J Korean Skull Base Society 11 권 2 호 : 39~47, 2016 상상돌기뇌동맥류의경막전방침상돌기절제술의임상고찰 교신저자정승영 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Eulji University Hospital, College

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1 J Korean Skull Base Society 11 권 2 호 : 39~47, 2016 교신저자정승영 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Eulji University Hospital, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, Korea. 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Jang Ho Ahn *1, MD, Seung Young Chung 1, MD, Kim Han Kyu 2, MD, Do Sung Lee 1, MD, Ki Suk Park 1, MD, Seong Min Kim, MD, Moon Sun Park 1, MD 논문접수일 : 2016 년 8 월 5 일논문완료일 : 2016 년 8 월 30 일주소 : 대전서구둔산서로 95 ( 을지대학병원 ) Tel : Fax : neurocsy@eulji.ac.kr Objective : Paraclinoid segment internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms have historically been a technical challenge for neurovascular surgeons. The development of microsurgical approach, advances in surgical techniques, and endovascular procedures have improved the outcome for paraclinoid aneurysms. However, many authors have reported high complication rates from microsurgical treatments. Therefore, the present study reviews the microsurgical complications of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy for treating paraclinoid aneurysms and investigates the prevention and management of observed complications. Methods : Between January 2004 and April 2008, 24 patients with 26 paraclinoid aneurysms underwent microsurgical direct clipping by a cerebrovascular team at a regional neurosurgical center. Microsurgery was performed via an ipsilateral pterional approach with extradural anterior clinoidectomy. We retrospectively reviewed patients medical charts, office records, radiographic studies, and operative records. Results : In our series, the clinical outcomes after an ipsilateral pterional approach with extradural anterior clinoidectomy for paraclinoid aneurysms were excellent or good (Glasgows Outcome Scale : GOS 5 or 4) in 88.4% of cases. The microsurgical complications related directly to the extradural anterior clinoidectomy included transient cranial nerve palsy (8), cerebrospinal fluid leak (1), worsened change in vision (1), unplanned ICA occlusion (1), and epidural hematoma (1). Only one of the complications resulted in permanent morbidity (3.8%), and none resulted in death. Conclusion : Although