목 차 I. COPD 환자종합평가에 FEV 1 은꼭필요한가? 1 엄수정 ( 동아대학교의과대학호흡기내과학교실 ) II. COPD 종합평가에 FEV 1 역할필요하다 7 김기욱 ( 부산대학교의과대학내과학교실, 부산대학교병원호흡기알레르기내과 ) III. COPD 와동반된기관지

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1 Volume 06 Number 01 JANUARY 2018 Volume 06 Number 01 JANUARY 2018 I. COPD 환자종합평가에 FEV 1 은꼭필요한가? II. COPD 종합평가에 FEV 1 역할필요하다 III. COPD 와동반된기관지확장증 IV. 만성폐쇄성폐질환에서심부전증과관상동맥질환 V. 말기 COPD 환자를위한완화의료적접근과임종기돌봄 VI. 금연치료의비약물요법과약물요법 VII. 천식환자면역요법의최신지견 VIII. 권역호흡기전문질환센터소개 IX. 대기오염과호흡기질환 : 단기영향 X. 대기오염과호흡기질환 : 장기영향

2 목 차 I. COPD 환자종합평가에 FEV 1 은꼭필요한가? 1 엄수정 ( 동아대학교의과대학호흡기내과학교실 ) II. COPD 종합평가에 FEV 1 역할필요하다 7 김기욱 ( 부산대학교의과대학내과학교실, 부산대학교병원호흡기알레르기내과 ) III. COPD 와동반된기관지확장증 11 이진국 ( 가톨릭대학교서울성모병원호흡기내과 ) IV. 만성폐쇄성폐질환에서심부전증과관상동맥질환 15 김유일 ( 전남대학교의과대학내과학교실 ) V. 말기 COPD 환자를위한완화의료적접근과임종기돌봄 22 박소영 ( 경희대학교병원호흡기내과 ) VI. 금연치료의비약물요법과약물요법 28 천은미 ( 이대목동병원호흡기내과 ) VII. 천식환자면역요법의최신지견 33 김민혜 ( 이화여자대학교의과대학내과학교실알레르기내과 ) VIII. 권역호흡기전문질환센터소개 39 이관호 ( 영남대학교의과대학내과학교실호흡기내과, 영남대학교병원권역호흡기전문질환센터 ) IX. 대기오염과호흡기질환 : 단기영향 43 박혜경 ( 부산대학교의과대학내과학교실 ) X. 대기오염과호흡기질환 : 장기영향 48 조용숙 1, 김우진 2 ( 1 경희대학교의과대학경희대학교병원호흡기내과, 2 강원대학교병원호흡기내과 )

3 I COPD 환자종합평가에 FEV 1 은꼭필요한가? 엄수정 동아대학교의과대학호흡기내과학교실 In totally revised version of Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2017 document, the degree of airflow limitation was excluded from patient assessment ABCD system. The claimed reasons for this change were because FEV 1 by itself lacks sufficient precision to be used clinically as a predictor and exacerbation history is the most powerful predictor of COPD exacerbation. Though GOLD ABCD classification had been introduced to reflect heterogeneity of COPD, considering air flow obstruction and exacerbations at the same time as a risk predictor made the classification heterogeneous, difficult to apply. The revised GOLD ABCD 2017 is simpler and more accessible to various levels of health care system than FEV 1 based version. However, there are concerns that the new ABCD is expected to shift significant proportion of patients from grades C and D to A and B. Initial treatment choice of Patients with severe air flow limitation and without frequent previous exacerbations will be LAMA or LABA alone instead of LABA/LAMA. Although the new step-up system is expected to complement the reduction, the impact of this change need more research. Key Words: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Assessment, Stratification, FEV 1 Corresponding author: Soo-Jung Um, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, 26 Daesingongwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49201, Korea Tel: , Fax: , sjum@dau.ac.kr 1. 서론 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 는 1998년설립되었는데목적은 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) 질환에대한교육을활성화하고전세계적으로진단과치료의기준을제시하기위함이었다 년에첫번째지침서를발간한이래약 5년마다개정되어왔으며그설립기준에맞게전세계적으로영향력을가진지침으로발전되었다. 최근 2017년도에 GOLD 지침에큰변화가있었는데, 이는 FEV 1 을환자평가법에서제외한것이다 1. GOLD 기준이생긴 2001년이후 10여년동안 FEV 1 이유일한환자평가도구였다는점을감안하면이는파격적결정이다. GOLD 위원회에서는 FEV 1 을제외하고자결정한배경에대한근거는부족하다고기술하고있는데이후 FEV 1 을제외하는것이더좋은가나쁜가에대해수많은논쟁이있다. 여러 COPD 코호트연구자들은개정전의평가법과개정후평가법에대한비교연구를시행하고있으며이미발표된자료도있다. 본고찰에서는 COPD 환자의평가에서 FEV 1 의의미와진료지침에서의역할에대해서살펴보고자한다. 1

4 2. GOLD 지침과 FEV 1 COPD 환자를평가하는목적은기류제한의중증도및기류제한이환자에게미치는영향, 즉증상과삶의질을평가하고악화나입원, 사망과같은중요위험도를예측하여결국치료방향을결정하기위해서이다. GOLD 에서 2001 년처음진료지침을발간한이후 FEV 1 으로환자를평가하고치료를결정하는체계를제시하였으며이는 2011년개정전까지유지되어왔다 (Figure 1) 2. FEV 1 은그자체가 COPD 라는질환의정의즉기류제한을의미하므로질환을결정하는가장중요한요소이다. 기류제한의중증도가증가할수록환자의삶의질이떨어질뿐아니라악화와사망위험도가증가한다는것은잘알려져있으며치료에대한반응을평가하는도구로써도인식되어왔다 3-5. FEV 1 으로기류제한의중증도를평가하는분류방법은 Table 1과같다 1. COPD 환자의치료목표는증상완화와위험도감소라는두가지목표로나눌수있으며증상완화는호흡곤란, 기침, 객담을감소시키고운동능력을증가시키며삶의질을향상시키는것이다. 위험도감소는질환의진행을막고악화를치료하고예방하며사망률을감소시키는것이다. 치료목표와연관되는환자의상태를나타내는여러지표들이개발되었는데호흡곤란의정도를나타내는 modified medical research council (mmrc), St. George respiratory questionnaire (SGRQ), 6분보행거리, 악화횟수등이다. 이들변수는각개인수준에서 FEV 1 과연관성이높지않다는것이밝혀졌는데특히 Agusti 등 6 이 Evaluation of COPD Longitudinally to Identify Predictive Surrogate Endpoints (ECLIPSE) 코호트환자 2,164명을대상으로분석하였을때같은중증도의기류제한이있는환자군내에서 mmrc, SGRQ, 6분보행거리, 전년도악화횟수및동반질환의분포가매우다양하게나타나 FEV 1 한가지로환자개인의상태를예측하기어렵다고보고하였다. Figure 1. COPD treatment strategy according to FEV 1 (by GOLD 2006). Table 1. Classification of air-flow limitation severity in COPD (based on post bronchodilator FEV 1) Mild Moderate Severe Very Severe FEV 1 80%pred. 50% FEV 1<80% pred. 30% FEV 1<50% pred. FEV 1<30% pred. Reference (1). 2

5 COPD 는다양한임상상이존재하는질환군으로여겨지고있으며치료를결정하는환자평가도구도이러한다양성을반영해야한다. 따라서 GOLD 는 2011년 FEV 1 뿐만아니라악화력, mmrc, CAT 를환자평가에포함시키고 ABCD 군으로분류하는방법으로대폭개정하였다 (Figure 2A). 이후 2017년개정에서는 FEV 1 을제외한평가도구를제안하였다. 단이는환자의약물치료를결정하는평가도구에한한다고하였다. Figure 2. Revised GOLD 2017 COPD assessment method(a) and strategy of phamacotherapy. (A) COPD assessment method. (B) Initial choice of pharmacotherapy according to revised GOLD2017 ABCD grouping. Green line: preferred treatment 3

