pissn: eissn: Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 3(6): , November REVIEW 과호산구증가증분류와치

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1 pissn: eissn: (6): , November REVIEW 과호산구증가증분류와치료의최신지견 박찬선, 1 이상표 2 1 인제대학교의과대학해운대백병원내과, 2 가천대학교길병원내과 Recent advances in the classification and management of hypereosinophilia Chan Sun Park, 1 Sang Pyo Lee 2 1 Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan; 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea Numerous disorders and etiologies may underlie increased eosinophil counts. Hypereosinophilia (HE) is defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1,500/mm 3 and may be potentially harmful because of tissue damage. Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) also represents a heterogeneous disorder characterized by persistent HE with the evidence of organ dysfunction, clinical symptoms, or both caused by eosinophilia. The refining criteria and subclassification of HE and HES are currently being revised on cellular and molecular based diagnostic methods. Initial approaches focus on evaluating various underlying causes, including helminthic infections, adverse drug reactions, allergic diseases, and neoplastic diseases. When secondary causes of HE are excluded, the workup should proceed to the evaluation of primary/clonal bone marrow disease, including fip 1-like 1-platelet driven growth factor receptor alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRA) mutation. Concurrently, if the patient has symptoms and signs, organ damage or dysfunction must be evaluated. Although, corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy in confirmed HES, imatinib is considered a definitive treatment for FIP1L1-PDGFRA, platelet driven growth factor receptor beta rearranged HE and HES. In this article, we discuss recent advances in the classification of and practical approaches to HE and HES. In addition, we introduce several promising therapies for HE and HES. ( 2015;3: ) Keywords: Hypereosinophilic syndrome, FIP1L1-PDGFRA, Molecular targeted therapy 서론호산구는고도로분화된과립구로기생충감염에대한방어와알레르기과민반응에중요한역할을하는것으로알려져있고, 최근에는적응면역, 선천면역뿐만아니라장기의발생과복구및항상성의유지등다양한병태생리에도관여하고있음이밝혀졌다. 1 호산구과립에서분비되는물질들은세포독성을가지고있으며, 활성화된호산구는사이토카인, 케모카인, 지질유래물질등과같은다양한염증매체들을생성하여분비한다. 2,3 호산구의생성과분화및체내분포에는 interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage stimulation factor (GM-CSF) 등의사이토카인이관여하며, 이중 IL-5가가장중요한역할을한다. 1-3 일반적으로말초혈액 1 μl당호산구가 500개이상인경우를호산구증가증으로정의하며, 호산구의수에따라경증 (500 1,500 cells/μl), 중등증 (1,500 5,000 cells/μl), 중증 ( 5,000 cells/μl) 으로분류한다. 4,5 한편, 혈액내호산구증가증의유무와상관없이조직에서호산구침윤이증가하는경우도있다. 경증호산구증가증은조직을침범하는경우가극히드물며대부분치료를요하지않는다. 하지만, 일부환자에서중등도이상의호산구증가증이지속되기도하는데, 이러한경우에는호산구침윤에의한조직손상과장기부전이발생할수있다. 1975년 Chusid 등 6 에의하여제시된특발성과호산구증가증후군 (idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, ihes) 의진단기준은 (1) 호산구증가증을유발할만한다른원인을찾을수없고, (2) 6개월이상지속되는 1 μl당 1,500개이상의말초혈액호산구증가증이있으며, (3) 호산구의장기침범으로인한조직손상이나기능장애가동반되는것으로현재까지도사용되고있다. 하지만, 과호산구증가증후군은임상양상과예후및치료약물에대한반응이다 Correspondence to: Sang Pyo Lee The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21 Namdong-daero 774beon-gil, The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Korea This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Tel: , Fax: , allergy21@hotmail.com Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License Received: September 2, 2015 Revised: September 10, 2015 Accepted: September 12, 2015 (

