대한방사선의학회지 1996 : 34( 2) : 슬관절반월판열상의 MR 진단에었어서횡단면 3-D Fourier Transformation GRASS 영상의가치 1 안영준 권순태 정연신 최창락 윤완규 조준식 이광진 2 목적 : 반월판열상의진단에있어서고식적 2

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1 대한방사선의학회지 1996 : 34( 2) : 슬관절반월판열상의 MR 진단에었어서횡단면 3-D Fourier Transformation GRASS 영상의가치 1 안영준 권순태 정연신 최창락 윤완규 조준식 이광진 2 목적 : 반월판열상의진단에있어서고식적 2-D 영상 (conventional 2-D image) 과횡단면 3-D 영상 (axial 3-D image) 으 민감도와특이도를비교하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 임상적으로반월판열상이의심되어 MRI를시행한 27환자의 29슬관절을대상으로하였고, 1.5 T 자기공명영상장치를사용하여고식적 2-D 관상면및시상면영상과함께횡단면 3-D 영상을모든환자에서얻었다. 횡단면 3-D 영상은 GRASS 기법으로하였다. 반월판열상의분석은관절경술이나수술소견을 G이 d standard로하였으며고식적 2-D 영상과횡단면 3-D 영상을각각분석한후, 다시 2-D와 3-D 영상을병용하여분석하였다. 두기법사이의민감도와특이도의차이를통계적검증 (Chi -Square test) 하였다. 결과 : 횡단면 3-D 영상에서는열상으로증명된 23예의반월판중 21 예에서, 정상으로증명된 35예의반월판중 33예에서정확하게진단할수있었으며 9 1.3% 의민감도와 94.3% 의특이도를보였다. 이에반해, 고식적 2-D 영상에서는 82.6% 의민감도와 97.1% 의특이도를보였다. 두기법을병용하여보았을때에는 95.7% 의민감도와 100.0% 의특이도를보였다. 반월판열상으로증명된 23예중에서두기법사이에서로상이한소견을보였던예가 4 여 있었으며 4여 중 3여 는고식적 2- D 영상에서위음성을보였고, 1 예는횡단면 3-D 영상에서위음성을보였다. 두기법에서모두위음성을보였던예가 1 예에서있었다. 정상반월판으로증명되었던 35예중에서위앙성이횡단면 3-D 영상에서 2여 있었고, 고식적 2-D 영상에서는 1 여 있었다. 결론 : 반월판열상의진단에있어서두기법사이의통계적유의성은없었으나, 임상적으로반윌판열상이의심되는제한된경우에있어서고식적 2-D 영상과함께앓은절단면의횡단면 3-D 영상을시행하여병용하였을때, 민감도를향상시킬수있을것으로기대된다. 서 자기공명영상 ( 야하 MR I) 은비침습적이고다평면상이 가능하며, 슬관절주위구조물을정확하게볼수있는장점 때문에슬내장의진단에유용한검사방법으로알려져있 으며, 특히반월판의이상유무를진단하는데있어서 MRI 는보편화되었다 (1-20). 그러나, 슬관절에대한 MRI 를시행할때절편두께를 3 rnrn 이상으로하는고식적 2-D 영상 (conventional 2-D image) 에서는절편두께가너무두꺼워서횡단면영상에서 반월판의이상유무를판독하기는어렵고주로관상면과 시상면영상만으로반월판의이상유무를판독하였다. l 충남대학교의과대학진단방사선과학교실 2 충남대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 이논문은 1995 년 11 월 27 일접수하여 년 1 월 31 일에채택되었음 론 이에저자들은임상적으로반월판열상이의심되어 M RI를시행한환자를대상무로고식적 2-D 영상과함께 o. 7mm 절편두께의횡단면 3-D 영상 (Axial 3-D image) 을 같이시행하여반월판열상의유무를진단하고그각각의 민감도와특이도를비교하였다. 대상및방법 1994 년 7 월에서 1995 년 2 월사이에엄상적으로반월판 열상이의심되어슬관절 MRI 를시행한환자중에서관절 경술이나수술을통하여반월판열상유무를진단받은 27 환자의 29 슬관절을대상으로하였다. 이 27 환자중 17 명은 남자였고 10 명은여자였으며, 연령분포는 세로평 균 31 세이었다. 사용된 MRI 는 1.5 T General Electric Signa System (Milwaukee, WI) 이었으며환자를앙와위로굽히고편안 하게슬관절을신전시킨상태에서 extremity coil 을사용

2 대한방사선의학회지 1996: 34(2) : 하여고식척 2-D 관상면및시상면영상과함께횡단면 3- D 영상을모든환자에서얻었다. 횡단면 3-D 영상은 G RASS( Gr adient -recalled acquisition in the steady state) 기법 (TR/TE/FA, 55msec / 15msec/10 0 ) 으로하였으며, 256 x 192 Matrix Number, 1.5 excitations, 16Cm FOV, 절편간격없이 0.7mm 절편두께로영상을얻었고, Scanning time은 8분 31초였다. 