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1 Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering Journal 31(1): (2016) ISSN / eissn 연구논문 돌연변이 p53 단백질의 Silencing 에의한사람유방암세포의 in vivo 항종양효과 박원익 1, 박세라 1, 박현주 1, 배윤희 1, 유현수 1, 장혜옥 1, 배문경 2, 배수경 1 * Silencing of Mutant p53 Leads to Suppression of Human Breast Xenograft Tumor Growth in vivo Won Ick Park 1, Se-Ra Park 1, Hyun-Joo Park 1, Yun-Hee Bae 1, Hyun Su Ryu 1, Hye-Ock Jang 1, Moon-Kyoung Bae 2, and Soo-Kyung Bae 1 * Received: 18 January 2016 / Revised: 19 February 2016 / Accepted: 28 February The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1 부산대학교치의학전문대학원치과약리학교실 1 Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea Tel: , Fax: ; skbae@pusan.ac.kr 2 부산대학교치의학전문대학원구강생리학교실 2 Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea Abstract: Mutant p53 (R280K) is highly expressed in MDA- MB-231 triple-negative human breast cancer cells. Currently, we reported the role of mutant p53-r280k in mediating the survival of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro. The present study was undertaken to determine whether mutant p53-r280k affects breast cancer cell growth in vivo. To this end, we used small interfering RNA to knockdown the level of mutant p53- R280K in MDA-MB-231 cells. Silencing of mutant p53- R280K in MDA-MB-231 cells causes substantial tumor regression of established xenografts in vivo. In xenograft model for breast cancer, silencing of mutant p53-r280k in MDA- MB-231 cells significantly inhibited the tumor growth. Moreover, TUNEL assay showed more occurrence of apoptotic cells in mutant p53-r280k silenced tumors compared to control. Our data indicate that mutant p53-r280k has an important role in mediating tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in vivo. Taken together, this study suggests that endogenous mutant p53-r280k could be used as a therapeutic target for breast cancer cells harboring this TP53 missense mutation. Keywords: Mutant p53, Breast cancer, Apoptosis, Xenograft tumor model 1. INTRODUCTION TP53 은 p53 단백질의유전정보를암호화하고있는암억제유전자이다. 전사인자로잘알려져있는 p53 단백질은 DNA 손상, 저산소, 그리고암유전자발현등과같은세포손상유발원에의해활성화되며타깃유전자들의전사를증가시킴으로써 DNA 수선, 세포성장지연, 손상세포의세포자멸사 (apoptosis) 유발등의과정을통해종양발생을억제하는데기여한다 [1-3]. TP53 유전자는사람암종의 50 % 이상에서돌연변이가관찰되며이러한돌연변이로인해야생형 (wild type) p53 단백질은암을억제하는고유기능을잃거나우성음성 (dominant negative) 활성을나타내는것으로알려져있다 [1-5]. 또한발암기능 - 획득 (oncogenic gain-of-function) 활성을새롭게가지게된 p53 돌연변이단백질들은 DNA 손상후나타나는세포주기억류 (cell cycle arrest) 와세포자멸사를방해함으로써결국암세포생존율의증가와종양발생을초래하게된다 [6,7]. p53 돌연변이단백질중에 p53-r280t 는 5637 방광암세포주의세포생존을증가시키며 sirna 를이용한실험에서암

2 돌연변이 p53 단백질의 Silencing 에의한사람유방암세포의 in vivo 항종양효과 53 세포내 p53-r280t의발현양을감소시켰을때항암제인 cisplatin에대한민감도가증가한다고알려져있다 [8]. 또다른 p53 돌연변이단백질인 p53-l194f는유방암세포주인 T47D의생존조절에관여하며 p53-r273h는유방암세포주 MDA-MB-468의생존조절을매개한다고발표되었다 [9]. 이러한연구결과들은 p53 돌연변이단백질에의한암세포의세포자멸사억제에관한실험적증거가되며향후이들 p53 돌연변이단백질을타깃으로한항암치료제개발에응용가능할것으로여겨진다. 트리플-음성유방암 (triple-negative breast cancers, TNBC: negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 expression) 은초기진단이어렵고높은전이능을가진악성종양으로알려져있다 [10]. 따라서이러한특징을가진유방암세포의증식과생존에영향을미치는인자나유전자에대한연구는매우중요하며현재활발히진행중이다. 