2 Park CS and Lee SP Recent advances in hypereosinophilia 양하고, 분자생물학적, 세포유전학적, 면역학적발전에의해호산구증가증의발병기전이여러가지임이밝혀지면서 특발성과호산구증가증후군 으로통칭하는것이어려워졌다. 이에따라호산구관련질환에대한개념을정리하고새로운분류체계를마련하고자하는시도와함께과호산구증가증후군의치료약물에대한연구가활발하게이루어지고있다. 호산구증가증은다양한기저질환과관련되어발생하며기생충감염, 알레르기질환, 약물유해반응이가장흔한원인이다. 본종설에서는최근새롭게제안된호산구관련질환의정의와분류체계를중심으로과호산구증가증의진단적접근과치료를알아보고새로운약제들을소개하고자한다. 본론 1. 과호산구증가증 2011년호산구질환에대한 working conference 에서는다양한분야의전문가들이모여호산구증가증과관련된용어의개념을정리하고새로운분류체계를마련하였다 (Table 1). 7 과호산구증가증 (hypereosinophilia, HE) 은말초혈액검사에서 1 μl당 1,500개이상의호산구증가증이 4주간격으로 2회이상확인되거나, 조직검사에서과다한호산구의침윤이발견되는경우로정의한다. 하지만, 즉각적인치료를요하는장기손상이발생한경우에는기간과관계없이진단이가능하다. 조직과호산구증가증은 (1) 골수조직에서호산구분율이전체유핵세포의 20% 이상을차지하거나, (2) 병리 학적으로조직내광범위한호산구침윤이관찰되거나, (3) 호산구의침윤유무에상관없이조직에서호산구과립단백질의뚜렷한침착이관찰될때로정의된다. 과호산구증가증 (HE) 은원인에따라 4가지의아형 (variant) 으로분류하며유전성 ( 가족성 ) 과호산구증가증 (familial HE, HE FA), 이차성 ( 반응성 ) 과호산구증가증 (reactive HE, HE R), 일차성 ( 종양성 ) 과호산구증가증 (neoplastic HE, HE N) 및임상적중요성이확인되지않는과호산구증가증 (undetermined significance HE, HE US) 이다. 1) 유전성 ( 가족성 ) 과호산구증가증 (familial HE, HE FA) 선천성 ( 가족성 ) 과호산구증가증은상염색체우성으로유전되는매우드문질병이다. 출생이후부터중등증이상의호산구증가증이지속되나대부분의환자들은무증상이다. 호산구의활성화에따른조직손상이드물기때문에양호한임상경과를나타내는것으로알려져있다. 8 2) 이차성 ( 반응성 ) 과호산구증가증 (reactive HE, HE R) 과호산구증가증의대부분을차지하며다양한기저질환과관련되어발생한다. 여러가지기전들이제시되고있지만호산구생성을촉진하는사이토카인의분비증가 ( 특히, IL-5) 가중요한역할을하는것으로알려져있다. 기생충감염, 알레르기질환, 약물유해반응이가장흔한원인이며, 바이러스 / 진균감염, 만성염증성질환, 만성이식편대숙주병 (chronic graft-versus-host disease), 자가면역질환, 부신기능저하및고형종양과일부조혈세포종양등에서도 Table 1. Definition and classification of HE and HES Proposed term Proposed abbreviation Definition and criteria Hypereosinophilia HE > 1.5 Eosinophils 10 9 /L blood on 2 examinations (interval 1 month) and/or tissue HE Hereditary (familial) HE HEFA Familial clustering, no signs or symptoms of hereditary immunodeficiency, and no evidence of a reactive or neoplastic condition Primary (clonal/neoplastic) HE HEN Underlying stem cell, myeloid, or eosinophil neoplasm, as classified by WHO criteria; eosinophils considered neoplastic cells Secondary (reactive) HE HER Underlying condition/disease in which eosinophils are considered nonclonal cells HE of undetermined significance HEUS No underlying causes HE, no evidence of familial, reactive or neoplastic condition/disorders and no end-organ damage attributable to HE Hypereosinophilic syndrome HES (1) Criteria for peripheral blood HE fulfilled and; (2) organ damage and/or dysfunction attributable to tissue HE and; (3) exclusion of other disorders or conditions as major reason for organ damage Primary (neoplastic) HES HESN (1) Criteria for HEN fulfilled and; (2) end-organ damage attributable to HE, and (3) eosinophils are considered (or shown) neoplastic (clonal) cells Secondary (reactive) HES