6 3. COPD 의약물치료와 FEV 1 1) COPD 약물치료의목표와 FEV 1 Inhaled corticosteroid/long acting beta agonist (ICS/LABA) 및 Long acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) 는 3년이상진행된무작위대조군연구 (TORCH, UPLIFT) 에서증상을호전시키고악화를예방하였으며폐기능을호전시켰으나 COPD 질병의진행즉 FEV 1 감소속도에는영향을미치지못하였다 7,8. 두연구는약물치료로질환의진행을억제할수있는지보고자하였으나실패하였다. 폐기능의증가혹은감소즉질환의진행여부와진행정도는환자마다다양한데치료시점의폐기능즉 FEV 1 이질환진행을예측하는지에대해서는의문이있다. 전향적무작위대조군연구자료들과코호트연구자료들을모아서분석한결과에의하면폐기능이나쁜환자보다오히려폐기능상태가좋은환자 (GOLD stage 2 이상 ) 의 FEV 1 감소속도가더빠를수있다는보고가있으며이는폐기능보다는증상이나악화병력과같은다른요인이질환의진행에더욱관여할수있다는것을보여준다 9. COPD 치료목표중위험도감소측면에서볼때, 약물치료의목표는사망감소나질환의진행억제측면에는근거가거의없으므로악화예방에집중될수밖에없고잦은악화병력은그자체로가장강력한악화예측인자로알려져있다 5. 2) FEV 1 제외한환자평가법과환자구성의변화 2017 년 GOLD 개정후새로운지침의영향을알아보기위한연구가활발히진행되고있다. 최근출판된연구에서는 BODE 코호트환자중 819명의자료를 2015년 GOLD와 2017년 GOLD로재분류해서그변화를보고하였다 10. FEV 1 을제거한영향은 C와 D군에서가장뚜렷하였고두군의환자가반수정도 A와 B군으로이동하였다. 즉전체환자군에서 A군과 B군의비중이예전에비해훨씬증가하게되었다. 또한 B, D군이 A, C보다 BODE 점수및사망률이높았으며사망률예측은예전의지침, 즉 FEV 1 을고려한분류방법이더좋다고보고하였다 10. 유사한결과가계속보고되고있으므로경향은크게달라지지않을것으로판단된다. 3) 지침으로서의유용성과 FEV 1 GOLD 는 2011년개정시 COPD 의다양한임상상을반영하여맞춤치료를제공하기위하여환자를 ABCD 군으로나누고위험도가낮은 A, B군은기관지확장제만으로치료하도록권고하였고 C, D군은 ICS/LABA, 혹은 LAMA를첫번째치료선택으로권고하였다. 하지만여러연구에서 A, B 군에서도 ICS 를포함한처방비율이높게나타났으며국내자료에의하면저위험군환자의약 50% 가 ICS를사용하고있었다 10. 진료지침이실제진료현장에서는제대로활용되지못하고있는것이다. 특히 ICS는폐렴위험도를증가시키므로반응군에서만처방하기위한연구가활발한이때에지침서가작동하지않는다는것은심각한문제이다. 가능한이유로는지침서의복잡성이다. 특히일차의료현장에서는네가지요소를고려한환자평가는적용하기힘들다. 또한지역이나기관에따라서폐기능검사를시행하기힘든경우도많다. 실제국내에서시행된 COPD 적정성평가결과에의하면일반병원이나의원급의폐기능검사시행률은 30% 에서 50% 정도이다. 이런점을고려하여스페인의 2014년도지침서에의하면환자를 4개의임상상으로나누고임상상에따라서치료를결정하는형태로제시하였는데 FEV 1 은포함되어있지않았다 11. 스페인에서시행된한연구에의하면 COPD 를진단한후에같은환자를호흡곤란의정도 (mmrc) 와악화병력만으로치료를결정하였을때와 2011 GOLD (FEV 1 이포함된지침 ) 로치료를결정하였을때, 약물치료선택의일치도를평가하였는데 7% 정도의환자에서만일치하지않았고나머지는거의일치하는결과를보였다 12. 환자를평가하는목적이치료를결정하는것이므로, COPD 를진단후약물치료를결정하는단계에서는 FEV 1 을제외하고결정하여도치료선택은크게차이나지않을것으로보고하였다. 새로운분류법에서환자들이대거낮은단계로이동하여치료정도가낮아지는것에대한우려가있다. 하지만 B군으로분류된환자라도기관지확장제단독으로치료하다가호흡곤란이호전되지않거나악화가발생하면치료단계를높이는치료단계올림이라는새로운장치를만들었으므로 (Figure 2B) 환자에미치는영향에대해서는쉽게 4

7 예측할수없다. 한편, 예후예측이라는측면에서 GOLD 에서 FEV 1 을제외한지침을제시한배경이사망률예측을높이려고한것은아니다. 진료지침을의료상황이다양한모든지역과시설의의사들이접근가능하도록하고치료를표준화하고자하는목적이크다. 또한 COPD 라는질환의다양성을감안하여치료적접근을세분화하고자하는의도로시작하였으므로지침에대한접근성은높이면서질환의복잡한면을반영하여치료를세분화하는복잡성을모두충족시키는최적의방법으로 FEV 1 을제외한것으로생각된다. 새로운분류법에대한반론이많은이유는대부분의약물치료연구가 FEV 1 을기준으로시행되었기때문이다. 특히새로운치료제인 LABA/LAMA의경우악화병력은 1회이하이면서 FEV 1 이 50% 이하인환자들을대상으로한연구가많고이들환자의악화예방, 폐기능증가, 증상완화효과가 LABA 혹은 LAMA 단독치료보다우수하다는것을입증하였기때문이다 이들연구대상자들은 GOLD 2017에의하면대부분 B group이되는데새로운지침에의하면 LABA 혹은 LAMA 단독으로치료를시작하게되어있다. 하지만새지침에서이들중증상이심하면 LABA/LAMA로바로시작할수있다고되어있으므로결과는크게차이나지않을것으로생각된다. 그럼에도불구하고여전히 FEV 1 은중요한예후예측인자이므로치료계획을세우고환자를평가할때배제해서는안될것이다. 4. 결론 COPD 는다양한임상상이존재하는복잡한질환이며임상상에따른차별화된접근방법과치료선택이중요해지고있다. ABCD 분류법은과거 FEV 1 만으로평가하던방법에비해환자에대한접근을개인맞춤형에가깝게할수있으나적용이어렵고위험도예측면에서더나은점이없었다. FEV 1 을제외하는개정된지침은환자에대한다양한접근을보다쉽게할수있도록진료적편의성을증가시키면서치료약제선택에있어서는과거와큰차이가없을가능성이높다. 실제환자진료에미치는영향애대해서는향후연구가필요하다. References 1. Gold 2017 Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Copd [Internet] [cited 2017 Oct 18]. Available from: 2. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [Internet] [cited 2017 Oct 18]. Available from: 3. Ferrer M, Alonso J, Morera J, Marrades RM, Khalaf A, Aguar MC, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage and health-related quality of life. The Quality of Life of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1997;127: Dewan NA, Rafique S, Kanwar B, Satpathy H, Ryschon K, Tillotson GS, et al. Acute exacerbation of COPD: factors associated with poor treatment outcome. Chest 2000;117: Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Müllerova H, Tal-Singer R, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363: Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli B, Coxson HO, Edwards LD, Lomas DA, et al. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Res 2010;11: Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, Ferguson GT, Jenkins C, Jones PW, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356: Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, Burkhart D, Kesten S, Menjoge S, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008;359: Tantucci C, Modina D. Lung function decline in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012;7: Cabrera López C, Casanova Macario C, Marín Trigo JM, de-torres JP, Sicilia Torres R, González JM, et al. Comparison of 2017 and 2015 Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease: impact on grouping and outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med doi: /rccm OC. [Epub ahead of print] 11. Bateman ED, Ferguson GT, Barnes N, Gallagher N, Green Y, Henley M, et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 5

8 6 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur Respir J 2013;42: Bateman ED, Chapman KR, Singh D, D'Urzo AD, Molins E, Leselbaum A, et al. Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT). Respir Res 2015;16: Vogelmeier CF, Bateman ED, Pallante J, Alagappan VK, D'Andrea P, Chen H, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with twice-daily salmeterol-fluticasone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ILLUMINATE): a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:51-60.