surgical complications are still reported to occur more frequently for the treatment of paraclinoid aneurysms, the permanent morbidity and mortality resulting from a extradural anterior clinoidectomy in our series were lower than previously reported. Precise anatomical knowledge combined with several microsurgical tactics can help to achieve good outcomes with minimal complications. 종설1 원저1 원저2 원저3 원저4 원저5 원저6 원저7 원저8 원저9 증례1 증례2 증례3 증례4 증례5 증례6 증례7 Key Words 경막전방침상돌기절제술, 상상돌기뇌동맥류, 임상결과, 수술적합병증 39

2 서론 내경동맥의상상돌기분절은해면정맥의출구부에서부터지주 막하공간의진입부에따라후방교통동맥의기시부까이명명되어 있다. 1, 3, 9, 22, 29) 상상돌기분절에서기원하는뇌동맥류는진단및미 세수술적치료법에있어특수성을나타내는데이는동맥류의해부 학적특성에서유래한다. 이러한종류의뇌동맥류는높은이환율과 사망률과연관되었다고알려져있다. 5, 9, 11, 36) 두개기저부수술법의 개발전에는, 전방상상돌기 (anterior clinoid process; ACP) 가수술 시야를가로막음과집도의의작업공간을제한함으로인하여뇌동 맥류의접근법의난제로남아있었다. 안구동맥 (ophthalmic artery) 을보전하며내경동맥의개존성을유지함은수술테크닉으로난이 도가높은술법이다. 유효한수의상상돌기뇌동맥류는거대뇌동 맥류였으며, 1, 22, 26, 41) 치료방법에서추가적기술적난이도를요구 하였다. 하지만두개기저접근법 10, 11) 의발전, 특히경막전방침상돌기 절제술은상상돌기뇌동맥류환자들의수술적결과를개선시켰다. 게다가내혈관시술법은상상돌기뇌동맥류 17, 27, 31) 를위한대안적 인치료법이되었다. 그러나현미경적미세수술은수술 14, 20, 39) 과같 이완전한동맥류의제거가불가능하여다른수술방법들에비해 큰뇌동맥류에서높은비율의뇌동맥적폐색을가져왔고, 색전술 기법은수술적치료 5, 19) 에비해높은재발률을보였다. 비록전방 침상돌기절제술이상상돌기정맥류의치료에개선된결과를가져 왔지만, 많은저자들이여전히이접근법 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 19, 25) 의높은합병 증을보고하고있다. 이연구의목적은상상돌기분절내동맥류의 수술적치료를위한경막전방침상돌기절제술을검토하고, 경험한 Table 1. Clinical presentations of 24 patients with 26 paraclinoid aneurysms Clinical presentation No.(%) Incidental 11(42.3%) Ruptured other aneurysm 3(11.5%) Unruptured other aneurysm 2(7.6%) Screening or others 6(23.0%) Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 8(30.7%) TIA : Transient Ischemic Attack Headache 4(15.3%) TIA/Stroke 1(3.8%) Dizziness 1(3.8%) Diplopia 1(3.8%) Total 26 현미경적미세수술의부작용을분석하기위함이다. 또한이결과들을기반으로잠재적인합병증을관리하고, 피할수있는방법을분석했다. 대상및방법 2004년 1월부터 2008년 4월사이에, 상상돌기뇌동맥류환자 24명이지역신경외과센터의뇌혈관팀에의해현미경적미세혈관적결찰술을받았다. 우리는후향적으로이환자들의임상적기록을분석했다. 모든상상돌기뇌동맥류는디지털감산혈관조영술 (DSA), 3차원컴퓨터단층촬영조영술 (CTA), 수술전측두골컴퓨터단층촬영 (CT), 그리고자기공명영상 (MRI) 을 ( 환자들의 12명에서 ) 확인되었다. 내시경적미세혈관수술은동측관자놀이개두술을통하여, 경막확장전방침상돌기절제술 8, 16, 24, 35) 로시행되었다. 우리는후향적으로환자의의료차트, 사무실기록, 방사선기록, 수술기록, 비디오를검토했다. 임상양상 24명의환자는 5 남성과 19 여성을포함하였고, 나이는 42세에서 69세 ( 평균 53.4세 ) 였다. 26개의상상돌기뇌동맥류의임상양상에는 4례 (15.3%) 에서두통, 8례 (38.4%) 에서지주막하출혈, 1례 (3.8%) 에서일과성허혈성발작또는뇌졸증, 1례 (3.8%) 에서어지러움, 1례 (3.8%) 에서복시, 그리고 11례 (42.3%) 에서파열된다른뇌동맥류와동반된 3례의우연히발견된경우였다 (Table 1). 