HESR (1) Criteria for HER fulfilled and; (2) end-organ damage attributable to HE* Idiopathic HES HESi (1) Criteria for HE fulfilled and; (2) end-organ damage attributable to HE Eosinophil-associated single organ disease Specific syndromes accompanied by HE (1) Criteria of HE fulfilled and; (2) single-organ disease Adapted from Valent P, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012;130: e9, 7 with permission of Elsevier Ltd. HE, hypereosinophilia; HES, hypereosinophilic syndrome; WHO, World Health Organization. *Sub variant: lymphoid variant HES (clonal T cells identified as the only potential causes). Specific syndromes in which the effect of eosinophilia remains unclear but the clinical presentation is distinct and accompanied by HE 388

3 박찬선과이상표 과호산구증가증의최신지견 과호산구증가증이동반될수있다. 8,9 전세계적으로기생충감염이과호산구증가증의가장흔한원인이다. 기생충이장관내에만머무르거나완전한포충낭의형태로존재하는경우에는드물지만, 기생충이조직으로침입하는감염초기와유충이행증 (larva migrans) 이있을때혈액내호산구증가증이발생하는것으로알려져있다. 일부기생충감염은지속적인과호산구증가증을유발할수있는데, 분선충 (Strongyloides sterocoralis), 구충 (hookworms), 회충 (Ascaris lumbricoides), 간흡충 (Clonorchis sinensis), 간질 (Fasciola hepatica) 및개회충 (Toxocara canis) 이대표적인예이다. 특히국내에서는개회충감염률이높으며, 유충이행증 (larva migrans) 에의한과호산구증가증과과호산구증가증후군의보고가많아주의가필요하다 이밖에도일부세균, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T lymphotropic virus와같은바이러스및 Aspergillus와 Coccidiodomycetes 등의진균감염에서도과호산구증가증이동반될수있다. 알레르기질환은호산구증가증의흔한원인중하나이지만대부분경증호산구증가증이며, 말초혈액이외에콧물과객담에서도호산구증가소견이발견되기도한다. 하지만, 기관지폐아스페르길루스증 (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) 이나처그-스트라우스증후군 (Churg-Strauss syndrome, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis) 의경우에는거의모든환자가기관지천식의병력을가지고있으며지속적인호산구증가증이동반된다. 따라서조절이잘되지않는천식환자에서과호산구증가증이발견될경우에는이들질환의감별이필요하다. 또한일부중증의아토피피부염환자에서과호산구증가증이관찰되기도한다. 약물에의한호산구증가증은비교적흔하다. 대부분은검사에서우연히발견되지만일부환자에서는장기특이합병증이발생하거나전신증상이나타나기도한다. 예를들면 sulfasalazine, nitrofurantoin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 는호산구폐침윤이발생하는경우가많으며반합성페니실린, 세팔로스포린, NSAIDs, sulfomanides, phenytoin, allopurinol 등은급성신우신염을유발할수있다. 한편, DRESS (drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, or drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome) 증후군에서는과호구증가증과함께발열, 발진등의전 신증상과간염, 신우신염, 폐렴, 심근염등다양한장기부전이발생한다. 13,14 주요약물은 Table 2에정리하였다. 다양한악성종양에서도과호산구증가증이동반되는것으로알려져있다. 특히고형종양의경우에종양조직주변에서호산구침윤이관찰되기도한다. 악성종양과동반된호산구증가증의발생기전은몇가지로알려져있으며종양세포괴사에의한호산구주성반응과종양세포의골수침범에의한호산구생성촉진및종양자체에서 IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF 등을분비하는것등이다. 15 신장암, 부신암, 갑상선암, 간암, 담낭암, 췌장암, 유방암등에서과호산구증가증이보고되었으며, 호지킨병, B- 또는 T-림프종 / 백혈병, 랑게르한스세포조직구증 (Langerhans cell histiocytosis), 전신비만세포증 (systemic mastocytosis) 등과같은조혈세포종양에서도과호산구증가증이동반될수있다. 특히, 조혈세포종양과동반된과호산구증가증의경우, 일차성 ( 클론성 ) 호산구의증식이아닌지감별하는것이중요하다. 3) 일차성 ( 종양성 ) 과호산구증가증 (neoplastic HE, HE N) 다양한혈액종양질환에서호산구증가증이동반되며호산구클론에의해과호산구증가증이발생할수있다. 2003년과호산구증가증이동반된골수증식질환환자에서 imatinib 치료가크게성공을거두면서 fip 1 like 1-platelet driven growth factor receptor alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRA, F/P) 융합유전자에의해만들어진새로운 kinase가클론성과호산구증가증발생과밀접하게관련되어있음이밝혀졌다. 