또한, 모든환자에서스핀에코 (Spin echo) 기법으로시상면의 T2강조영상 (TR / TE, 4000 msec / 100 msec) 및양자농도영상 (4000/20) 과관상변의 T1 강조영상 (600/25) 을얻었고, 경사에코 (Gradient echo) 기법으로관상면의 T2* 영상을얻었으며, 256 x 192 Matrix Number, 16Cm FOV, 절편두께와간격은각각 3mm와 1mm로하였다. MRI상반월판병변의판정기준은 Stoller(9) 등의 Grading system에따라시행하였다. Grade 1 또는 2는구형또는선상의고신호강도가반월판의관절면까지확장을보이지않는것으로조직학적으로반월판의퇴행성변화에해당하며, Grade 3는반월판의관절면까지확장하는것으로조직학적 로반월판열상에해당한다. 반월판열상의분석은관절경술이나수술소견을 Gold Standard로서사용하였고, 이소견을모르는상태에서근 골격계를포함한 2 명의방사선과전문의가후향적으로분 석하였으며, 2 - D 관상면및시상면영상과 3-D 횡단면영 상을각각분석한후, 다시 2-D 와 3-D 영상을병용하여분 석하였다. 두기법사이의민감도와특이도의차이는카이 Fig. 1. Examples 01 normal menisci. Axial 3-D GRASS image (55/15/10 0 ) mm-thick section 01 knee. Normal lateral(l) and medial(m) menisci are accurately depicted as bands 01 low signal intensity. a b Fig. 2. Lateral meniscal tear a. Axial 3-D GRASS image 01 knee shows small radial tear(arrow) in body 01 lateral meniscus. b, c. Consecutive sagittal proton density and coronal T2* -weighted MR images 01 knee do not show tear in body 01 lateral meniscus c 264-

3 안영준오 1: 슬관절반월판열상으 I MR 진단에있어서횡단면 3-D Fourier Transformation GRASS 영상 자승검사 (Chi -Square test) 로통계적검증을하였다. D 영상에서는 23 예의반월판열상중 21 예 (11 외측및 10 내측반월판 ) 와 35 예의정상반월판중 33 예 (1 6 외측및 17 결 횡단면 3- D GRASS 영상에서정상반월판은주위의활 막액에의한고신호강도에의해저신호강도의 Bands 로 과 서선명하게대조되어관찰된다 (Fig.1). MRI 를시행한 58 예의반월판중에서관절경술이나수술 소견상 35 예 (1 6 외측및 19 내측반월판 ) 는정상이였고 23 예 (1 3 외측빛 10 내측반월판 ) 는열상이있었다. 횡단면 3 Table 1. Efficacy Results 01 Conventional 2-D Imaging vs Axial 3-D GRASS Imaging vs Combined Interpretation Efficacy 2-D 3-D Combined Interpretation Sensitivity( %) Specilicity( %) FPV(%) NPV(%) PPV: positive predictive value NPV: negative predictive val ue 내측반월판 ) 를정확하게진단할수있었으며, 2예 (2외측반월판 ) 의위음성과 2예 (2내측반월판 ) 의위양성이있었고, % 의민감도와 94.3% 의특이도를보였다. 이에반해, 고식적 2 -D 영상에서는 19예 (9외측빛 10내측반월판 ) 의반월판열상과 34예의정상반월판을진단할수있었으며, 4예 (4외측반월판 ) 의위음성과 1예 (1내측반월판 ) 의위양성이있었고, 82.6% 의민감도와 97.1 % 의특이도를보였다. 또한, 2 - D와 3 - D 영상을병용하여보았을때에는 95. 7% 의민감도와 100.0% 의특이도를보였다 (Table 1). 관절경술이나수술을통하여반월판열상으로증명된 23 예중에서두기법사이에서로상이한소견을보였던예가 4예에서있었다.4예중 3예는횡단면 3-D 영상에서열상을보였고 2-D 영상에서는열상을보이지않았으며, 이들은각각반월판의체부 (body) 의자유변연부 (free edge) 의 small radial tear이거나반월판의후각 (posterior horn) 에 peripheral tear 였다 (Fig. 2, 3). 나머지 1예는횡단면 3 - D 영상에서는열상을보이지않았으나고식적 2 - D 영상에서는작은수평열상 (small horizontal tear) 이외측반월판의후각에있였다. 또한, 두기볍에서모두위음성을 a b Fig. 3. Lateral meniscal tear associated with discoid lateral memscus a. Axial 3-D GRASS image 01 knee shows small radial tear(arrow) in body 01 discoid lateral meniscus b, c. Consecutive sagittal proton density and coronal T2*-weighted MR images 01 knee do not show tear in body 01 discoid lateral meniscus c X