정상 p53 단백질의코돈 280번자리가아르기닌에서리신으로치환된 p53-r280k은트리플-음성유방암세포인 MDA-MB-231에서발견되는 p53 돌연변이단백질이다 [10-12]. 본연구진은최근 p53-r280k의 MDA-MB-231 생존조절기능에대한 in vitro 연구결과를보고하였다 [11,12]. 하지만지금까지 MDA-MB-231의 in vivo 종양성장에미치는 p53- R280K의효과에관한연구는발표된바없다. 따라서본연구에서는 p53-r280k의 in vivo 효과를확인하기위해 sirna 실험기법과 MDA-MB-231을누드생쥐에이식하여종양의성장을연구하는이종이식모델 (human tumor xenograft models) 을이용하여실험을진행하였으며, 향후트리플-음성유방암에대한유전자치료타깃으로서 p53-r280k의활용가능성을탐색하고자한다. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD 2.1. 실험재료 Mouse monoclonal anti-p53 과 anti-β-actin 항체는 Calbiochem (San Diego, CA) 과 Abcam (Cambridge, MA) 에서각각구입하였다. Rabbit polyclonal anti-cleaved Notch1 (c-notch1) 항체는 Milipore (Billerica, MA) 에서구입하였다. Rabbit polyclonal anti-parp, Bcl-2, p21, Cyclin D1 그리고 mouse monoclonal anti-caspase-3 항체들은 Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) 에서구입하였다. Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG 와 Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated anti-mouse IgG 는 Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR) 에서구입하였다. Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG 와 goat anti-mouse IgG 는 Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA) 에서구입하였다 세포배양인간유방암세포인 MDA-MB-231 세포는 American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) 에서분양받았다. 열처리로불활성화시킨 10% 우태아혈청 (fetal bovine serum, FBS, GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, NY) 과 1% 항생제가포함된 Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (DMEM: GIBCO BRL, Grand Island, NY) 을사용하였고, 37 o C로유지되는 5% 의 CO 2 배양기를사용하여배양하였다 Transient transfection of small interfering (si)rna 실험에사용된 p53-r280k의 double-strand sirna oligonucleotides (5'-GACUCCAGUGGUAAUCUACTT-3' and 5'-GU AGAUUACCACUGGAGUCTT-3') 와 negative-control sirna 는 Bioneer (Daejeon, Korea) 에서구입하였다. Oligofectamine (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) 을사용하여 200 nm의 sirna를 MDA-MB-231 세포에형질주입시켰다 RNA 분리및역전사중합효소연쇄반응 (RT-PCR) MDA-MB-231 세포로부터 total RNA 의분리는 TRIzol reagent kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) 를사용하여진행하였고, cdna 는 2 μg 의 total RNA 를사용하여역전사반응키트 (reverse transcription kit- Promega, Madison, WI) 로합성하였다. PCR 에사용된 oligonucleotide primers 는다음과같다. β-actin; Forward-5'-GACTACCTCATGAAGATC-3, Reverse-5-GATCCACATCTGCTG GAA-3' p53; Forward- 5'-GGC CCACTTCACCGTACTAA-3, Reverse-5'-GTGGTTTCA AGG CCAGATGT-3' 2.5. Western blot analysis MDA-MB-231 세포와동결보관된종양조직으로부터의단백질분리는 lysis buffer (40 mm Tris-Cl, 10 mm EDTA, 120 mm NaCl and 0.1% NP-40 with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, St Louis, MO)) 를사용하여진행하였다. 분리된단백질 (30 μg/lane) 은 SDS/PAGE에서전기영동후 nitrocellulose membrane (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) 으로이동시켰다. 그리고 5% skim milk에 blocking을하였고 0.1% tween-20이들어있는 PBS에 1차항체와 2차항체를순차적으로처리하여적당한시간동안반응시킨후 enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ) 용액을사용하여암실에서 X-ray 필름에감광시켜특정단백질양을분석하였다 이종이식종양형성 (Tumor xenograft growth) 모든동물실험은동물보호를위한제도적지침과미국국립보건연구소 (NIH publication No revised 1996) 에서출판된실험동물의사용설명서에따라실시하였다. 그리고동물보호기관과국립부산대학교위원회승인을받았다. 6 주된수컷 BALB/c 누드생쥐는 Orient Bio Inc. (Sungnam, Korea) 에서구입하였다. 실험에는 p53 sirna 또는 control sirna 를형질주입한 개의 MDA-MB-231 세포를사용하였고생쥐의왼쪽측면에이들세포를피하주사하였다. 모든생쥐들은병원체가없는환경에서유지하였고종양이자라는것을주기적으로관찰하였다. 이종이식으로형성된 MDA-MB-231