16 이후로세포분자학적, 유전학적진단과치료의발전과더불어 2008년 World Health Organization에서는조혈세포종양의분류에 PDGFRA, platelet driven growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) 유전자변이와과호산구증가증이동반된골수성 / 림프구성종양을새로운범주로추가하였다. 17 또한, 골수증식종양 (myeloproliferative neoplasms) 에서위의유전자변이없이만성호산구성백혈병의기준 ( 모세포가말초혈액내 2% 이상, 골수에서 5% 19% 을차지하는경우 ) 을만족하는경우를 chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified로정의하였다. 17 Table 2. Medications commonly associated with eosinophilia and drug induced hypersensitivity syndrome Class Antibiotics Antiepileptics Antidepressants Antiinflammatories Antihypertensives Sulfonamides/sulfones Others Drug Penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, minocycline, vancomycin, doxycycline, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, metronidazole Phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, lamotrigine, valproate, oxacarbazepine Desipramine, amitriptyline, fluoxetine Piroxicam, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen Hydrochlorothiazide, β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Dapsone, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole Abacavir, nevirapine, allopurinol, ranitidine, cyclosporine, hydroxichloroquine 389

4 Park CS and Lee SP Recent advances in hypereosinophilia 4) 임상적인중요성이확인되지않는과호산구증가증 (undetermined significance HE, HE US) 과호산구증가증이있으나기저질환이나원인을찾을수없으며장기침범이나손상이없는경우를임상적중요성이확인되지않는과호산구증가증 (HE US) 으로정의한다. 이는과거 unexplained eosinophilia idiopathic eosinophilia chronic idiopathic eosinophilia 를대신하는새로운개념이라고할수있다. 여기서주목해야할점은이분류는최종진단이아닌잠정진단이기때문에기저질환 ( 반응성과호산구증가증또는종양성과호산구증가증 ) 을배제하기위한면밀한문진과검사가필요하며, 향후과호산구증가증후군으로진행하는지를지속적으로평가해야한다. 향후이아형에해당하는환자들의실제적인관리와예후에대한연구들이필요하다 과호산구증가증후군 1) 과호산구증가증후군의정의와분류과호산구증가증후군 (hypereosinophilic syndrome, HES) 은과호산구증가증 (HE) 이있으면서명확한장기침범이발생하는경우로정의할수있다. 단, 단일장기에만국한된경우, 예를들어호산구성폐질환또는호산구성위장관염등은제외한다. 호산구에의한장기손상은매우다양하며명확한진단기준이없었으나 2011 년 working conference 에서 (1) 조직섬유증 ( 폐, 심장, 소화관, 피부등 ), (2) 혈전증 / 색전증, (3) 피부홍반, 혈관부종, 궤양, 습진, (4) 만성적이거나반복적인신경학적이상을나타내는말초또는중추신경병증, (5) 간, 췌장, 신장등의침범중한가지이상을만족할때로정의하였다. 하지만, 일부환자에서는과호산구증가증과임상증상사이의인과관계를명확하게알기어렵거나비특이적인전신증상을호소하기도한다. 이러한경우에는과호산구증가증후군의치료로해당증상이호전되는지를확인하여호산구에의한조직침범을간접적으로증명할수있다. 과호산구증가증후군도과호산구증가증과마찬가지로원인에따라일차성 / 종양성과호산구증가증에동반되는경우 (primary/neoplastic HES, HES N) 과이차성 / 반응성과호산구증가증과동반되는경우 (secondary/reactive HES, HES R) 로분류한다 (Table 1). 특정 T 세포에서 CD3-/CD4+ 의이상표현형 (aberrant phenotype) 이발견되거나, 단일클론성 T 세포의증식이확인되어특발성과호산구증가증의한가지아형으로분류되었던림프구아형과호산구증가증후군 (lymphoid variant of HES R) 은이차성 / 반응성과호산구증가증에포함하였다. 7 한편골수증식성아형과호산구증가증후군 (myeloproliferative variant HES) 은혈청 vitamin B 12 증가, 간 / 비대증대, 심장침범과섬유화, 빈혈, 혈소판감소증, 말초혈액의골수전구세포발견등골수증식질환과유사하며 F/P 융합유전자가발견빈도가높다는특징을가지고있어, 18 새로운분류를고려하면일차성 / 종양성과호산구증가증 (primary/neoplastic HES, HES N) 에해당된다고할수있다. 마지막으로자세한문진과검사를통하여원인질환이배제되었을때를특발성과호산구증가증후군 (ihes) 으로정의한다. 이밖에과호산구증가증이동반되지만호산구증가증의원인과호산구가해당질환에미치는영향을규명하기어려운몇가지질환들을따로구분하여분류할것을제시하였고 Gleich syndrome, Churg-Strauss syndrome, eosinophilia myalgia syndrome, Omenn syndrome, hyper-ige syndrome 등이이에해당한다. 2) 과호산구증가증후군의임상양상과호산구증가증후군의임상양상은매우다양하다. 전체환자의약 70% 는 20 50대의성인기에시작되며남성에서높은빈도로발생한다. 말초혈액내호산구분율은약 30% 70% 정도로 188명의환자를후향적으로분석한연구에서는평균최대호산구수가 6,600/mm 3 (1, ,000/mm 3 ) 인것으로나타났다. 