9 II COPD 종합평가에 FEV 1 역할필요하다 김기욱 부산대학교의과대학내과학교실, 부산대학교병원호흡기알레르기내과 The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has recently published its updated report on diagnosis and management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Compared to the previous version, this documents has been an extensively revised including the role of spirometry. Spirometry is still required for the diagnosis, and it is described as fundamental tool for evaluating prognosis, disease progression, and non-pharmacologic treatment. However, differently from the previous version, spirometry is no longer included in the ABCD tool, which is now centered exclusively on respiratory symptoms and history of exacerbation. This is a brief review of the potential pitfalls of the revised assessment of COPD without the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1 ). Key Words: COPD, Spirometry, Exacerbation Corresponding author: Ki Uk Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: , Fax: , uk303@hanmail.net 1. 서론 최근 GOLD 2017 보고가발표되었으며, 중요한변화들을포함하고있다. 특히폐활량검사의역할에대해기존과같이진단, 예후및질병진행을평가하고, 비약물적치료접근에있어중요한역할을하지만, GOLD 2017의가장큰변화중하나로, COPD 환자를 ABCD 군으로나누는종합평가에있어 1초간강제호기량 (forced expiratory volume in the first second, FEV 1 ) 이제외되었다. 즉, 향후급성악화에대한위험인자에서 FEV 1 을제외한것으로, 중증급성악화의 5년생존율이 50% 이하라는불량한예후를고려하였을때과연이러한변화가 COPD 환자의평가및치료에있어문제점은없는지재고해볼필요가있다 FEV 1 의급성악화위험인자로서의역할 낮은 FEV 1 이급성악화의위험인자인것은잘알려져있다 2. Hoogendoorn 등 3 의보고에의하면 FEV 1 예측치가 50% 미만인 COPD 환자들이 FEV 1 예측치가 50% 이상환자들보다급성악화의빈도가유의하게많았다. 또한입원을요하는중증급성악화도 FEV 1 감소와역의상관관계를보여주었다 4. 20,000명이상의 COPD 환자를대상으로 10년간추적한연구에서도, FEV 1 이낮을수록입원의위험이높아졌으며, 이러한입원의유무는사망에도영향을미침을보여주었다 5. 한편, COPD 급성악화의원인과관련해서, 대표적인 trigger 로기도의 microbiome 의변화를들수있으며, 이러한 7

10 microbiome의구성이폐활량과관련이있는것으로보고되고있다. 최근보고에의하면진행된 COPD 환자에서기관지 microbiome의다양성 (diversity) 이감소되어있었으며, 급성악화를일으키는주요원인균들이더많이포함되어있었다 6. 또한낮은폐활량이급성악화의위험인자가된다는사실과함께염두에두어야할것은, 중증급성악화로입원한 350여명의 COPD 환자가퇴원한후 5년추적시사망하거나재입원할위험도를예측할때, 기저폐활량이가장중요한인자라는연구결과이다 7. 그렇다면, 이처럼급성악화의위험인자및예후인자로서의미를가지는 FEV 1 이새롭게개정된 GOLD 2017 종합평가에서제외된것은무슨이유때문일까? 그이유는바로 FEV 1 이그자체로는충분한정확도 (precision) 가떨어진다는사실이다 FEV 1 을포함한종합평가 물론, FEV 1 이정확도 (precision) 에있어약점을가진다는사실은부인할수없는사실이다. 하지만과연 COPD 치료를위한종합평가시 FEV 1 이정확도가부족하다는이유로제외되는것이반드시필요한지는최근이슈중하나인 precision medicine 이라는것이 COPD 라는질환에있어지니는의미를살펴본이후에재론하는것도늦지않을듯하다. 최근 personalized 혹은 individualized medicine이라는용어와함께쓰이고있는 precision medicine의목표를보면, 환자개개인의임상결과 (clinical outcome) 를향상시키고, 특정한치료에반응이없을것같은환자에게는투여하지않음으로써불필요한부작용을최소화하는것이다 9. 그렇다면 GOLD 2017 종합평가의변화를반영하지않고, FEV 1 을남겨두게되었을때, 치료에있어어떤변화가있는지, 부작용등의부정적인문제가발생하는지살펴보도록하자. 우선, 종합평가에있어고위험군기준으로 FEV 1 을남겨두게된다면, GOLD 2017 기준으로그룹 A 중에서 FEV 1 예측치가 50% 미만인환자라면그룹 C가된다. 치료와관련해서생각해보면, 그룹 A일때는 GOLD 2017 에따르면, 하나의기관지확장제를흡입하게되는데, 그룹 C로분류되면 GOLD 2017에서권장하는대로라면 LAMA 를흡입하게된다. 즉단시간작용기관지확장제를흡입할수도있는환자가 LAMA 를흡입하게되는셈인데, 그런경우어떤차이가있을지를분석해본연구가있다 10. 즉, COPD 환자를대상으로 12주이상진행된연구들을분석해보았을때 ipratropium 군에비해 tiotropium 군이 FEV 1 개선, 입원횟수, 삶의질, 1회이상급성악화가있었던환자수, 심각한부작용에이르기까지모든부분에서 tiotropium 군의결과가더좋았다. 뿐만아니라, 상대적으로치료비용이많이드는 tiotropium 이 ipratropium 에비해과연비용효율성 (cost effectiveness) 이있을지보았을때, 500여명의 COPD 환자를대상으로 1년간진행된연구에서삶의질이나급성악화감소측면에서 tiotropium 이비용효율성이우수하다는것을보여주었다 11. 또한가지경우, GOLD 2017 기준으로그룹 C에속한환자들중 FEV 1 예측치가 50% 미만인환자인경우그룹 D로변경되며, 이로인해 LAMA 혹은 LABA를흡입할환자가 LAMA/LABA 이중기관지확장제를흡입하게되는데, 이러한약제선택의변화가어떠한차이를낳는지분석한연구들이있다. 그중최근 Calzetta 등 12 의발표한 2만명이상의 COPD 환자를포함한메타분석에의하면 LAMA나 LABA 단독치료군에비해 LAMA/LABA 치료군이폐활량, 증상및삶의질개선모두에서의미있게좋은결과를보여주었으며, 심장관련부작용은두그룹간에차이가없었다. 또한 Wedzicha 등 13 은 LAMA/LABA (glycopyrronium/indacaterol) 복합제가 LAMA (glycopyrronium, tiotropium) 단독치료보다급성악화를예방하는데효과적임을보여주었다. 특히, 치료비용에있어국내에서는 LAMA나 LABA 단독제와비교했을때 LAMA/LABA 복합제가거의비슷하거나오히려낮은경우도있어결국, LAMA 단독치료보다 LAMA/LABA 복합치료시환자에게여러측면에서더많은유익을줄수있다. 8