3 54 Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering Journal 31(1): (2016) 세포의종양부피와생쥐의무게는 30 일동안 5 일간격으로측정하였다. 종양의부피는 (length width 2 )/2 로계산하였다 조직학적분석파라핀처리된조직의절편은 4 μm 두께로잘라주고 hematoxylin 과 eosin (H&E) 으로염색한뒤 Nikon Eclipse 55i 현미경으로분석하였다. 면역조직화학법으로염색하기위해조직절편을 -20 o C 에서 20 분동안아세톤에고정시켰다. 그리고 5% goat serum 과 0.1% Triton X-100 이들어있는 PBS 에 60 분간 blocking 하였다. 그런다음 1% goat serum 과 0.1% Triton X-100 이들어있는 PBS 에 mouse monoclonal anti-p53 항체 (1:300) 와 rabbit polyclonal anti-c-notch1 항체 (1:200) 를첨가하여반응시킨다. 이항체들을확인하기위해 Alexa Fluor 594- conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1:400) 과 Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1:400) 을사용하였고, 면역형광염색은 Carl Zeiss Axio imager M2 형광현미경으로확인하였다 Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dutp nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay 세포자멸사측정을위한실험은제조사의지침에따라서 DeadEndTM Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega, Madison, Fig. 1. Effects of sirna on p53 expression. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with control sirna or with p53 sirna for 48 h. (A) The mrna levels of human p53 and b-actin were detected by RT-PCR analysis; representative RT-PCR. (B) The protein levels of human p53 and β-actin were detected by Western blot analysis; representative Western blot. Fig. 2. Effects of p53 silencing on tumor growth in vivo. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with control sirna or p53 sirna and then subcutaneously injected in the flank of 6-week-old male athymic nude mice (n=5 in each treatment group). After 30 days, the tumor masses were removed, photographed, and used for preparation of paraffin-embedded sections. (A) Images of representative animals with solid tumor and tumor masses. The tumor volume (B) and body weight (C) of mice were measured. *p<0.05 vs. control sirna.

4 돌연변이 p53 단백질의 Silencing 에의한사람유방암세포의 in vivo 항종양효과 55 WI) 으로확인하였다. OCT 처리된조직의절편을 4 μm 두께로잘라주고 4 o C 에서 25 분동안 4% 파라포름알데하이드 (paraformaldehyde) 에서고정시켰다. 그런다음실온에서 5 분간 0.2% Triton X-100 으로반응시킨다. DNA 3'- 말단효소에 TdTmediated dutp nick end labeling (TUNEL) 혼합물을 37 o C humidified chamber 에서 60 분동안반응시킨다. 라벨링된 DNA 조각 (Labeled DNA fragment) 은형광현미경 (Nikon, Instech Co., Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan) 으로확인하였다 통계처리본실험에대한실험결과는세번실험하여얻어진평균치및표준편차를나타내었고그룹간의통계적차이는 Student s t- test 를이용하여분석하였다. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. sirna 에의한세포내 p53-r280k 발현감소본연구진은최근 p53-r280k 의유방암세포증식에미치는 in vitro 실험결과를발표 [11,12] 한바있으며이를토대로본연구에서는 in vivo 종양성장에미치는 p53-r280k 의영향에대해조사하고자한다. 먼저 sirna 를사용하여 MDA-MB- 231 세포내 p53-r280k 의발현양을조절하였으며이에대한확인은 RT-PCR 과 western blot 분석을통해진행되었다. 그결과, control sirna 로형질주입된대조군에비해 p53 sirna 로형질주입된 MDA-MB-231 세포내 p53-r280k 의 mrna (Fig. 1A) 와단백질 (Fig. 1B) 의발현양이현저히감소되어있음을확인할수있었다. 본연구를통해확립한 p53-silencing MDA-MB-231 세포는 in vivo 종양성장에미치는 p53-r280k 의작용에관한다음의연구에사용되었다 p53 silencing 이 in vivo 종양형성에미치는효과 p53-r280k 단백질발현양의감소가 in vivo 에서 MDA-MB- 231 유방암세포의성장에어떠한영향을미치는지를조사하기위하여이종이식생쥐모델을사용하였다. 가슴샘이제거된누드생쥐측면의표피와진피사이에 p53-silencing MDA-MB-231 세포를주입한뒤 30 일동안 5 일간격으로종양의부피와생쥐의몸무게를측정하였고주입후 30 일째되는날에종양을분리해내었다. 종양의크기 (Fig. 2A) 와날짜별부피 (Fig. 2B) 는대조군에비해 p53-silencing MDA-MB- 231 세포를주입한종양의경우에서현저한감소를보였다. 