19 다양한혈액학적이상이함께발견되는데약 50% 의환자에서는빈혈이동반되며혈소판감소증의빈도가혈소판증가증보다높은것으로알려져있다. 20 임상증상은위약감, 피로, 기침, 호흡곤란, 근육통과피부병변, 발열, 비염등으로매우다양하다. 장기침범은연구자마다약간의차이를보이지만, 피부, 심장, 신경, 호흡기, 비장, 간, 소화기등의순으로보고되었다. 19,21-23 피부증상으로는두드러기, 혈관부종, 가려움증, 구진또는결절성병변등이발견된다. 심장침범은기간에따라각기다른증상이나타날수있다. 초기에는심근괴사에의한심근염이발생하고이후판막침범, 혈전증과관련된증상이나타나며후기에는심근섬유화에의한울혈성심부전, 심근비후또는확장, 부정맥, 심내막삼출등에의한증상이발생한다. 특히, 심막내심근섬유증 (endomyocardial fibrosis), 강내혈전 (intracavitary thrombi), 혈관내혈전증 (intravascular thrombosis) 은매우심각한합병증으로 F/P 융합유전자를가지고있는경우에발생률이높은것으로알려져있다. 3 신경계증상으로색전증또는혈전으로인한뇌병증이발생할수있으며일부환자는인지장애와말초신경병증에의한증상을호소하기도한다. 호흡기증상으로는마른기침이가장흔하고일부환자에서기관지과민성이나타날수있다. 또한, 심장침범에의한이차적인호흡기증상이발생할수있다. 림프구아형과호산구증가증후군 (lymphoid variant of HESR) 의경우에는특징적으로피부병변과혈관부종, 레이노증후군이흔하게동반되는반면, 심장, 신경, 호흡기, 비장등의침범은적고임상경과가양호하다. 24 과거부터과호산구증가증후군은나쁜예후를가지고있다고알려져있다. 치료하지않는경우 5년생존율이 80% 이며, 15년생존율은 42% 로대부분이심혈관계합병증으로사망하였다. 25 하지만, 247명의환자를후향적으로분석한연구에서는 19년의관찰기간동안사망한환자가 23명으로확인되어과거보다높은생존율을 390

5 박찬선과이상표 과호산구증가증의최신지견 보고하였다. 26 나쁜예후를나타내는인자로는빈혈, 울혈성심부전, 혈소판감소증, 백혈구증가증 (>100,000 cells/μl), 혈중 vitamin B12, tryptase, LAP (leukocyte alkaline, phosphates) 의증가등이있으며, 좋은예후인자로는혈관부종, 스테로이드에대한반응이좋은경우, 혈중 IgE 증가, 골수증식성질환에서관찰되는임상증 상과검사소견이동반되지않는경우이다 과호산구증가증의진단적접근 1) 중증도와위급도결정하기과호산구증가증으로진단된경우에는호산구증가증의중증도 Blood eosinophil count 1,500/mL Look for known causes of hypereosinophilia and Look for eosinophil-mediated complications of persistent hypereosinophilia Features suggesting myeloid malignancy on CBC & differential Increased neutrophils, monocytes Anemia, thrombocytopenia Blasts Circulating myeloid precursors Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy Karyotype Cytogenetics (bcr -abl, c-kit...) Assess necessity for urgent eosinophil-lowering strategies Drug history-withdrawal Travel history-habitat Risk factors for malignancy Parasite serology Stool (blood, urine) samples for parasites Routine blood chemistry Serum lge, vitamin B 12, troponin Thoracic and abdominal CT-scan EKG, Echocardiogram PFT (other imaging, endoscopic, and histological investigations as indicated) Underlying disease? Yes Treat as indicated Follow-up: ensure eosinophils normalized No Start second-line agent No Yes 1. Treat as indicated 2. Add corticosteroids if rapid eosinophil lowering is warranted Follow-up: ensure eosinophils normalized Evaluate for HES Assessmesnt for HES variants RT-PCR and FISH for F/P T cell phenotype PCR for TCR gene rearrangement BM biopsy and Karyotype Assessment for eosinophil-mediated complications if not yet done No Yes F/Ppos F/Pneg Imatinib mg/day plus Corticosteroids early if cardiac involvement Tx goal: cytogenetic remission Watch and wait if asymptomatic assessment for end-organ involvement at regular intervals Corticosteroids mg/kg/day: then progressive tapering Second-line agents for CS-non-responders Fig. 1. Algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of hypereosinophilia. Adapted from Roufosse F, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;126:39-44, 18 with permission of Elsevier Ltd. CBC, complete blood count; PFT, pulmonary function test; CT, computed tomography; EKG, electrocardiogram; FISH, fluorescent in situ hybridization; HES, hypereosinophilic syndrome; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; TCR, T-cell receptor; BM, bone marrow; CS, corticosteroids