4 대한방사선의학회지 1996: 34( 2) : Fig. 4. Medial meniscal degeneration a. Axial 3-D GRASS image of knee was interpreted as showing a probably horizontal tear rather than degeneration in posterior horn of medial meniscus(arrow), but a tear was not discovered at arthroscopy b. Sagittal proton density weighted image shows a definite meniscal degeneration(arrow) without articular extension of intrameniscal high signal intensity. a b 보인예가 1 예에서있었으며관절경소견에서외측반월판 의후각에 flap tear 가있었다. 횡단면 3-D 영상에서위양 성으로보였던 2 예모두는내측반월판의후각에수평열상 으로보였다 (Fig. 4). 반월판열상의진단에있어서두기법사이의민감도와 특이도의차이를카이자승검사로통계적검증하여본결 과, 유의성은없었다 (P>0.05). 고 슬내장의진단에있어서 MRI 는보편화되었으나 (1-20), 대부분의고식적 2-D 영상이절편두께를 3rnm 이상으 로시행하기때문에반월판열상을진단하는데있어서주로 관상면과시상면영상에의해이루어지므로일부제한된 요소가있다. 반월판의자유변연부의작은열상 (small tear) 이나, 선상퇴행성변화 (linear degeneration), 또는반 월판에수직 (perpendicular) 한열상은고식적 2 -D 영상으 로진단하기가쉽지가않다 (17). 찰 이러한경우절편간격없 이앓은절편두께의 3-D 영상을병용하게되면두꺼운절 편두께와절편간격에의한 volume-averaging 을감소시키 므로서작은열상을진단하는데많은도움이된다 (11-17). 최근에매우짧은 Repetition time(tr) 을사용한 Gradient -refocused imaging sequence 의발달로슬관절을진 단하는데있어서실용적인 scanning time 으로 3-D 영상 을이용할수있게되었고, 반월판이상을진단하는데있어 서고식적 2- D 영상과비교할만한결과를얻었다 (11-16). Harms(1 5 ) 등이반월판의이상유무를진단하는데있 어서처음으로횡단면 3-D 영상의가치에대해언급한이 래, Araki (17) 등은 0.7mm 의앓은절편두께로횡단면 3-D 영상을얻어반월판열상을진단하는데있어서고식적 2 D 영상보다횡단면 3 -D 영상이민감도가더높음을보여 주였으며, 특히, 반월판의자유변연부의 small radial tear 의진단에있어서횡단면 3-D 영상이더좋음을증명하였 다. 저자들의연구에서도고식적 2-D 영상과함께 0.7mm 절편두께의횡단면 3-D 영상을얻어두기법사이의민감도와특이도를비교하여본결과, 반월판열상을진단하는데있어서횡단면 3-D 영상이고식적 2-D 영상보다민감도가더높았다. 관절경술이나수술을통해반월판열상으로증명된 23예중에서두기법사이에서로상이한소견을보였던 4예중횡단면 3-D 영상에서만열상을보였던 3예는 small radial tear나 peripheral t ea r가반월판의체부의자유변연부나후각에있었다. 이결과는 Araki (l7) 등의연구에서처럼반월판의자유변연부의 small radial tear 의진단에있어서횡단면 3-D 영상이더유용했던것과일치하며, 또한횡단면 3-D 영상이앓은절편두께로절편간격없이연속적으로영상을얻기때문에고식적 2-D 영상에서진단하기어려운 peripheral tear도횡단면 3-D 영상으로진단하는데더유용하였다. 그리고횡단면 3-D 영상은반월판의전체윤곽을한번에볼수있기때문에고식적 2-D 영상보다반월판의형태와열상의형태를더잘알수있었다. 횡단면 3-D 영상에서위양성을보였던 2예가있었으며, 2예모두가관절경술로그열상유무를알기가어려운위치로알려진내측반월판의후각에서수평열상으로관찰되었고, 또한, 횡단면 3-D 영상에서외측반월판의후각에선상퇴행성변화로판독하였으나수술을통해수평열상으로증명되었던 2예에서처럼횡단면 3-D 영상에서는선상퇴행성변화와수평열상을감별하는데있어서는쉽지않았다. 저자들의연구의제한점으로는첫째, 대상이적었던점, 둘째, 관절경술이나수술소견을바탕으로후향적으로분석함으로서일부편견이삽업될수있었던점, 셋째, 일부환자에서는관절경술만시행하였기때문에관절경술소견이횡단면 3-D 영상과비교할만한완벽한 Gold standard 가되지못했던점을들수가있다. 결론적으로슬관절반월판열상의진단에있어서고식적 2-D 영상과횡단면 3-D 영상사이의민감도와특이도차이의통계적유의성은없었 A나 (P>0.05), 횡단면 3-D 영 ι상이고식적 2-D 영상보다반월판의이상을진단하는데