반면, 생쥐의무게 (Fig. 2C) 는두그룹에서차이를나타내지않았다. 이러한연구결과를통해 in vivo 에서 p53-silencing MDA-MB-231 세포의종양형성능이대조군에비해저하된것을알수있다 p53-silencing 종양내 p53 과 Notch1 의발현 MDA-MB-231 세포를생쥐에이종이식하여자라난종양을분리해내어조직학적분석을진행하였다. 조직내세포의분 포와밀도를확인하기위하여헤마톡실린과에오진염색을실시하였고그결과, p53-silencing MDA-MB-231 세포를이식하여생겨난종양 (p53-silencing 종양 ) 에서는대조군에비해세포밀도가낮게나타났다 (Fig. 3A). 종양내 p53-r280k 단백질의발현정도를조사하기위하여면역조직화학법으로형광염색을한결과, p53-silencing 종양조직에서 p53 단백질의발현이대조군에비해낮음을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 3B). 최근본연구진은전사인자로작용하는 p53-r280k 단백질의하류타깃유전자중하나로 Notch1 을새롭게동정하여발표한바있다 [11]. 따라서본연구에서는 p53-r280k 와 Notch1 간의상관성이 in vivo 에서도나타나는지를조사하기위하여 Notch1 단백질의발현정도를관찰하였다. 그결과, p53-r280k 의발현이낮게나온종양조직에서는 Notch1 의발현도함께급격히감소함을확인하였다 (Fig. 3C). DAPI 로염색하였을때조직내세포의전체분포도는대조군과 p53 silencing 종양간에큰차이가없었고 DAPI- 양성세포에서 p53-r280k 단백질과 Notch1 단백질이발현되고있었다 (Fig. 3D). 이러한연구결과를바탕으로볼때, p53 silencing 은 in vitro 에서뿐만아니라 in vivo 에서도유방암세포의증 Fig. 3. Effects of p53 silencing on Notch1 expression in human breast xenograft tumor. MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with control sirna or p53 sirna were subcutaneously injected in the flank of athymic nude mice (n=5 in each treatment group). The tumor tissue was removed from mice at 30 days and embedded in paraffin. Tissue sections from xenograft tumors were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunostained with antibodies against p53 or Notch1. DAPI (blue) stains nuclear DNA. Scale bar: 100 mm.

5 56 Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengineering Journal 31(1): (2016) 식에영향을미치며이는일부 Notch1 의발현을억제함으로써항종양효과를나타내는것으로사료된다 p53 silencing 이 in vivo 종양내세포자멸사유발에미치는효과 p53 sirna-silencing MDA-MB-231 세포의 in vitro 증식억제는세포자멸사와관련이있다는이전의연구결과 [11,12] 를바탕으로하여 p53-silencing 종양조직에서세포자멸사발생정도를확인하고자 TUNEL 분석을실시하였다. 그결과, 대조군에비해 p53 silencing 종양조직에서더많은수의 TUNEL- 양성세포가관찰되었다 (Fig. 4A, 4B). 세포자멸사의분자생물학적검증을위하여종양조직내세포자멸사관련단백질들의발현양을 western blot 으로분석한결과, 대조군에비해 p53 silencing 종양조직에서는세포자멸사억제와세포증식에관여하는 Bcl2 와 Cyclin D1 의발현양이감소하 였고 p21 의경우엔서로간에큰차이가없음을관찰하였다. 반면, 세포자멸사발생여부를확인할수있는마커로사용되는 PARP 와 Caspase-3 의활성화정도가크게증가한것을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 4C). 이러한연구결과들은 p53 silencing 에의해세포자멸사가유도되고이로인해 in vivo 에서종양형성이감소되었음을시사해준다. 4. CONCLUSION 본연구를통해트리플 - 음성유방암세포주인 MDA-MB-231 에서다량발현되고있는 p53 돌연변이단백질인 p53-r280k 은 MDA-MB-231 세포의 in vivo 종양형성에중요함을확인하였다. sirna 를이용한유전자 silencing 방법을통해 MDA- MB-231 세포내 R280K 발현양을인위적으로감소시킨 p53- Fig. 4. Effects of p53 silencing on cellular apoptosis in human breast xenograft tumor. MDA-MB-231 cells transfected with control sirna or p53 sirna were subcutaneously injected in the flank of athymic nude mice (n=5 in each treatment group). After 30 days, the tumor masses were removed, and embedded in OCT compound or used for preparation of total protein extraction. (A and B) Apoptotic cells of tissue sections from xenograft tumors were detected by the TUNEL assay. The stained cells (green) were counted, and the percentage of positive cells was calculated. DAPI (blue) stains nuclear DNA. Scale bar: 50 mm. **p<0.001 vs. control sirna, n=3. (C) Western blot analysis for detecting Bcl-2, Caspase 3, PARP, Cyclin D1, p21, and b-actin protein levels in the xenograft tumor.