6 Park CS and Lee SP Recent advances in hypereosinophilia 와장기손상의여부를평가하여진단과치료의위급도를결정하도록한다. 만약중증의호산구증가증이있거나, 주요장기침범특히, 심장또는신경계증상이있을때는즉각적인검사와동시에치료를고려해야하기때문에입원을추천한다. 하지만, 우연히발견되었고무증상인과호산구증가증의경우에는외래진료를통해순차적으로검사를진행하도록한다 (Fig. 1). 13 2) 이차적 / 반응성원인질환배제하기자세한문진을통해약물복용력, 여행력, 동물생식력과동반질환등을확인하고이차성 ( 반응성 ) 과호산구증가증을배제하는것이중요하다. 약물복용력을확인할때는병원에서처방받아복용하는약제뿐만아니라, 처방전없이약국에서구입한약물, 한약및건강보조식품등도확인해야한다. 특히, 약물관련과호산구증가증의경우에는호산구증가증발생수일에서수개월전부터투여되었던약물이원인인경우가있기때문에약물의복용기간도확인해야하며불필요한약제는가능한모두중단하도록한다. 여행력과생식여부를파악하여기생충감염의가능성을배제하는것도매우중요하다. 해외여행을다녀온경우에는기생충감염가능성이있는환경에노출된적이있는지, 오염된음식과음료를섭취하였는지를자세히알아보아야한다. 특히국내에서는야생동물과가축의피, 간, 육회및갑각류와민물생선을생식하는경우가많으나환자의자각이없기때문에문진에각별한주의를기울이도록한다. 또한천식, 아토피피부염등알레르기질환, 자가면역질환, 염증성장질환, 부신기능저하및악성종양의병력을확인한다. 체계적인신체진찰은과호산구증가증의진단을좁힐수있는중요한단계로피부병변, 임파선비대, 천명음, 심잡음, 간 / 비장종대등의유무를확인하도록한다. 가장먼저시행해야할검사는백혈구분획검사를포함한전체혈구계산과호산구의절대수 (absolute eosinophil count) 측정및기생충대변검사와항체검사이다. 국내에서는개회충에의한과호산구증가증과과호산구증가증후군의빈도가매우높기때문에 T. canis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 검사를반드시포함하도록한다. 하지만, 다른기생충과의교차반응을나타낼수있으며, 과거감염과현재감염을구별할수없기때문에해석에주의를요한다. 또한효소면역이적법을이용한분비배설항원특이단백분획을진단에응용하여볼수있다. 28 한편, Strongyloides 감염이의심되는병력이있는경우에는혈청검사를시행한다. 이밖에일반화학검사, 염증지표, 자가항체, 혈청총 IgE, HIV 혈청검사, troponin, vitamin B 12 등도기본항목에포함한다. 7,17 3) 일차적 / 클론성과호산구증가증에대한평가하기이차성과호산구증가증 (HE R) 을유발할만한병력이나임상소견이없고상기기본검사에서이상을보이지않으면일차성 / 클론 성과호산구증가증 (HE N) 을감별해야한다. 이를위해혈액도말검사를통한백혈구모세포, 이형성세포의유무를확인하고말초혈액에서 F/P 융합유전자검사를시행한다. 만약상기검사가불가능하면혈청 tryptase를측정하여골수증식질환을간접적으로확인하여볼수있다. 29 원칙적으로이차적인원인을배제하였거나조혈세포질환이의심되는경우에는골수검사를시행하도록되어있으나, 실제임상에서모든환자에게골수검사를실시하는것은어렵다. 하지만, 빈혈, 혈소판증가 / 감소증, 비만세포증, 단핵구증가증이동반되거나, 말초혈액도말검사에서미성숙과립백혈구증과백혈구모세포가발견되거나, 간과비장종대가동반되는경우에는검사진행초기에골수검사를시행하도록한다. 8 골수검사는조직생검을포함하여형태학적, 세포유전학적, 면역표현형분석을시행하며, CD34, CD117, CD25 및 tryptase 등의지표와 PDGFRA, PDGFRB 및 FGFR1 융합유전자, BCR-ABL, JAK2 등의검사를포함하도록한다. 또한림프구아형과호산구증가증후군의진단을위해 T 림프구표현형 (CD3, CD4, CD8) 과 T림프구수용체의유전자재배열에대한분석도시행한다. 4) 조직과장기침범유무확인하기과호산구증가증으로진단된경우에는원인질환을확인함과동시에호산구에의한조직침범과손상을평가해야하며앞서언급하였던자세한신체진찰뿐만아니라주요장기에대한검사도고려한다. 특히심전도, 혈청 troponin, 심장초음파, 가슴 X-선, 폐기능검사, 복부초음파 / 전산화단층촬영, 소변검사등은기본적으로시행하도록한다. 만약, 임상적으로심장침범이의심되나심초음파결과가애매하거나해석하기힘든경우에는심장자기공명영상검사를시행하여볼수있으며심근조직검사를통해호산구침범과조직손상을직접확인할수있다. 또한특정장기관련된증상을호소하는경우에는가능한해당장기의조직검사를시행하며, Fisher Gimsa 또는 isothiocyanate 염색을이용하여조직내호산구수를측정하거나항 eosinophil cationic protein 또는항 major basic protein 항체를이용한면역형광염색으로호산구과립단백질의침착을확인할수있다. 30,31 4. 과호산구증가증의치료 1) 일반적인원칙과호산구증가증의기간과중증도로조직침범과손상을예측하는것은매우어려우며, 특정호산구수를기준으로치료하는것에대하여는여전히논란이많다. 따라서증상이없는과호산구증가증은순차적인접근을통해최종진단이내려지기전까지는치료를하지않는것이좋다. 하지만, 최근 imatinib의성공적인치료결과가발표되면서 imatinib에대한감수성이있는일차성과호산구 392

