에완전한복제가힘들다고사료된다. 그림 3은복제한주름을갖는 PDMS-A 의단면 SEM 이미지이다. 주름이주기적으로반복됨을확인할수있었으며, 이때주름의주기는대략 2.2 μm이고높이는 0.31 μm이다. 그림 2 PDMS의주름형상. (a) 단층경화 PDMS 경우, (b) 2층 PDMS 경우, (c) 백금증착한절단된 PDMS 시편인경우, (d) 주름을복제한 PDMS 시편인경우. Fig. 2 Wrinkling PDMS morphology. (a) curing of PDMS monolayer, (b) PDMS dual layer, (c) cutting PDMS with depositing platinum, (d) duplicated wrinkling PDMS 3. 결과및토의 3.1. 표면형상그림 2는 PDMS-A 표면의광학 (Hi-Rox, KH-7700) 및 3축동적원자힘현미경 (dynamic atomic force microscopy) 이미지이다. 평균표면거칠기 (Ra) 및최고거칠기 (Rv) 는 large area AFM system (SII Nano Technology) 으로측정하였다. 단순경화공정만으로유리기판위에생성된단층 PDMS(a) 와는달리, 2층 PDMS인경우와백금증착인경우 (b-d), 모두주름이발생하였다. PDMS 시편을절단하지않았을경우에는무작위주름이관 그림 3 복제된일정한주름을갖는 PDMS의단면 FE-SEM 이미지. Fig. 3 FE-SEM image of cross-section of duplicated periodic wrinkling PDMS 3.2. 접촉각그림 4는일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 표면의영향을파악하기위해 PDMS-A 상부에서물방울의형상이다. 물방울형상및접촉각측정은 contact angle analyzer(surface Electro Optics Phoenix 150) 을이용하였으며, 그림 2에서표면측정하였던시편을사용하였다. 총 3번측정하였으며, 672

3 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 63, No. 5, MAY, 2014 평균값을그래프로나타내었다. 일반 PDMS의접촉각 (a) 보다주름이생성된경우의접촉각이낮게관찰되었으며 (b-c), 복제된일정한주름이있는경우 (c), 그값이 62 정도이다. 이로부터일정한주름을갖는 PDMS의경우친수성이크게향상된다는결론을얻었다. 두가지조건을모두만족하기때문에, 일반적인소수성 PDMS 표면과는달리세포배양이원활하게이루어진것으로판단된다. 그림 5 (a) 주름이없는단순 PDMS와 (b) 일정한주름표면 PDMS 상에배양된 MG-63 세포의광학이미지. Fig. 5 Opitcal image of MG-63 cell on (a) pristine and (b) periodic wrinkling PDMS surface. 4. 결론 그림 4 다양한 PDMS 상부에서의물방울형상및접촉각. (a) 주름이없는단층일반 PDMS 상부, (b) 2층 PDMS 구조중무작위주름을갖는상부 PDMS의접합면, (c) 일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 표면. (CA : Contact Angle) Fig. 4 Water droplet image and contact angle on (a) pristine monolayer, (b) random wrinkling, (c) periodic wrinkling PDMS surface. (CA : Contact Angle) 본연구에서는일정한주름을갖는친수성 PDMS 표면제작방법을제안하였으며, 제작된시편의친수특성및세포기판으로써의활용가능성에대해서평가하였다. 일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 구조는경화된 PDMS의절삭, 고온의백금증착, 그리고복제과정을이용하여제작하였다. 일정한주름을갖는 PDMS는주름이없거나혹은무작위주름인경우보다접촉각이작았다. 또, MG-63 세포들의기판부착상태관찰로부터, 일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 표면이세포배양에상대적으로용이함을알수있었다. 본연구에서제안하는일정한주름을갖는친수 PDMS의표면을제작하는방법은다양한친수성 PDMS 표면제작및 PDMS를세포기판으로활용할경우그응용가능성이매우높다고판단된다 세포형상 그림 5는주름이없는 PDMS와복제된일정한주름을갖는 PDMS 표면위에배양된 MG-63(human osteoblast) 세포형상이다. PDMS 표면에접종된세포는 37 C 및 5 % CO₂ 환경에서 5 일동안배양했다. 배양후표면을 PBS로세번이상세척한후, 세포들은 4 % paraformaldehyde (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) 를이용하여 1 시간동안 4 C 에서고정하고, PBS로세척한후, 상온에서건조하였다. 부착된세포를관찰하기위해서 2 nm의두께의백금을증착후, 광학현미경으로관찰하였다. 주름이없는 PDMS의경우 (a), 세포형태학적으로보았을때세포가정상적으로부착되지못한둥근모양을하고있으나, 복제된일정한주름을갖는 PDMS의경우 (b) 에는방추형태로정상적으로배양되었다 [17]. 이러한현상은서론에서도언급하였듯이세포부착면의거칠기와친수표면에기인한것으로사료된다. 세포기판표면의지형학적인특성들은 osteoblast cell의부착력에중요한역할을하는데 [18], 표면이거칠수록그리고친수성표면에서세포의부착력증가하게된다. 따라서본연구에서제안한방식으로제작한일정한주름을갖는 PDMS는위의 감사의글 이논문은 2011년도정부 ( 교육부 ) 의재원으로한국 연구재단의 지원을 받아 수행된 연구임 (NRF G00006). References [1] J. Genzer and J. Groenewold, Soft matter with hard skin: From skin wrinkles to templating and material characterization, Soft Matter, Vol. 2, pp , [2] D. Y. Khang, H. Jiang, Y. Huang, and J. A. Rogers, A stretchable form of single-crystal silicon for high-performance electronics on rubber substrates, Science, Vol. 311, pp , [3] E. P. Chan and A. J. Crosby, Fabricating microlens arrays by surface wrinkling, Advanced Materials, Vol. 18, pp , [4] C. M. Stafford, C. Harrison, K. L. Beers, A. Karim, 일정한주름을갖는친수성 PDMS 제작및응용 673