5 안영준외. 슬관절반월판열상으 I MR 진단에있어서횡단면 3-D Fourier Transformation GRASS 영삼 좀더유용하였다. 그러므로엄상적으로반월판열상이의 1987; 163: 심되는제한된경우에있어서고식적 2-D 영상과함께앓 은절편두께의횡단면 3-D GRASS 영상 (Thin -sliced Axial 3-D GRASS image) 을시행하여병용하였을때에는반 월판열상의진단시민감도를향상시킬수있을것으로기 대된다. jij C그 고 헌 10 요충모, 강흥식, 송치성, 성상철슬내장 : 자기공명영상진단의정확 도대한방사선의학회지 1993; 29(4) : Solomon SL, Totty WG, Lee JKT. MR imaging 01 the knee: comparison 01 three-dimensional FISP and two-dimensional spin-echo pulse sequences. Radiology 1989 ; 173 : Reeder JO, Matz SO, Becker L, Andelman SM. MR imaging 01 the knee in the sagittal pr 이 ection : comparison 01 three-dimensional gradient-echo and spin-echo sequences. AJR 19 89; 153 : Haggar AM, Froelich JW, Hearshen 00, Sadasivan K. Menis- 1. Kean OM, Worthington BS, Preston BJ, et al. NMR imaging 01 cal abnormalities 01 the knee : 30FT last-scan GRASS MR imknee: example 01 normal anatomy and pathology. Br J Radiol aging. AJR 1987; 150: ; 56: Spritzer CE, Vogler JB, Garret WE Jr, et al. MR imaging Reicher MA, Rauschning W, Gold R 에, Bassett LW, Lulkin RB. the knee preliminary results with a 3DFT GRASS pulse se- High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging 01 the knee joint quence. AJR 1988; 150 : :normal anatomy. AJR 1985 ;145: Harms SE, Flaming OP, Fisher CF, et al. New method lor last 3. Reicher MA, Bassett LW, Gold RH. High resolution magnetic MR imaging 01 the knee. Radiology 1989; 173 : resonance imaging 01 knee joint : pathologic correlations. AJR 16. Tyrrell RL, Gluckert K, Pathria M, Modic MT. Fast three- 1985;145: dimensional MR imaging 01 the knee:comparison with ar- 4. Reicher MA, Hartzman S, Ouckwiler G, Bassett LW, Anderson throscopy. Radiology 1988; 166 : IJ, Gold RH. Meniscal injuries: detection using MR imaging. Radiology 1986 ; 159 : Araki Y, Ootani F, Tsukaguchi 1, et al. MR diagnosis 01 men- iscal tears 01 the knee : value 01 axial three-dimensional Fou- 5. Gallimore GW Jr, Harms SE. Knee injuries : High-resolution rier translormation GRASS images. AJR 1992; 158 : MR imaging. Radiology 1986;160 : Kaplan PA, Nelson NL, Garvin KL, Brown DE. MR 01 the knee 6 박길선, 강흥식, 한문희, 한만칭 l 김주완, 성상철슬관절반월판손 : the signilicance 01 high signal in the meniscus that does not 상의자기공명영상대한방사선의학회지 1989; 25(6) : clearly extend to the surlace. AJR 1991 ; 김성문, 강흥식, 안중모, 성상칠원판형슬관절반월의자기공명영 19. Oe Smet AA, Norris MA, Yandow OR, et al. MR diagnosis 01 상대한방사선의학회지 1992; 28(3) : meniscal tears 01 the knee: importance 01 high signal in the 8. Crues JV, Mink J, Levy TL, Lotysch M, St 이 ler Ow. Meniscal meniscus that extends to the surlace. AJR 1993; 161 : 1 이 -107 tears 01 the knee accuracy 01 MR imaging. Radiology 1987 ; 20. Rubin DA, Kneeland JB, Li sterud J, et al. MR diagnosis : meniscal tears 01 the knee:value 01 last spin-echo vs con- 9. Stoller OW, Martin C, Crues JV 川, Kaplan L, Mink JH. Menis- ventional spin-echo p 비 se sequences. AJR 1994; 162 : cal tears : pathologic correlation with MR imaging. Radiology