11 4. FEV 1 을제외한종합평가 GOLD 2017년개정과같이, 종합평가에있어 FEV 1 을제외시켰을때발생하는문제로크게두가지를들수있다. 첫번째, 급성악화고위험군기준에서 FEV 1 을제외시키면결국단한가지, 급성악화력만이남게되는데이는종합평가의 X축에해당하는증상과마찬가지로, 환자의기억에만의존하게된다. 이렇게환자의기억력에의존한과거급성악화력이얼마나신뢰성을가지는지 Frei 등 14 이 409명의 COPD 환자를대상으로진행한연구에서급성악화를정확하게보고한사람은절반이되지않았고 (48%), 1회라도급성악화가있었던경우에는 24% 에해당하는환자만이정확하게보고한것으로나타나환자의기억력이부정확한것으로나타났다. 두번째, 과거의급성악화력이향후발생할수있는급성악화에대한가장강력한위험인자임을보여주었던 ECLIPSE 연구결과등을근거로, GOLD 2017 개정종합평가에서급성악화고위험군기준에유일하게남게된급성악화력이과연그렇게안정적인지표인가에대한의문이다. 즉, 이전에급성악화가잦은환자는그이후에도급성악화가계속잦으며, 그렇지않았던환자는계속급성악화위험도가낮을것인지에대해덴마크에서 1회이상급성악화로치료를받았던약 2만명의 COPD 환자를대상으로 10년간추적조사하였을때첫해에급성악화가 2회이상이었던환자가다음해에도 2회이상있었던경우는절반이었고, 나머지절반은급성악화가 1회이거나없었으며, 시간이갈수록급성악화가없는군의비율이증가하였다 15. 또한 1만명가량을 5년간추적조사하였을때첫해에 2회이상급성악화를보인사람이 5년연속연 2회이상의잦은급성악화를경험하는경우는 5.6% 에불과했다. 즉, 일반인구에서 COPD 환자의대부분은시간이경과하면서급성악화횟수는상당한변동을있음을보여주었다. 5. 결론 GOLD 2017 보고의큰변화로종합평가에있어 FEV 1 이제외된사실은, 상당히나쁜예후와관련된급성악화의고위험군에대해최대한의예방을위한약물적치료에있어긍정적인측면보다는부정적인측면이많을것으로보인다. 특히 COPD 급성악화가발생하게되면, 심부전, 급성심근경색, 부정맥등심질환의위험도를증가시키게되며 16, 최근연구에서밝혀졌듯이인지장애와도연관이있는등 17 단순히폐에만영향을미치는것이아니라전신적인문제를낳게되며, 더넓게는신체적인면만아니라심리적인면, 사회적인면까지영향을주므로 18 더욱적극적인예방이필요하며, 이에대해종합평가에있어 FEV 1 의역할이더욱중요하다. References 1. Hoogendoorn M, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van Mölken MP, Vestbo J, Feenstra TL. Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach. Eur Respir J 2011;37: Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Müllerova H, Tal-Singer R, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363: Hoogendoorn M, Feenstra TL, Hoogenveen RT, Al M, Mölken MR. Association between lung function and exacerbation frequency in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010;5: Müllerova H, Maselli DJ, Locantore N, Vestbo J, Hurst JR, Wedzicha JA, et al. Hospitalized exacerbations of COPD: risk factors and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Chest 2015;147: Garcia-Aymerich J, Serra Pons I, Mannino DM, Maas AK, Miller DP, Davis KJ. Lung function impairment, COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality. Thorax 2011;66: Garcia-Nuñez M, Millares L, Pomares X, Ferrari R, Pérez-Brocal V, Gallego M, et al. Severity-related changes of bronchial microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52: Flattet Y, Garin N, Serratrice J, Perrier A, Stirnemann J, Carballo S. Determining prognosis in acute exacerbation of COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017;12:

12 10 8. Soriano JB, Lamprecht B, Ramírez AS, Martinez-Camblor P, Kaiser B, Alfageme I, et al. Mortality prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing the GOLD 2007 and 2011 staging systems: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3: Jameson JL, Longo DL. Precision medicine--personalized, problematic, and promising. N Engl J Med 2015;372: Cheyne L, Irvin-Sellers MJ, White J. Tiotropium versus ipratropium bromide for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(9):CD Oostenbrink JB, Rutten-van Mölken MP, Al MJ, Van Noord JA, Vincken W. One-year cost-effectiveness of tiotropium versus ipratropium to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2004;23: Calzetta L, Rogliani P, Matera MG, Cazzola M. A systematic review with meta-analysis of dual bronchodilation with LAMA/LABA for the treatment of stable COPD. Chest 2016;149: Wedzicha JA, Decramer M, Ficker JH, Niewoehner DE, Sandström T, Taylor AF, et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1: Frei A, Siebeling L, Wolters C, Held L, Muggensturm P, Strassmann A, et al. The inaccuracy of patient recall for COPD exacerbation rate estimation and its implications: results from central adjudication. Chest 2016;150: Reilev M, Lykkegaard J, Halling A, Vestbo J, Søndergaard J, Pottegård A. Stability of the frequent COPD exacerbator in the general population: a Danish nationwide register-based study. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med 2017;27: Halpin DM, Decramer M, Celli B, Kesten S, Leimer I, Tashkin DP. Risk of nonlower respiratory serious adverse events following COPD exacerbations in the 4-year UPLIFT trial. Lung 2011;189: Dodd JW, Charlton RA, van den Broek MD, Jones PW. Cognitive dysfunction in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2013;144: Spruit MA, Franssen FM, Rutten EP, Wopereis S, Wouters EF, Vanfleteren LE. A new perspective on COPD exacerbations: monitoring impact by measuring physical, psychological and social resilience. Eur Respir J 2016;47:

13 III COPD 와동반된기관지확장증 이진국 가톨릭대학교서울성모병원호흡기내과 Bronchiectasis commonly coexists with COPD. COPD patients with bronchiectasis have more symptom. Bacterial colonization was observed and overall prognosis is poor. Physiotherapy and antibiotics are key treatments. Key Words: COPD, Bronchiectasis Corresponding author: Chin Kook Rhee, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St Mary s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: , Fax: , chinkook77@gmail.com 1. Prevalence COPD 환자에서기관지확장증은흔히동반되는질환중하나이다. 캐나다에서 40세이상 1,361 명이참여한연구결과에따르면, 기관지확장증이흔하게 CT에서발견되었고, 폐기능이나쁠수록빈도가증가되었다 (Table 1) 특징 Ni 등 2 은기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 와동반되지않은 COPD 를비교하여 meta 분석한결과를발표하였다. 기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자들은나이가많았으며, 남자의비율이높았고, 흡연력이길었으며, 가래배출이더많았고, FEV 1 /FVC 값이낮았으며, FEV 1 (%) 가낮았고, CRP가높았고, albumin level이낮았다. Jin 등 3 이시행한연구에서는 IgE와 bronchiectasis 와의유의한상관관계가보고되었다. 다변량분석결과남성, 과거결핵병력, 높은 IgE level이기관지확장증과연관된유의한인자들이었다. Yang 등 4 은 COPD 환자들에게 PNS CT 촬영과설문을통해 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) 여부를조사하였다. 연구결과 CRS가동반된 COPD 환자에서동반되지않은환자에비해유의하게기관지확장증이동반된경우가많았고, 기관지확장증의정도도더심하였다. 또한연구자들은기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자를 CRS 동반여부에따라비교하였다. CRS가동반된 COPD-bronchiectasis 환자에서유의하게혈중호산구 (%), IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9가높았다. Table 1. Prevalence of bronchiectasis in CT Normal At risk LLN mild LLN moderate LLN severe/very severe Total number Bronchiectasis, N (%) 81 (19.9%) 100 (19.9%) 28 (14.1%) 48 (22.2%) 13 (35.1%) LLN: lower limit of normal. 11