지주막하출혈이있는 11명의환자에서 Hunt and Hess grade 가 II인사람이 7명, III인사람이 1명, IV인사람이 3명이었다. 26명의환자에서 7명은다발성뇌동맥류를가지고있었고 (26.9%), 3명은상상돌기분절내다른뇌동맥류를가지고있었다 (11.5%) 동맥류특성 ICA 30) 에서동맥류의기원으로추정되는혈관과위치에기초한해부학적시스템에따르면 26 상상돌기동맥류의위치는다음과같다 : 14 위쪽뇌하수체 (superior hypphyseal)(53.8%), 두개의경동맥동굴 (carotid cave)(7.6%), 8개의안동맥 (ophthalmic) (30.7%), 하나의후방경동맥벽 (posterior carotid wall)(3.8%) 및하나의이행성 (transitional)(3.8%) 이었다. 동맥류는 15mm까지작은동맥류로, 16-24mm는큰동맥류, 25mm 이상은거대동맥류로구분된다. 22명의환자 (84.6%) 는작은동맥류를, 3명 (11.5%) 이 40 JOURNAL OF KOREAN SKULL BASE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER Vol. 11 No. 2

3 큰동맥류, 1명 (3.8%) 환자가거대동맥류를가지고있었다. 여러개의동맥류를가진사람들중에 2명은맞은편 ICA 동맥류를가지고있었다. 어떠한혈관기형도동반된례는없었다. 수술방법 모든 24개의상상돌기동맥류를경막외, 확장된 ACP 제거와동측관자놀이접근법을이용해서치료하였다. 첫째, 개두술에앞서, ICA의근위부의조작은고무루프밴드 (loop band) 로일상적인격리된경부 ICA 의노출을통하여달성될수있다. 전두측두개두술은상안와열 (Superior oribital fissure; SOF) 의가쪽끝에고속드릴을이용해서시행할수있다.( 보통보다약간크게.) ACP 는부분적으로제거하였다. 상안와열의골부를지나가며안와골막 (periorbital) 에붙는전두측두경막주름 (frontotemporal dural fold; FTDF) 을노출시켰다. 전방및중앙오목 (anterior and middle fossa) 의경막을전두측두경막주름을위쪽내측쪽으로노출시키고, 상안와열을아래쪽가쪽으로노출시키기위하여박리하였다. 이런이유로, 전두측두경막주름과안와골막-경막접합부위가해면정맥동의가측벽의전방한계점에서보여진다 (Fig.1). 그리고나서, ACP를전입체적으로쉽고안전하게노출시키기위해서, 전두측두경막주름을날카로운가위로나누고, 해면정맥동의가측벽의바깥경막을안쪽막으로부터조심히벗긴다. 벗기는과정은난원공 (foramen ovale) 에서아래가쪽으로, 상안와열-안와골막접합부위 (SOF-periorbita junction) 에서, 위쪽내측으로시행한다. 이런방법으로, ACP의가장깊은아래쪽-바깥쪽표면을노출시킬수있다 (fig. 2). ACP와안구지주 (Optic strut; OS) 가경막외로제거된후에, L자모양의경막절개를측열구 (sylvian fissure), 앞쪽기저 (frontal base) 를따라서시행한다. 경막절개는 3번뇌신경위로눈돌림신경공 (oculomotor foramen) 의입구까지전방으로확장장되었다. 다음으로, 시신경가쪽의신경막 (optic sheath) 이열리 면서, 해면정맥동을덮고있는지붕의앞부분이노출된다. 안동맥 (ophthalmic artery) 을확인후에, 만약필요하다면, 먼쪽의경막 링을완전히혹은부분적으로풀어주어 ICA 분절의운동성을부여 하여동맥류결찰을위한접근성을개선시킨다. 결과 임상적결과 임상적결과는 6 개월뒤경과관찰을 GOS(Glasgow outcome scale; 글라스코우결과척도 ) 를이용해서표현했다. 24 개의상상 돌기동맥류에대한치료로동측관자놀이접근법과경막전방침 상돌기절제술을이용한결과는아주좋음혹은좋음 (GOS 5 or 4) 으로 23 명 (88.4%) 의환자에서나타났다. 2 명 (7.6%) 의환자에서는 보통 (GOS 3) 이었고, 1 명 (3.8%) 의환자에서 좋지않음 (GOS 2) 이었다. 보통 과 좋지않음 결과는혈관연축과관련된허혈, 그 리고수두증으로부터기인한다.( 지주막하출혈을가진 Hunt and Fig. 1 The greater sphenoid wing is exposed from the foramen ovale laterally to the junction and medially to the lesser wing, and the frontotemporal dural fold is uncovered at the anterior limit of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. *Frontotemporal dural fold, V1: ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, V2: maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve. Table 2. Clinical outcomes at the six-month follow-up* Location GOS5 GOS4 GOS3 GOS2 GOS1 Total Superior hypophyseal Opthalmic Carotid cave Transitional Posterior wall Total *Outcomes are expressed as a score calculated according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS) 41