6 대한방사선의학회지 1996: 34(2) : journal of the Korean Radiological Society 1996: 34(2 ) : Value ofaxial 3-D Fourier Transformation GRASS MR Images in Diagnosis of Meniscal Tears of the Knee' Young Jun Ahn, M.D., Soon Tae Kwon, M.D., Youn Sin Jeong, M.D., Chang Lak Choi, M.D., Wan Gyu Youn, M.D., June Sik Cho, M.D., Kwang Jin Lee, M.D. 2 1 Department 0' Diagnostic Radiology, Chungnam National University CoJlege 0' Medicine 2 Department 0' Orthopedics, Chungnam National University College 0' Medicine Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the sensitivity and specificity ofaxial 3-D imaging with those of conventional 2-D imaging in the diagnosis of meniscal injuries. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine knees of 27 patients with clinically suspected meniscal tears were imaged at a 1.5 T MR system. Conventional 2-D images and axial 3-D GRASS images were obtained in all cases. Arthroscopic or surgical confirmation was available in all cases and was used as the gold standard Results: Among the 29 knee-j 이 nts evaluated, 21 of 23 meniscal tears and 33 of 35 normal menisci were correctly identified with axial 3-D imaging, yielding a sensitivity of 91.3% and specificity of 94.3%. Conversely, the sensitivity was 82.6% and the specificity was 97.1 % for the conventional 2-D technique. A combination of both techniques yielded 95.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the diagnosis of meniscal tears. Of the 23 meniscal tears proven at arthroscopy or surgery, there were four discrepancies between the two techniques; three of the four represented false-negative 2-D images and one was a false-negative axial 3-D image. Of 35 normal menisci, two false-positives occurred with axial 3-D imaging and one with 2-D imaging Conclusion: Despite the lack of a statistically significant difference between the efficacy of the two techniques, these results suggest that the sensitivity in the diagnosis of meniscal tears can be improved by adding thin-sliced axial 3-D GRASS imaging to conventional 2-D imaging in the limited cases with clinically suspected meniscal tears Index Words: Knee, injuries Knee, MR Knee, ligaments, menisci, and cartilage Address reprint requests to: Soon Tae Kwon, M.D., Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chungnam National University Hospital. # 640, Daesa 강 ong, Jung -ku, Dae jeon Korea. Tel Fax

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