14 Whitters와 Stockley 5 은 COPD 환자를기관지확장증동반여부에따라양군으로나눈후객담의 purulence 를조사하였다. 기관지확장증동반한 COPD 환자에서유의하게객담이 purulent 한환자비율이높았다. 이와같은사실은기관지확장증동반한 COPD 환자에게 chronic 한 bacterial colonization 이있을가능성이높다는점을시사한다. COPD 환자중 pseudomonas 가 isolation 되는경우기관지확장이유의하게 risk factor 로작용하였다 (odd ratio: 9.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: , p=0.009) 6. Du 등 7 은 COPD 환자에게서 potentially pathogenic microorganism (PPM) 과 pseudomonas 검출에대해 meta 분석을시행하였다. 기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자의경우그렇지않은경우에비해 PPM이검출될 risk는 3.76배 (95% CI: ), pseudomonas가검출될 risk는 4.75배 (95% CI: ) 였다. 3. Prognosis Martínez-García 등 8 은스페인의 COPD cohort 를이용하여기관지확장증이예후에미치는영향에대해조사하였다. Moderate, severe COPD 환자를 multicenter, prospective observation 연구를통해추적관찰을하였다. HRCT를촬영하여기관지확장증유무를확인하였다. 100개월추적관찰연구결과기관지확장증이동반되지않은 86명의환자중 8명이사망하였고, 기관지확장증이동반된 115명환자중 43명이사망하였다. 다변량분석을통해나이, 폐기능, Charlson index 등을보정한후에도기관지확장증은사망위험을 2.54배 (95% CI: ) 증가시켰다. Meta 분석결과에서도기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자는그렇지않은환자에비해급성악화위험이 1.97배 (95% CI: ) 높았고사망위험이 1.96배 ( ) 높았다 7. 중국에서시행된 726명의 COPD 환자분석에서도유사한결과가보고되었다 9. 전체환자중 257명 (35.4%) 이기관지확장증이동반되어있었다. 이들환자에서유의하게높은비율로객담에서세균이검출되었고, 특히 pseudomonas 가유의하게높게검출되었다. 60개월추적관찰결과기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자가유의하게사망위험이높았다. 다변량분석결과나이, PPM이 isolation 된경우, 기관지확장증이사망에연관된유의한인자들이었다. 기관지확장증이없는경우에비해기관지확장증이동반된경우사망위험이 1.77 배 (95% CI: , p=0.043) 높았다. 4. Management 현재까지기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자만을대상으로시행한약물치료에대한임상연구는거의없다. 따라서약물치료효과에대한 evidence 는매우부족한실정이다. 하지만기관지확장증환자를대상으로시행한임상연구와 COPD 환자를대상으로시행한임상연구를종합하여간접적으로 macrolide 항생제가효과가있음을유추해볼수있다 년기관지확장증환자를대상으로시행한임상연구결과에따르면 8주간의 erythromycin 500 mg bid 치료가 placebo 에비해폐기능을향상시켰고, 객담양을감소시켰다 (Figure 1) 10. 기관지확장증환자를대상으로시행한또다른연구에서 500 mg azithromycin을주2회 6개월간투약한결과급성악화가감소되었고, 객담양이줄었으며, 삶의질이호전되었다 11. COPD 환자를대상으로한 macrolide 연구도 positive 한결과를보였다. Albert 등 12 이시행한임상연구에서 azithromycin 250 mg 매일 1년간투여는위약에비해유의하게 COPD 급성악화를감소시켰다. Uzun 등 13 이시행한임상연구에서도 azithromycin 500 mg 주 3회 1년간투여는위약에비해급성악화를유의하게감소시켰다. 약물치료이외에도 active cycle of breathing technique, percussion, postural drainage 등과같은 physiothrapy (airway clearance) 가기관지확장증환자에게도움이될수있다. 장기간의예방적항생제사용은악화를줄일수는있으나, 내성균을유발할수있어주의를요한다. 또한 ototoxicity나부정맥같은부작용발생에도주의를기울여야한다. 이런부작용을피할수있는대안으로흡입항생제에대한연구가진행되고있다. 기관지확장증환자대상으로시행한 2상연구에서흡입 ciprofloxacin 은유의한효과를 12

15 Figure 1. Effect of erythromycin on patients with bronchiectasis. 보였고큰부작용을일으키지않았다 14. Ciprofloxacin DPI 제제를일반인, COPD, 기관지확장증환자에게각각흡입한결과에서도세군에서모두양호한폐침착을보였고부작용면에서큰차이가없었다 15. 기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자에게 ICS를사용할경우폐렴및 NTM의위험성이증가될가능성이있어주의를요한다. 대만에서발표된연구에따르면기관지확장증이있는경우그렇지않은 COPD 환자에비해폐렴발생이유의하게많았고, ICS를사용한경우발생이증가되었다 16. 덴마크에서시행한연구에서 ICS 사용시 NTM 발생위험이 COPD 가있는경우 15.7배, 기관지확장증이있는경우 18.7배증가되었다 17. 특히 NTM 발생은현재 ICS를사용하고있는경우와 ICS 용량이높은경우매우증가되었다. 하지만 ICS+LABA나 ICS+LABA+LAMA 치료가기관지확장증이있는 Tb destroyed lung 환자에게폐기능을높을수있다는보고도있어 18 기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자에게 ICS 역할에대해서는추가적인연구가필요하다. 5. Conclusion 기관지확장증은 COPD 에서흔히동반되어있는질환이다. 기관지확장증이동반된 COPD 환자는그렇지않은환자에비해증상이심하고 bacterial colonization 된경우가많으며악화를많이하고사망위험이높다. 예방적항생제치료및 physiotherapy 가악화예방에도움이될수있다. References 1. Tan WC, Hague CJ, Leipsic J, Bourbeau J, Zheng L, Li PZ, et al. Findings on thoracic computed tomography scans and respiratory outcomes in persons with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2016;11:e Ni Y, Shi G, Yu Y, Hao J, Chen T, Song H. Clinical characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with comorbid bronchiectasis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015;10: Jin J, Yu W, Li S, Lu L, Liu X, Sun Y. Factors associated with bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e Yang X, Xu Y, Jin J, Li R, Liu X, Sun Y. Chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with higher prevalence and severity of bronchiectasis in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2017;12: Whitters D, Stockley RA. Bronchiectasis in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: prevalence, diagnosis and therapeutic management. Drugs Aging 2013;30: Gallego M, Pomares X, Espasa M, Castañer E, Solé M, Suárez D, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in severe 13

16 14 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: characterization and risk factors. BMC Pulm Med 2014;14: Du Q, Jin J, Liu X, Sun Y. Bronchiectasis as a comorbidity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2016;11:e Martínez-García MA, de la Rosa Carrillo D, Soler-Cataluña JJ, Donat-Sanz Y, Serra PC, Lerma MA, et al. Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;187: Mao B, Lu HW, Li MH, Fan LC, Yang JW, Miao XY, et al. The existence of bronchiectasis predicts worse prognosis in patients with COPD. Sci Rep 2015;5: Tsang KW, Ho PI, Chan KN, Ip MS, Lam WK, Ho CS, et al. A pilot study of low-dose erythromycin in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 1999;13: Cymbala AA, Edmonds LC, Bauer MA, Jederlinic PJ, May JJ, Victory JM, et al. The disease-modifying effects of twice-weekly oral azithromycin in patients with bronchiectasis. Treat Respir Med 2005;4: Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, Casaburi R, Cooper JA Jr, Criner GJ, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011;365: Uzun S, Djamin RS, Kluytmans JA, Mulder PG, van't Veer NE, Ermens AA, et al. Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2: Wilson R, Welte T, Polverino E, De Soyza A, Greville H, O'Donnell A, et al. Ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis: a phase II randomised study. Eur Respir J 2013;41: Stass H, Nagelschmitz J, Kappeler D, Sommerer K, Kietzig C, Weimann B. Ciprofloxacin dry powder for inhalation in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in healthy volunteers. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017;30: Lin SH, Ji BC, Shih YM, Chen CH, Chan PC, Chang YJ, et al. Comorbid pulmonary disease and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in COPD patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013;17: Andréjak C, Nielsen R, Thomsen VØ, Duhaut P, Sørensen HT, Thomsen RW. Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis. Thorax 2013;68: Rhee CK, Yoo KH, Lee JH, Park MJ, Kim WJ, Park YB, et al. Clinical characteristics of patients with tuberculosis-destroyed lung. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2013;17:67-75.