4 Hess grade III 환자 1 명, 그리고 2 명의 Grade IV 인파열된다른 동맥류 ). 모든케이스의파열되지않은상상돌기동맥류는추가적 인신경학적결손없이성공적으로치료되었다. 으로병력이있던사람이었다. 전반적인합병증발생률은 46.1% 였 다 : 그러나영구적인이환율은 3.8% 였고상생돌기동맥류로의경 막외전방상돌기절제술의사례는없었다. 미세수술합병증 Discussion 경막외전방상돌기절제술과직접적으로연관있는수술합병증 중에는일시적인뇌신경마비 (8), 뇌척수액누출 (1), 시야손상 (1), 계획되지않은내경동맥폐쇄 (1) 그리고경막외혈종 (1) 이포함되었 다 (Table 3). 이합병증중한례에서만영구적인이환율을초래하 였고, 사망은없었다. 어떤이환율도내경동맥의폐쇄로인한허혈 과는연관있지않았다. 뇌신경마비는 3 번뇌신경에일어났다 : 8 명 중 5 명의환자가부분적인안검하수를보였고, 2 명의환자가안검 하수와함께안구내전 (gaze adduction) 에제한이있었다. 1 명의환 자만이안검하수, 시야제한, 동공확장을포함하는거의완전한동 측마비를보였다. 모든환자는 6 개월이내로완전히회복하였다. 영구적인이환을초래한시야손상이있었던환자는이전에안과적 Fig. 2 The deepest inferolateral surface of the anterior clinoid process is finally uncovered. *Anterior clinoid process. 근위부 ICA 의상상돌기분절은배측내경동맥 (ventral ICA) 분 절, 15) 경 - 안구 (carotid-ophthalmic) 분절등의다양한이름으로 묘사되어진다. 10, 11, 25) 이런동맥류는동맥류목으로접근하기위해 서 ACP 제거가필요하기때문에전통적으로기술적으로어려운동 맥류로여겨져왔다. 9, 11, 36) 또한, 이동맥류는종종크기는큰반 면, 1, 22, 26, 41) 이의위치로인하여제한된작업공간을제공한다. 그러 나새로운개선된수술기술의발전은상상돌기동맥류의수술적결 6, 10, 11) 과를매우향상시켰다. 이병변들의치료에는내혈관적인시술이효과적인대안적인치 료법이되었다. 17, 27, 31) 하지만내혈관적으로동맥류폐색을유도하 는경우에는완전폐색의성공률은낮게보고되었다. 더나아가, 내 혈관시술은재발률이높았으며, 특히초기시술동안에완전폐색 이이뤄지지않은경우에높았다. 5, 19) 따라서미세수술법은상상돌 기동맥류분절의내경동맥류에있어장기적으로봤을때더높은 성공률을가지고있기때문에, 9, 19) 일차적치료법으로남아있다. 그 러나몇몇의례에서는수술적및내혈관적접근법을병행한경우가 더효과적인치료가되기도한다 년에 Drake 와그연구진들은미세수술후 40% 의환자에서 우수한결과 (GOS 5 점중의 4 점 ) 를얻었지만반면에 60% 의환자는 사망하였다고발표하였다. 13) 그러나이어진임상결과들은상당한 향상된결과를보여주었다 년에 Batjer 와연구진들은 89 명의 상상돌기동맥류환자중 87% 가좋은결과를보였고, 단 12% 의사 망률을보였다고보고하였다. 3) 2001 년에는 Hoh 와연구진은 145 례 의수술적으로치료받은뇌동맥류에서수술및내혈관적치료를받 Table 3. Complications related to microsurgery in 26 paraclinoid aneurysms Location Transient cranial nerve palsy CSF leakage Worsened change in vision Unplanned ICA occlusion EDH Permanent morbidity Superior hypophyseal Opthalmic Carotid cave Transitional Posterior wall Total (3.8%) 12(46%) CSF : cerebrospinal fluid, ICA : internal carotid artery, EDH : epidural hematoma Total 42 JOURNAL OF KOREAN SKULL BASE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER Vol. 11 No. 2