7 박찬선과이상표 과호산구증가증의최신지견 증가증의경우에는비가역적장기손상을예방하고혈액학적관해를유도할수있도록선제적치료를추천하고있다. 17,32 유전성 ( 가족성 ) 과호산구증가증 (HE FA) 과임상적중요성이확인되지않는과호산구증가증 (HE US) 은치료없이지속적으로경과관찰하는것이적절하다. 명확하게정해진지침은없으나, 1 2개월마다호산구수를포함한말초혈액검사와신체진찰을시행하도록하고, 6 12개월마다장기침범에대해평가하며혈청 troponin과심장초음파는주기적으로시행하도록한다. 반응성과호산구증가증 (HE R) 은기저질환을치료하는것이가장중요하다. 하지만반응성과호산구증가증후군 (HES R) 으로진행하거나대증치료에반응하지않는경우에는호산구수를감소시키기위해스테로이드를사용할수있다. 하지만, 일부기생충감염에서스테로이드를투여하는경우에는주의가필요하며특히분선충 (Strongyloides) 감염에서구충제치료전에스테로이드를투여할경우에는전신적파종을유발할수있어감염의가능성이있을경우에는스테로이드사용전결과를확인하도록한다. 18 만약위급한경우라면스테로이드와구충제를동시에투여할수도있다. 개회충증의경우에도구충제와스테로이드의사용및투여기간에대하여는여전히논란이있다. 28 원칙적으로유충상태로남아있다가사멸되기때문에별다른치료없이자연회복되는것으로알려져있으나, 유충의수를감소시키면주요장기로의유충이행증의발생을예방할수있다. 따라서항체역가가높고중증호산구증가증이있는경우에는구충제 (albendazole) 의사용을고려한다. 또한, 임상적으로주요한장기의침범 ( 중추신경계, 심장, 안구등 ), 심한알레르기증상, 새로운병변이발생하거나임상증상이악화된다면스테로이드병합치료를시행하도록권고하고있다. 28 일차성 / 클론성과호산구증가증은일반적으로스테로이드치료에반응하지않기때문에 imatinib에대한감수성이있는지를먼저확인하는것이중요하다. F/P 융합유전자, PDGFRA, PDGFRB 재배열을가지고있다면 imatinib이일차치료약물이며이를제외한일차성 / 클론성과호산구증가증은골수종양질환의분류에따라항암치료를하거나골수이식수술을시행한다. 특히, FGFR1 재배열을가진일차성과호산구증가증의경우에는급성골수백혈병으로진행하는등공격적인임상양상을취하기때문에초기부터적극적인병합항암화약요법을시행을추천하고있다. 32 장기침범이있는과호산구증가증후군의경우에는스테로이드가가장주된치료제이다. 이경우치료의목표는혈액과조직에서의호산구수를감소시켜호산구유래물질들에의한직, 간접적피해를줄이고자함이다. 하지만, 장기적인사용에따른부작용과감량 / 중단후과호산구증가증재발과악화가가능하여 hydroxyurea 와 interferone-alpha (INF-α) 를추가하거나병행하여사용하기도한다. 2) 스테로이드스테로이드는 F/P 융합유전자, PDGFRA, PDGFRB 재배열음성인과호산구증가증후군의일차약제이다. 스테로이드는호산구의생성과정을억제할뿐만아니라세포자사에도영향을미치는것으로알려져있다. 통상적으로 prednisone 1 mg/kg/day 를투여하며 1 2주간유지한후, 증상이호전되고호산구의수가 1,500/ mm 3 이하로감소하면서서히감량하도록한다. 감량중증상이재발하여하루 10 mg 이상의용량이요구될때는다른약제의추가를고려한다. 17 3) Steroid sparing agents Hydroxyurea는스테로이드치료에반응하지않거나스테로이드용량을감량할경우증상과호산구수가악화될때추가로사용할수있는약물이다. 시작용량은 500 1,000 mg/day이며최대 3,000 mg/day 까지투여하여볼수있다. 치료에대한반응이느리다는단점이있으나스테로이드와병용투여시반응률은 69% 정도이다. 17 INF-α도스테로이드또는 hydroxyurea치료에반응하지않는과호산구증가증후군환자에서혈액학적, 세포유전학적호전을가져오는것으로알려져있다. 17,33 단독또는스테로이드와병합하여사용할수있으며, 통상적인용량은초기 1 2백만단위를주 3회투여하고점차증량하여 3 4백만단위를유지한다. 부작용은용량의존적으로나타나며피로감, flu-like symptoms, 혈구감소증, 우울증, 갑상선기능저하등이다. 하지만 hydroxyurea와는달리기형유발가능성이없기때문에임산부에게도안전하게사용할수있다는장점이있다. 4) Tyrosine kinase inhibitors Imatinib mesylate은 tyrosine kinase 억제제로 F/P 융합유전자, PDGFRA, PDGFRB 재배열양성환자에서일차치료제로사용한다. 적정용량에대한대규모임상시험의결과는없으나, 일반적으로하루 100 mg의용량으로효과를나타낸다고알려져있다. 하지만, 일부환자에서는임상적, 혈액학적, 분자학적인관해를유도하기위해 400 mg/day 이필요한경우도있어 reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction이나 fluorescent in situ hybridization 검사를통해약제반응을확인하면서용량을조정하기도한다. 치료반응은매우빨라서투여 1주일이내에호산구수가정상화되며 1 개월이내에골수검사소견이호전된다. 한편, F/P 융합유전자음성인환자에서도고용량의 imatinib 치료에좋은반응을보였다는보고가있어치료불응성과호산구증가증후군환자에서 2 4주정도고용량 (800 mg/day) 을투여하여보는것을추천하기도한다. 32,34 Imatinib의장기간사용의안전성은여러코흐트연구에서밝혀졌으며, 감량또는중지할경우재발이가능하기때문에일반적으 393

8 Park CS and Lee SP Recent advances in hypereosinophilia 로장기간의사용이추천된다. 드물지만심부전증이발생할수있어심장초음파와혈중 troponin 검사에서호산구성심근염의증거가있는환자들은첫 7 10일동안에스테로이드를병합하여사용하도록하고있다. 35 5) 최근연구가진행중인약물 (1) 항 IL 5 IL-5는호산구의분화, 활성화, 생존에가장중요한역할을한다. 이러한기전을바탕으로항 IL-5 항체가과호산구증가증후군치료의새로운치료제로주목받고있다. 특히, IL-5의 alpha chain에결합하는 fully humanized monoclonal IgG 항체인 meporizumab가가장활발하게연구되고있다. 이전부터 meporizumab을투여하면관련증상과피부병변이호전되고폐기능이향상된다는보고들이있었으며, 36 최근 F/P음성인과호산구증가증후군환자를대상으로한대규모의양측가림, 위약-대조군임상시험에서 meporizumab의추가치료로스테로이드용량을감량할수있다는보고가있다. 37 또한약 5년간추적관찰한연구에서도스테로이드일일요구량의감소와 62% 의환자에서 12주이상스테로이드의중단이가능했다. 38 일부보고에서약물중단후, 반동적인호산구증가증과약물에대한내성이보고되었지만대조군과비교하여중대한부작용은보고되지않았다. 현재 Food and Drug administration (FDA) 의승인은받지못한상태이나다른약제에반응하지않는중증의과호산구증가증후군에서는고려해볼수있겠다. 