17 IV 만성폐쇄성폐질환에서심부전증과관상동맥질환 김유일 전남대학교의과대학내과학교실 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can have many concomitant cardiovascular diseases (CVD) because COPD and CVD share tobacco abuse as a risk factor. The common cardiovascular comorbidities include heart failure, coronary artery disease, arrhythmias, peripheral vascular disease and hypertension. Among them, coronary artery disease and heart failure were reviewed mainly in this article. CVD are very common in patient with COPD. Patients with COPD and cardiovascular comordidities usually have greater morbidity and mortality. A high index of suspicion for coexisting CVD should be maintained in all patients with COPD. CVD should be treated according to usual guidelines. Key Words: COPD, Cardiovascular disease, Heart failure, Coronary artery disease Corresponding author: Yu-Il Kim, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42 Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea Tel: , Fax: , kyionly@chonnam.ac.kr 만성폐쇄성폐질환 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) 은다양한질환을동반할수있다. 동반질환중에서특히, 심혈관계질환 (cardiovascular disease, CVD) 은 COPD 의주요사망원인및예후의중요한인자로서허혈성심질환, 심부전증, 심부정맥, 폐혈관질환, 말초동맥질환을포함한다 1,2. 이러한심혈관계질환은 COPD 환자에서흔하게동반되는데, 이는두질환모두흡연이라는공통된위험인자를가지고있기때문으로알려져있다. 여기에서는주로관상동맥질환과심부전증에대한내용위주로기술하였다. 1. COPD 와심혈관계질환의연관성 만성폐쇄성폐질환과심혈관질환은자주동반되어나타난다 3-5. 영국의대규모연구에서 3만명 COPD 환자들은 COPD 가없는환자들보다 5배정도심혈관질환을가질가능성이높다고보고하였다 3. 다른 351명의진행된 COPD 환자에대한연구에서는 60% 환자에서혈관촬영검사에서관상동맥질환이발견되었다 5. 메타분석에서는 COPD 환자에서심혈관계질환을가질위험이 2.5배정도 (OR 2.46; 95% CI ) 더높다고보고하였다 6. 동반심혈관질환이 COPD 환자의임상경과및사망률등예후와도관련이있다. 특히 COPD 급성악화시에는허혈성심질환발생위험도가상승할수있다 7. Donaldson 등 8 의연구에서도 25,857 명의 COPD 환자를대상으로분석한결과, 급성악화발생후수주이내에심근경색증의위험도는 2.3배, 뇌졸중은 1.3배증가하였다. 다른보고에서는중등도이상의 COPD (FEV 1 <60% predicted) 에서심혈관질환에의한사망원인은 27% 정도를보였다 9. 그리고매 10% FEV 1 감소마다심혈관계사망률은 28% 증가하고, 관상동맥질환은 20% 정도더발생하는것으로알려졌다 10. 반대로, 심혈관계질환을가진환자에서 COPD 의영향 ( 질환발생률및사망률에미치는영향 ) 에대한연구도있다. 급성 STEMI (acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction) 3,249 명환자에관한연구에서, COPD 는사망률및심인성쇼크에영향을미치는 15

18 중요하고강력한요인중의하나였다 11. PCI를시행받은 14,346 명을대상으로한연구에서는 COPD 는전체사망률, 심장관련사망률, 심근경색증의의미있는위험인자로작용하였다 12. PCI 를시행받은환자들을각각달리조사한연구에의하면, COPD 환자가더낮은 ejection fraction 을나타내었고, 관상동맥의병변장소 ( 수 ) 가더많았다. 또한 COPD 환자가더높은사망률과관상동맥시술을시행다음해에재차시행한경우도더많았다 13. 안정된 COPD 98명환자에대한전향적인연구에서는, 55명에서악화가발생하였는데, 이러한악화가있는환자들은동맥강직도가상승되어있었다. 동맥경화도정도는 COPD 의염증지표자로생각된다 COPD 환자에서관상동맥질환과심부전증의평가및진단 1) 관상동맥질환 COPD 와관상동맥질환자에서호흡곤란과가슴답답함증상은흔하게나타난다. 두질환의증상도같은경우가있어서, 이런경우어느질환에증상발현에어느정도관여했는지평가하고치료해야되는지판단하기어려운경우가있다 1,4. 이러한증상은 COPD 가조절되는않은상태이거나관상동맥질환이동반되어있어서나타날수있다. 그러므로관상동맥질환이동반되어있는지추가적인검사를고려해야된다. 만성폐쇄성폐질환과관상동맥질환등호흡기및심혈관계질환의악화는모두호흡곤란증상으로나타날수있으므로 15, 어떤질환의악화를우선의심하고먼저어떤치료를하여야될지찾는것이중요하다. 전형적인 COPD 악화의증상 ( 호흡곤란, 기침, 천명음및가래변화 ) 은폐질환가능성을, 심전도상새로운허혈증관련소견이나타날경우에는심질환을생각할수있다. 그렇지만, 두기관의질환이동시에있을경우에는구분하기어렵다 15. COPD 에서심근허혈증증상을시사하는증상이있는경우에는 EKG, 도부타민스트레영상촬영을한다. 이는일부에서충분한운동부하검사를하기힘들고 ( 폐기능저하등으로 ), 혈관확장제를이용한핵의학심관류스캔을기관지수축때문에하기어려운경우가있기때문이다 16,17. 호흡곤란과흉부불쾌감 ( 답답함. 조이는듯함 ) 이있는환자에서, 종종혈액내 cardiac tropoin 이상승되어있다. 그러나이것은항상관상동맥질환이있음을시사하는것은아니다. COPD 악화로입원한 242명환자에서, 24명에서트로포닌이상승되어있었다 명은흉통또는 / 그리고심전도추적검사에서변화가관찰되었다. 그러나흉통이나심전도변화는트로포닌상승과관련이없었다. 이는 COPD 악화시트로포닌상승은심근손상의지표를의미하지는않는다고볼수있다. 다른연구에서는 19, highly sensitive cardiac troponin (hs-ctnt) 를 COPD 악화환자 50명에서측정하였고, 안정시환자 124명에서측정하였다. 악화군에서 5.6배정도 hs-ctnt 상승을보였지만, 이러한상승은심혈관질환이나저산소증에의한혈관수축과관련성은관찰되지않았다. 2) 심부전증 (Heart failure) 발견하지못한심부전증은문제가될수있다. 244명의만성폐쇄성폐질환자를대상으로한연구에서 20, 21% 에서심부전증이발견되었고, 심근허혈증이가장많은심부전증의원인이었다. COPD 악화와심부전증악화의증상은서로비슷하게나타날수있다. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro-bnp) 과 troponin T 측정으로심부전증과 COPD 악화를구별하기위한연구에서 21, 31% (46명/148명중 ) 에서 COPD 악화와심부전증을함께갖고있었다. 그러므로 COPD 악화자에서심장초음파나 NT pro-bnp 나 BNP 측정을함께시행을추천하는연구자도있다. 그러나 BNP나 NT pro-bnp 는폐동맥고혈압에의해서도상승될수있다는점, 흉부단순사진에서폐기종이심한경우에는심부전증이심한폐기종으로인한폐팽창소견에가려서비전형적인양상을보일수있으므로이에대한주의가필요하겠다. 3. 비약물적치료 만성폐쇄성폐질환과심혈관계질환을동시에가지고있는자에서심폐재활, 금연, 산소치료등의비약물적치료로증상과삶의질개선효과를볼수있다. 이러한비약물적치료에대한연구는각각질환에대해서는많이있지만, 16