5 은상상돌기동맥류의 90% 에서우수한결과를보고하였다. 19) 2004 년에는, Beretta 는 81% 의연구대상자들에서긍정적인결과를보 이고 13% 의사망률을보였다고보고하였다. 4) 최근 2008 년에는, Raco 와연구진들은 81% 가우수한결과를, 20% 의장기사망률을 보고하였다. 32) 현재의연구결과들은이전에이런발표된결과들과 비슷한정도의긍정적인결과를보여준다. 그러나상상돌기동맥류의수술후사망률및이환률은전반적인감 소를보였으나, 많은수의저자들은여전히다른동맥류의수술적합 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 19, 25, 32, 38) 병률은보다높은수술적합병증을보고하고있다. 현재의연구또한상대적으로높은 41.7% 의합병증을보고하고있 다. 하지만대부분의합병증은일시적이었고, 영구적인이환률은 이전연구보다우리연구에서더낮았다. 일시적인뇌신경마비 뇌신경은 ACP 제거중, 클립날의진입 (clip blade advancement), 과도한견인, 또는지나친공의메우기 (sinus packing) 등으로손상받을수있다. 본연구에서는높은일시적뇌신경마 비 (25%) 를보였고, 이는이전에보고되었던대부분 3 번뇌신경에 서보였다. 6, 9, 19, 38) 그러나모든신경마비는일시적이였고수술후 6 개월내로완치되었다. 뇌신경마비는해면정맥동의외측벽을벗 기는중견인에의해서발생된다. 영구신경손상을예방하기위하 여 ACP 제거를위해전두측두경막주름 (FTDF) 을박리할때, 우리 는수술에서뒤로굴곡진가위 (backward-curved pair of scissors) 를 11, 12) ACP 에수직되지않게평하게사용하였다 (Fig. 3). 또한우 리는전두측두경막주름의일부분만잘라내고이의끝부분을부드럽게견인했다. 클립을삽입할때에는클립의날의끝부분이뇌신경을손상시키지않는지를조심히확인하였다. 측두엽을견인할때손상을예방하기위하여경-안구막은예리하게열었고해면정맥동의외측벽을벗겨내렸다. 다른그룹 8, 19, 32, 38) 에서상대적으로수술후 CSF leakage에대해더높은발생을보였지만, 우리의연구에서빈도는낮았다.(3.8%) 우리연구에서, ACP 제거와관련해서, 15케이스의불완전한경막닫힘과, 3케이스의사골또는접형동열림이발생하였다. 원위부경막 ring이완전히열리거나, ACP 주변의경막이결손이되었다면, 경막을완전히닫는것은대부분의케이스에서불가능하다. 그러한경우에, 접형동으로 CSF 누출을방지하기위해서, 경막의절개면의몇부분을이용해봉합하고, 그위를작은두개골막의근막피판 (pericranial fascia flap) 이나근육의조각같은이식편으로덮어준다. 그리고피브린접착제를이용해이식편을강화시켜준다. 이과정을경막결손부위위에 2-3겹의이식편이고정될때까지반복한다. 사골공동의열림역시수술후 CSF 누출을일으킬수있고, 이것은 ACP의공기화 (pneumatization) 시발생할수있는점막손상과관련이있다. 8, 19, 28, 40) 그러나공동점막면이보존이된다면이문제는피할수있다. 이연구에서, 몇몇의경우에서는 (11.5%) 점막면손상은거의찾을수없었지만사골동이열린것을발견할수있었다. ACP의공기화와 Optical strut(os), 28) ACP 부식, 전반적인사골동의평가를통해서점막이보존될수있다. 수술전측두골 CT를통하여, 사골동의점막손상을예방할수있다. 점막은정 Fig. 3 A B C Preoperative evaluation of the temporal bone by computed tomography (CT). A. Pneumatizations of the anterior clinoid process (ACP) and optical strut- type I28). B. Well developed ethmoid sinus. C. Erosive compression of the ACP in preoperative temporal bone CT and surgical findings. 43

6 밀한수술전 ACP 와안구지주 (optic strut; OS) 의공기화, ACP 부 식, 사골동의발달정도를평가함으로보존할수있다. 본연구에 서는측두골 CT 을이용한정밀한수술전평가를이용하여사골동 의점막손상을예방하였다. 본연구에서는 ACP 와안구지주 (optic strut; OS) 의공기화, ACP 부식, 사골동의발달정도를모든환자 에서분석하였다. 0.6mm 두께의컴퓨터단층촬영이얻어졌고, 모 든케이스에서관상면 (coronal) 과시상면 (sagittal) 으로이미지가 재구성되었다 (Fig. 4). Mikami 와연구진들은공기화패턴을공기화의경로에따라, 안 구지주 (OS) 를통한경우, 전방뿌리 (anterior root; AR) 를통한경 우, 안구지주 (OS) 와전방뿌리 (AR) 모두를통한경우를각각유형 I, II, III 으로분류했다. 28) 이연구에서 ACP 의유형 I 의 2 례를찾았 다. 이 2 례에서 ACP 를제거하기위해서다이아몬드바를이용해서 극도로조심히드릴링을시행했다. 이기술을이용해서, 점막면이 노출되면박리기구 (dissector) 를점진적으로코곁굴 (paranasal sinus) 로밀어넣고, 베타딘겔이젖은 Gelfoam 으로팩킹한다 Fig. 4 When the mucosa membrane is exposed, it is detached from the bone and gradually pushed into the paranasal sinus by the dissector. *Sinus mucosal membrane. (Fig. 5). 