4 전기학회논문지 63 권 5 호 2014 년 5 월 E. J. Amis, M. R. Vanlandingham, H. C. Kim, W. Volksen, R. D. Miller, and E. E. Simonyi, A buckling-based metrology for measuring the elastic moduli of polymeric thin films, Nature Materials, Vol. 3(8), pp , [5] N. Bowden, S. Brittain, A. G. Evans, J. W. Hutchinson, and G. M. Whitesides, Spontaneous formation of ordered structures in thin films of metals supported on an elastomeric polymer, Nature, Vol. 393(6681), pp , [6] N. Bowden, W. T. S. Huck, K. E. Paul, and G. M. Whitesides, The controlled formation of ordered, sinusoidal structures by plasma oxidation of an elastomeric polymer, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 75, pp , [7] P. C. Lin and S. Yang, Spontaneous formation of one-dimensional ripples in transit to highly ordered two-dimensional herringbone structures through sequential and unequal biaxial mechanical stretching, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, pp , [8] W. C. Sung, C. C. Chang, H. Makamba, and S. H. Chen, Long-term affinity modification on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrate and its application for ELISA analysis, Analytical chemistry, Vol. 80, pp , [9] Y. J. Lee, S. J. Park, W. K. Lee, J. S. Ko and H. M. Kim, MG63 osteoblastic cell adhesion to the hydrophobic surface precoated with recombinant osteopontin fragments, Biomaterials, Vol. 24, pp , [10] M. W. Moon, S. H. Lee, J. Y. Sun, K. H. Oh, Ashkan Vaziri and J. W. Hutchinson, Wrinkled hard skins on polymers created by focused ion beam, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, pp , [11] K. S. Jeon, H. J. Oh, H. J. Lim, J. H. Kim, D. H. Lee, E. R. Lee, B. H. Park and S. G. Cho, Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through culture on nanopattern PDMS substrate, Biomaterials, Vol. 33, pp , [12] C. Xu, F. Yang, S. Wang, and S. Ramakrishna, In vitro study of human vascular endothelial cell function on materials with various surface roughness, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 71, pp , [13] H. H. Huang, C. T. Ho, T. H. Lee, T. L. Lee, K. K. Liao, and F. L. Chen, Effect of surface roughness of ground titanium on initial cell adhesion, Biomolecular Engineering, Vol. 21, pp , [14] D. P. Dowling, I. S. Miller, M. Ardhaoui, and W. M. Gallagher, Effect of surface wettability and topography on the adhesion of osteosarcoma cells on plasma-modified polystyrene, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, Vol. 26, pp , [15] T. K. Kim, J. K. Kim, and O. C. Jeong, Measurement of nonlinear mechanical properties of PDMS elastomer, Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 88, pp , [16] D. G. Lee and O. C. Jeong, Fabrication of a wrinkled surface on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) using a thermal curing process, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 52, pp. 06GK11, [17] J. Y. Yang, Y. C. Ting, J. Y. Lai, H. L. Liu, H. W. Fang, and W. B. Tsai, Quantitative analysis of osteoblast-like cells (MG63) morphology on nanogrooved substrate with various groove and ridge dimensions, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, Vol. 90A, pp , [18] K. Anselme, Osteoblast adhesion on biomaterials, Biomaterials, Vol. 21(7), pp , 저자소개 이동국 ( 李東挶 ) 1988년 10월 17일생. 2013년인제대학교의용공학과졸업. 현재동대학원기계공학과석사과정. leedk3504@gmail.com 오창규 ( 吳昌圭 ) 1988년 3월 2일생. 2013년인제대학교의용공학과졸업. 현재동대학원기계공학과석사과정. changglu3437@hanmail.net 양승호 ( 梁承浩 ) 1969년 4월 25일생. 1990년 KAIST 산업디자인학과졸업, 2003년 Sweden Umea University Interaction Design 졸업 ( 석사 ), 2012년국민대학교테크노디자인전문대학원인터렉션디자인전공졸업 ( 박사 ), 현재인제대학교디자인학부교수. Tel : deyangsh@inje.ac.kr 674

5 Trans. KIEE. Vol. 63, No. 5, MAY, 2014 한승진 ( 韓承眞 ) 1967년 5월 20일생. 1994년연세대학교생화학과졸업, 서울대학교대학원분자생물학과졸업 ( 석사 ), 동대학원생명과학부졸업 ( 박사 ), 2002년 U.S. Stanford University College of Medicine 박사후과정, 현재인제대학교생명과학부교수. Tel : hansjin@inje.ac.kr 정옥찬 ( 鄭玉贊 ) 1972년 6월 28일생. 1995년아주대학교제어계측공학부졸업, 1997년동대학원제어계측공학부졸업 ( 석사 ), 2004년동대학원제어계측공학부졸업 ( 박사 ) 년일본입명관대학교박사후과정, 현재인제대학교기계공학과교수. memsoku@inje.ac.kr 일정한주름을갖는친수성 PDMS 제작및응용 675

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(Microsoft PowerPoint - src.ppt [\310\243\310\257 \270\360\265\345]) Wrinkling 현상을 이용한 Biomimetic Surface 원리 및 응용 문명운 계산과학센터/미래융합기술연구소 한국과학기술연구원 (KIST) Summer School, SNU, Aug 5th, 2008 Contents Introduction to wrinkle of Skin (or thin film) on soft substrate Nano-structures

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