19 두질환을모두동반한자에대한연구는많지않다. 1) 심폐재활 (Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation) COPD 나심혈관질환자에서운동재활의유익성에대한결과는많다. 그러나두질환이동반되었을때에대한연구는많지않다 22. 호흡재활시동반심혈관질환에대한효과는일부상반된결과의보고들이있다. 그렇기때문에운동검사에서호흡곤란이나심근허혈성흉통등이발생하지않는일부환자에게만재활치료적용을추천하는연구자들도있다. 2) 금연금연약물치료및행동요법은금연성공률을향상시키고, 만성폐쇄성폐질환자및심혈관질환자에서예후개선에중요하게작용한다. 단, 급성심근경색증당시초기입원기간동안에니코틴대체제를사용해서금연성공률을올릴수있다는일부보고가있다 (2017. 금연진료지침. 대한결핵및호흡기학회 ). 그러나급성기심혈관질환자에대한금연약물치료에대한연구는아직까지는많지않으므로주의가필요하다. 3) 저산소증의심장에대한영향및산소치료심장허혈증을초래하는저산소증정도와기간은명확하지않다. 보통산소포화도 85% 정도에 3분정도노출될지라도심장에대한영향은별로중요하지않아보인다 23. 심근허혈증은저산소증이 5분이상지속되거나, 저산소증정도가심한경우 ( 산소포화도가 85% 이하인경우 ) 에는심근허혈증이악화될가능성이있다 24. 저산소증은또한심부정맥의위험인자이다. 심실또는심실상성부정맥발생이만성폐쇄성폐질환자에서흔하다. 이는안정시악화시모두에서관련성이제시되어지고있다 25,26. 산소투여로저산소증을개선하면, 심박출량을낮추어서좌심실부담을줄여줄수있다. 이러한효과는장기산소치료시생존율향상에기여하는이유가될수있다 27,28. 다만, 일부고탄산혈증이있는만성폐쇄성폐질환자에서산소투여는고탄산혈증을악화시킬수있으므로이에대한주의가필요하다. 그러나산소투여는약간의이산화탄소분압상승을약간더초래할수있지만, 대부분허용가능한수준인경우가많다. 오히려산소치료를중단하였을때발생할수있는여러합병증위험도가고탄산혈증에의한위험도보다훨씬중요하다 이외에도비약물치료로적용되고있는폐렴이나독감백신접종등으로감염증예방등이있다. 4. 약물치료 1) 흡입항콜린제 (Inhaled anticholinergic medications) 장시간작용항콜린제 (eg, aclidinium, glycopyrronium, tiotropium, umeclidinium) 는기저심혈관계질환유무와상관없이사용이추천되고있다 1. 과거몇연구에서항콜린제의심혈관위험성에대한보고가있었지만, 최근에는별문제없다는보고가되고있다. 특히항콜린제사용으로급성악화를낮추고, 입원횟수감소, 호흡곤란개선등의효과는이러한약제로인한심혈관계위험도를상쇄하는것으로알려지고있다. 대표적인연구로, 티오트로피옴레스피맷에대한심혈관계질환사망률증가가능성에대한이전보고가있었다 30,31. 그러나최근메타분석등연구 (TIOtropium Safety and Performance In Respimat, TIOSPIR trial) 에의하면사망률과안정성에있어서타약제와비교시문제되지는않았다 32. 2) 흡입베타2 항진제 (Beta-2 agonists) 흡입용베타항진제는비교적베타2 선택적항진제 (eg, albuterol, terbutaline, formoterol, indacaterol, olodaterol, salmeterol, vilanterol) 로대부분심혈관질환여부와상관없이사용할수있다. 속효성흡입베터2항진제를사용한 12,090 명을대상으로한연구에서도, 심근경색증등의위험도상승은관찰되지않았다 33. 일부약간의베타1 항진효과로심장부정맥등의원인이될수는있다. 17

20 3) 장시간작용베타항진제 (Long-acting beta agonists, LABA) 심혈관질환자에서도비교적안전하게사용할수있다. 최근연구에의하면, 살메테롤 50 μg 또는 100 μg 2차례흡입시용량과상관없이모두비교적안전하게 심장박동수증가, 조기수축, 심근허혈증소견없이-사용할수있다고보고하였다 34,35. TORCH 연구에서도, 살메테롤단독군이나살메테롤+플루티카손병합제사용군모두에서심장관련부작용증가는없었다 36. 일부과거연구에서베타2항진제가좌심실기능장애부작용을초래할수있다는보고가있었다 37. 좌심실기능장애를가진 1,529명을분석한결과, 흡입용베타항진제사용량에따라서심부전증으로인한입원위험도가일부상승하였다. 그러나최근 1,294 명의심부전증환자분석연구에서는베타2항진제사용과사망률과의관련성은발견되지않았다 38. 베타2 항진제가일부비선택적베타항진작용으로심장박동수와심부정맥을초래할수있을것으로추정할수있지만, 많은연구에서이러한부작용위험도는상승하지않는것으로보고되고있다. 4) 복합제 ( 기관지확장제+흡입스테로이드 ) 다음와같은연구에서 LABA/ICS 복합제의심혈관질환에대한안정성이보고되었다. 1) SUMMIT 연구에서 fluticasone furoate-vilanterol (100 mcg 25 mcg) 를각각의단일약제및위약군과비교시, 전체사망률이나심혈관계부작용위험도의차이는없었다 39. 2) 메타분석 (10 studies, 10,680 participants) 에서도, 복합제제와단일제제와비교시사망률의차이는보이지않았다 (OR 0.92, 95% CI ) 명만성폐쇄성폐질환자를대상으로한무작위연구에서도복합제제와단일제제와의심전도이상정도의차이는관찰되지않았다. ORCH 연구에서도복합제제의심혈관부작용은위약군과비교시증가하지않았다 36,41. 5) Roflumilast 심혈관계질환관련사망률이나심근경색증의위험은증가시키지않았다 42. 일부심방세동의빈도는올릴수있음을보고가있지만 43, LABA 제제와함께사용하더라도추가적인심혈관계부작용을초래하지는않는것으로주로보고된다 44. 6) Theophylline 일반적으로치료농도범위가좁고, 빈맥증과부정맥이농도의존성으로발생할수있으므로사용을가능한피하거나자제할필요가있다 45, COPD 를가지고있는심혈관질환자의약물치료 COPD 가없는환자의치료와다르지않고일반적인치료지침에따라서치료가권고되고있다. 다만, 비선택적베타차단제사용은기관지수축을초래할가능성이있으므로, 가능한베타차단제사용은베타1선택적차단제 (atenolol orr metoprolol etc.) 사용을하는것이좋겠다 47. 베타차단제사용시에는 COPD 환자의새로운증상 ( 호흡곤란, 기침, 운동능력저하등 ) 이나베타2흡입제사용량증가여부등을관찰할필요가있다. 1) 베타차단제 (Beta-blockers) 일반적으로베타차단제는 COPD 를가지고있는심혈관계질환자들의사망률과 COPD 악화위험도를낮출수있다고보고되고있다 48,49. 심혈관계선택적베타차단제는비교적안전하게사용할수있다. 2) 스타틴 (Statins) 계열약물심혈관계질환을가진자들은거의모든환자에서스타틴제제를사용하고있다. 스타틴제제는 COPD 악화를줄일수있는추가적인효과가있을수있다. 그러나 COPD 악화를줄일수있는것에대한연구결과는아직상반된 18