점막을공으로밀어넣은후에는 ACP의일괄제거 (en bloc removal) 가가능하다. 수술전 CT가부식을나타내고있다면, ACP 의절단은피해야하거나, 18) 조심히시행되어야한다. 우리의 4 례에서중간경계의침대돌기절제술이측두골 CT의사골동발달에따라, 조심히수행되었고, 점막면은박리기구로사골동안으로밀어넣어야했다. 그럼에도불구하고, 점막이손상되었을때에는두개골막의피판과근육의이식편으로덮은후, 피브린접착제를이용했다. 이전략을이용해서모든환자에서수술후 CSF 누출은단지한례에서만발견되었다. 이경우에, 척수요추배액시행과함께 1주일동안침대에서안정을시행했고, 어떤영구적인이환없이누출이해결되었다. 우리연구에서영구적이환율과관련된수술적합병증은기존의보고와 11, 19, 25, 32) 비슷한시력저하이다. Rizzo 34) 는시력저하의 2가지병인을발견했다. 한가지는안와의큰배액정맥의손상으로생기는전격성안와증후군 (fulminant orbital syndrome) 이고, 다른한가지는뒤쪽시신경 (posterior optic nerve) 의직접손상또는작은경막정맥의손상으로인해올수있는안구뒤쪽의시신경병증 (retrobulbar optic neuropathy) 이다. Kumon 25) 는시력저하의발생이과도한견인이나, 다이아몬드드릴에의해발생하는열에의해동측시신경의손상에의해발생한다고주장하였다. 그러므로뼈를드릴할때나, 얇은가장자리만남을때까지깎을때시신경의열손상을피하기위해조심해야한다. 열손상은지속적인차가운식염수관류로막을수있고, 기계적손상은박리기구 (dissector) 를이용하거나미세소파기 (microcurette) 를이용해서시신경로를벗김으로예방할수있다. 마이크로펀치 (micropunch) 나, 마이크로론저 (microrongeur) 는시신경로가벗겨질때까지사용되지않는다. 최근 bone-cutting ultrasonic aspirator가침대돌기를위한드릴을대체하여이용되고있다. Chang과연구진들은 ultrasonic bone curette으로시신경로를벗기는것을낮은이환율 A Fig. 5 B A. Bleeding from the cavernous sinus can be well-controlled with gentle packing and hemostatic agents B. The cones made by Avetene is being used. 44 JOURNAL OF KOREAN SKULL BASE SOCIETY SEPTEMBER Vol. 11 No. 2

7 과사망률로보일수있다는것과그리고표준드릴을이용하는것보다 ultrasonic aspirator가훨씬전문성이덜필요하다는것을보고했다. 7) 그러므로뼈와경막사이에어떤도구를집어넣을필요도없고, 열손상을받을위험도없다. 벗기는시술동안, 뼈의가장자리는항상알아볼수있어야한다. 그러나 ultrasonic bone curette 의손잡이는다소부피가크고, 깊고좁은수술장에서시야를방해한다. 그리고 untrasonic bone curette의팁은상대적으로드릴보다작기때문에, 많은양의뼈를자르기에는시간이많이소요된다. 궁극적으로, 자동적으로연조직을보호하지않는다. 그래서팁과시신경로의각도는최대한수직에가깝게해야한다. 시신경로의아래외측벽 ( 시신경과 ICA 사이에위치해있는 OS 라고알려져있는부분 ) 이드릴을해야만제거될수있기때문에, 이부위는시신경의열에대한노출을최소화하기위해, 간헐적으로드릴해줘야한다. 25) 시신경과막 (sheath) 사이에충분한공간이있기때문에, 시신경막 (sheath) 을가측경계에서분리시키는것이견인힘을감소시킬수있다. 이기술은시신경표면에있는혈관순환의관찰을가능하게함으로초과된견인을발견할수있게해준다. ICA 폐색및허혈이전연구에서영구적인이환율과관련한다른합병증은허혈성손상을유발하는 ICA 폐색이다. Hoh 와연구진들은상상돌기동맥류환자중미세수술적치료를받은 180명중에서 ICA 폐색 (4 명, 2%), 다른수술연관허혈 (2명, 1%) 과관련된이환율을보고하였다. 본연구에서도계획하지않은 ICA 폐색 (3.8%) 이있었지만, 이폐색은어떤영구적인신경학적손상도유발하지않았다. 이러한상상동맥류에서 ICA 폐색은 angled fenestrated clip 을포함한다양한클립의사용으로예방할수있다. 동맥류가혈전에의해막히면, 혈전제거술이필요하고내막절제술 (endarterectomy) 또한필요하다. 동맥류목이석회화되어있거나동맥류가 ICA 에포함 (incorporated) 되어있어서동맥류를클립할수없을때정맥이식편또는노동맥 (radial artery) 을이용한우회 (bypass) 를시행해야만한다. 근위부동맥조작이상상돌기동맥류의미세수술적치료에서중요하나기술적으로어려움이존재한다. 수술중 ICA 의풍선폐쇄술 (intraoperative balloon occlusion) 을포함한많은방법들이근위부동맥조절을위해개발되었다. 