최근활발히연구되고있는 benalizumab은호산구표면의고친화성 IL-5Rα에작용하며기존의항 IL-5 항체와는차별화된장점들이있어앞으로큰기대가되는약물중하나이다. IL-5 결합에의한호산구증식을억제함과동시에 antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 를증가시켜호산구수를감소시키는것으로알려져있다. 39 또한, IL-5 농도에영향을받지않으며골수에서성숙호산구뿐만아니라전구세포에도영향을주기때문에한번의투여로장기간의호산구감소를유도할수있다. 40 중증호산구증가증에서세포용해와관련된부작용과장기간의호산구감소증으로인한호산구의고유기능이저하될가능성이제기되고있으나현재천식과만성폐쇄성폐질환, 그리고불응성과호산구증가증후군에서임상시험중이다. 41 (2) 항 CD52 항체 CD52 항원은호산구표면에존재하는항원으로과호산구증가증후군환자에서증가되어있다. 항 CD52 항체인 alemtuzumab을치료불응성과호산구증가증후군환자에서투여한최근의연구에서는 91% 의환자가완전또는부분관해에도달하였고, 일부환자에서는투약중지후, 재발되었으나대부분재투여후 2차관해가 되었다.42 결론 최근세포유전학적발전에기반을둔새로운분류체계와함께 과호산구증가증과과호산구증가증후군의치료에도많은발전을 가져왔다. 특히 imatinib, meporizumab 과같은표적치료제의사 용은불량한예후를가진것으로알려졌던과호산구증가증후군에 서매우성공적인치료결과를보여주었다. 과호산구증가증의진단 과치료를위해서는체계적인접근이필요하며 2 차적인원인을배 제하고기저질환을확인하는것이가장필수적인단계이다. 이와 동시에호산구에의한장기침범유무를확인하여과호산구증가 증후군으로진단될경우에는조기에적극적인치료를시행하도록 한다. 현재까지대부분의과호산구증가증후군에서스테로이드가 주치료약물로사용되고있지만, F/P 융합유전자를확인하는경 우에는 imatinib 을일차치료제로선택하도록한다. 최근연구되고 있는항 IL-5, 항 CD52 등은호산구수감소, 임상증상의호전및 스테로이드감량효과를나타내어향후과호산구증가증후군의새 로운치료제가될것으로기대한다. REFERENCES 1. Kita H. Eosinophils: multifaceted biological properties and roles in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2011;242: Hogan SP, Rosenberg HF, Moqbel R, Phipps S, Foster PS, Lacy P, et al. Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease. Clin Exp Allergy 2008;38: Valent P, Gleich GJ, Reiter A, Roufosse F, Weller PF, Hellmann A, et al. Pathogenesis and classification of eosinophil disorders: a review of recent developments in the field. Expert Rev Hematol 2012;5: Brigden M, Graydon C. Eosinophilia detected by automated blood cell counting in ambulatory North American outpatients. Incidence and clinical significance. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997;121: Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilia. N Engl J Med 1998;338: Chusid MJ, Dale DC, West BC, Wolff SM. The hypereosinophilic syndrome: analysis of fourteen cases with review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975;54: Valent P, Klion AD, Horny HP, Roufosse F, Gotlib J, Weller PF, et al. Contemporary consensus proposal on criteria and classification of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130: e9. 8. Park CS, Kim TB, Cho YS, Moon HB. Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilia: a guideline for Korean patients. Korean J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol 2006;26: Choi DC. Eosinophilia. Korean J Asthma Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;31: Lee JY, Yang MH, Hwang JH, Kang M, Paeng JW, Yune S, et al. The prevalence of toxocariasis and diagnostic value of serologic tests in asymptomatic Korean adults. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015;7: Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Lee SP, Lee BJ, Choi DC. The prevalence and diagnostic value of toxocariasis in unknown eosinophilia. Ann Hematol 2006;85: Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Lee SP, Lee BJ, Choi DC. The clinical impact of toxo

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