6 돌연변이 p53 단백질의 Silencing 에의한사람유방암세포의 in vivo 항종양효과 57 silencing MDA-MB-231 세포를확립하여누드생쥐에이종이식한뒤종양형성을관찰한결과, 대조군과비교시종양의크기와부피면에서큰감소를나타냈다. 이종이식으로형성된종양조직에서 p53-r280k 과 p53-r280k 의타깃유전자로작용하는 Notch1 의발현을조사하였고그결과, p53-silencing 종양조직에서 p53-r280k 단백질발현양이감소하였으며동일조직에서 Notch1 단백질의발현양도현저히감소해있음을확인할수있었다. 또한 TUNEL 에세이를통해대조군에비해 p53-silencing 종양조직내에서세포자멸사가더많이발생하였음을관찰하였고 western blot 을통해 PARP 와 caspase-3 등세포자멸사관련단백질들의발현양이증가하였음을확인하였다. 따라서본연구결과들을종합해볼때향후트리플 - 음성유방암치료를위한새로운유전자치료법이나항암제개발에 p53 돌연변이단백질인 p53-r280k 과 Notch1 을타깃으로하는접근이유효할것으로판단된다. Acknowledgements 이논문은부산대학교기본연구지원사업 (2 년 ) 에의하여연구되었음. REFERENCES 1. Selivanova, G. (2004) P53: Fighting Cancer. Curr. Cancer. Drug Targets 4: Horn, H. F. and K. H. Vousden (2007) Coping with stress: multiple ways to activate p53. Oncogene. 26: Molchadsky, A., N. Rivlin, R. Brosh, V. Rotter, and R. Sarig (2010) P53 is balancing development, differentiation and de-differentiation to assure cancer prevention. Carcinogenesis. 31: Brosh, R. and V. Rotter (2009) When mutants gain new powers: news from the mutant p53 field. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 9: Walerych, D., M. Napoli, L. Collavin, and G. Del-Sal (2012) The rebel angel: mutant p53 as the driving oncogene in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 33: Wijnhoven, S. W., E. N. Speksnijder, X. Liu, E. Zwart, C. T. van Oostrom, R. B. Beems, E. M. Hoogervorst, M. M. Schaap, L. D. Attardi, T. Jacks, H. van Steeg, J. Jonkers, and A. devries (2007) Dominant-negative but not gain-of-function effects of a p53.r270h mutation in mouse epithelium tissue after DNA damage. Cancer Res. 67: Mehta, S. A., K. W. Christopherson, P. Bhat-Nakshatri, J. R. Goulet-RJ, H. E. Broxmeyer, L. Kopelovich, and H. Nakshatri (2007) Negative regulation of chemokine receptor CXCR4 by tumor suppressor p53 in breast cancer cells: implications of p53 mutation or isoform expression on breast cancer cell invasion. Oncogene. 26: Zhu, H. B., K. Yang, Y. Q. Xie, Y. W. Lin, Q. Q. Mao, and L. P. Xie (2013) Silencing of mutant p53 by sirna induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. World J. Surg. Oncol. 28: Lim, L. Y., N. Vidnovic, L. W. Ellisen, and C. O. Leong (2009) Mutant p53 mediates survival of breast cancer cells. Br. J. Cancer. 101: Bayraktar, S. and S. Glück (2013) Molecularly targeted therapies for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 138: Bae, Y. H., J. H. Ryu, H. J. Park, K. R. Kim, H. J. Wee, O. H. Lee, H. O. Jang, M. K. Bae, K. W. Kim, and S. K. Bae (2013) Mutant p53-notch1 signaling axis is involved in curcumin-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 17: Bae, Y. H., J. M. Shin, H. J. Park, H. O. Jang, M. K. Bae, and S. K. Bae (2014) Gain-of-function mutant p53-r280k mediates survival of breast cancer cells. Genes & Genomics 36:

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