이번연구에서는개두술이전에목을노출하는것으로근위부동맥조절을하였고, 이는안전하고효과적이고실용적이다. 다른저자들도이작은시간투자의효용성에대하여동의했다. 해면동맥의지혈지혈은이기법에서또다른고민이다. ACP의아래바깥쪽면의가장깊은부분을노출시키기위해해면동의바깥쪽경막벽을안쪽벽으로부터조심스럽게벗겨야만한다 : 이벗기는과정에서출혈이흔하다. 출혈이일어나면출혈의원점을찾는것이중요하다. 해면동으로부터의출혈은경막배액정맥 (dural draining vein) 에서의출혈과구분되어야한다. 왜냐하면전자는지혈도구의부드러운패킹 ( 패킹은지혈도구에의해만들어지는 콘 " 모양으로보인다, (Fig. 6) 만으로도잘조절되어질수있지만후자는 bipolar 지혈이필요하기때문이다. 더욱이해면동으로부터의출혈에있어서너무심한패킹은잠재적인압력에의한뇌신경손상을피하기위해피해야만한다. 최근에는섬유질풀을주사하는방법도소개되었다. 23) 피브린접착제은해면동내에국소응고물을형성함으로써해면동을채운다. 해면동공간으로이어지는주정맥통로를막아줌으로써건성 (dry) 해면동수술영역을안전하게제공해준다. 결론 ICA 의상상돌기분절로부터발생한동맥류의수술적치료는뇌혈관의사들에게기술적인도전이었다. 저자들은몇몇전략들을통하여, 상상돌기동맥류에대한경막전방침상돌기절제술에서몇몇합병증을피하기위해시도해봤다. 뇌신경손상을피하기위하여, 뒤로젖혀진가위를 ACP에평행하게이용해봤다. ACP를얇은테두리가남을때까지차가운식염수로세척하면서드릴링했다. ICA 폐색은각이 angled fenestrated clip을이용해서예방할수있다. 또한해면정맥동의벽을벗길때, 어디에서출혈이있는지주의깊게보는것이필요하다. 잠재적인도전이될수있는문제들에대한예방과관리를위한이런미세수술기법과, 정확한해부학적지식의결합은합병증을최소화하면서좋은결과를달성할수있도록도와줄것이다. 45

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9 34. Rizzo JF. Visual loss after neurosurgical repair of paraclinoid aneurysms. Ophthalmology 102 : , Shucart WA, Kwan ES, Heilman CB. Temporary balloon occlusion of a proximal vessel as an aid to clipping aneurysms of the basilar and paraclinoid internal carotid arteries : technical note Neurosurgery 27 : , Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Tada T, Nagashima H, Horiuchi T, Goto T, et al. Radiometric analysis of paraclinoid carotid artery aneurysms. J Neurosurg 96 : , Vi uela F, Duckwiler G, Mawad M : Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of acute intracranial aneurysm : perioperative anatomical and clinical outcome in 403 patients. J Neurosurg 86 : , Xu BN, Sun ZH, Jiang JL, Wu C, Zhou DB, Yu XG, et al. : Surgical management of large and giant intracavernous and paraclinoid aneurysms. Chin Med J (Engl) 121 : , Yasargil MG, Gasser JC, Hodosh RM, Rankin TV : Carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms : direct microsurgical approach. Surg Neurol 8 : , Zhao J, Wang S, Zhao Y, Sui D, Zhang Y, Tang J, et al. : Microneurosurgical management of carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms. J Clin Neurosci 13 : , Zipfel GJ, Day AL : Surgical treatment of paraclinoid internal carotid artery aneurysms in Batjer HH, Loftus CM (eds) : Textbook of Neurological Surgery. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2003, pp

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