21 결과를보이는경우도있어서여기에대해서는추가적인연구가필요한상황이다 50, 요약 COPD 와심혈관계질환은흡연이라는공통된위험인자로, 비교적흔하게두질환이동반되어나타나고, COPD 환자의주요사망원인및예후의중요한인자로서허혈성심질환, 심부전증, 심부정맥, 폐혈관질환, 말초동맥질환등의심혈관계질환이작용하므로이에대한평가와검사가중요하다. 심혈관질환동반자의치료는 COPD 가없는환자의치료와크게다르지않고일반적인치료지침에따라서치료가권고되고있다. 다만, 심혈관질환치료제로사용되는일부약제, 비선택적베타차단제사용은기관지수축을초래할가능성이있으므로가능한베타차단제사용은베타1 선택적차단제사용을하는것이좋겠다. COPD 치료약제로사용되어지는약제도대부분심혈관질환자에서도안전하게사용할수있으나일부단시간작용기관지확장제, 테오필린제제등은빈맥증과같은심혈관계부작용위험도를일부높일수있으므로주의가필요하겠다. References 1. Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017;195: Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, Agusti AG. Mortality in COPD: role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J 2006;28: Feary JR, Rodrigues LC, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Gibson JE. Prevalence of major comorbidities in subjects with COPD and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a comprehensive analysis using data from primary care. Thorax 2010;65: Enriquez JR, de Lemos JA, Parikh SV, Peng SA, Spertus JA, Holper EM, et al. Association of chronic lung disease with treatments and outcomes patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2013;165: Reed RM, Eberlein M, Girgis RE, Hashmi S, Iacono A, Jones S, et al. Coronary artery disease is under-diagnosed and under-treated in advanced lung disease. Am J Med 2012;125:1228.e e Chen W, Thomas J, Sadatsafavi M, FitzGerald JM. Risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med 2015;3: Høiseth AD, Neukamm A, Karlsson BD, Omland T, Brekke PH, Søyseth V. Elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with increased mortality after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2011;66: Donaldson GC, Hurst JR, Smith CJ, Hubbard RB, Wedzicha JA. Increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke following exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2010;137: McGarvey LP, John M, Anderson JA, Zvarich M, Wise RA. Ascertainment of cause-specific mortality in COPD: operations of the TORCH Clinical Endpoint Committee. Thorax 2007;62: Sin DD, Man SF. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005;2: Wakabayashi K, Gonzalez MA, Delhaye C, Ben-Dor I, Maluenda G, Collins SD, et al. Impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on acute-phase outcome of myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2010;106: Konecny T, Somers K, Orban M, Koshino Y, Lennon RJ, Scanlon PD, et al. Interactions between COPD and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention. Chest 2010;138: Enriquez JR, Parikh SV, Selzer F, Jacobs AK, Marroquin O, Mulukutla S, et al. Increased adverse events after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with COPD: insights from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute dynamic registry. Chest 2011;140: Patel AR, Kowlessar BS, Donaldson GC, Mackay AJ, Singh R, George SN, et al. Cardiovascular risk, myocardial injury, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013;188:

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24 V 말기 COPD 환자를위한완화의료적접근과임종기돌봄 박소영 경희대학교병원호흡기내과 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of major cause of death. Similar to patients with end-stage cancer, patients with COPD also suffer from serious symptoms- pain, dyspnea, fatigue and anxiety. However, COPD is not as clear as it is for cancer, especially, predicting prognosis has been difficult in COPD due to the variable illness trajectory. Given such uncertainty, the National Health Care System (NHS) in England promotes medical and welfare professionals to identify potential patients at risk of death in an aggressive manner and to initiate communications to help those patients use the Advance Care Plan (ACP) services. Recently, Hospice, Palliative Care (HPC), and Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-making Act has enacted in Korea. This legislation addresses application of hospice, palliative care to patients with end stage COPD. However, HPC utilization for patients with COPD is extremely difficult in Korea. Discussion on the final stage of life with non-cancer patients would be particularly difficult in the Korean society. One reason is the public perception that HPC is considered termination of treatment. Also, in Korean society which has Confucian cultural background, there is a wide reluctance to talk about death. In addition, a lack of attention among medical professionals is another key factor that makes implementing HPC difficult for patients with end-stage COPD. To help these patients and families relieve their depression and anxiety and decide on the best option for them as part of the preparation for death, medical professionals are required to play more active roles beyond their current focus on dyspnea management. The changes in public perception is also required to enable sufficient discussion among patients, physicians, and patients families regarding the disease status, prognosis, treatment, and even death. Key Words: End stage COPD, Hospice and palliative care, Advance care planning Corresponding author: So Young Park, M.D. Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, 23 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea Tel: , sy.park12@gmail.com 지난 2016년 2월 3일 호스피스-완화의료및임종과정에있는환자의연명의료결정에관한법률 이제정되었고, 이법률안에는연명의료중단에관련된내용이외에도비암성만성질환-후천성면역결핍증, 만성폐쇄성폐질환, 만성간질환에대한호스피스ㆍ완화의료적용이포함되어있다 1. 역사적으로호스피스완화의료는말기암환자를대상으로발전해왔으나근래에는세계적으로, 빠른고령화와질병양상의변화에따라비암성만성질환을대상으로그관심이새롭게확대되고있다 2,3. 말기암환자와마찬가지로비암성말기질환자역시다양하고심각한증상으로인한고통을경험하지만대부분의비암성말기질환은암과달리질병의시작과진행경과에있어, 말기로의이환이상대적으로더욱불분명하여생의마지막시기에대한예측이더욱어렵다 4-6. 영국의경우국가보건서비스 (National Health Care System, NHS) 에서는비암성만성질환자의말기에대한예측이불분명한특성을고려하여의료및복지분야의전문가들이죽음에이를위험이있는환자를적극적으로발견하고사전돌봄계획 (Advance care pan, ACP) 를 22

25 위한의사소통을시작할수있도록하고있으며, 환자와가족들이조기에호스피스, 완화의료의혜택을볼수있는기회를제공하는데도움을주고있다 7,8. 호스피스완화의료가필요한말기만성폐쇄성폐질환 (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) 은많은논의끝에 매우심한만성호흡기질환으로인하여숨이차서의자에앉아있는것도어려운경우 장기간의산소치료를필요로하는경우로담당의사의판단으로수개월내에사망이예상되는경우 호흡부전으로장기간의인공호흡기가필요한경우혹은폐이식이필요하지만금기기준에해당하거나이식을할수없는경우로정의되었다 9. 이와더불어국내에서도말기만성폐쇄성폐질환의호스피스및완화의료에대한내용도발표되고있다 10,11. 그러나아직까지위의정의에맞는환자들을대상으로호스피스완화의료에폭넓은이용은요원한실정이다. 따라서본론에서는사례를통해만성폐쇄성폐질환에서호스피스완화의료에대한현재상황에대해확인해보고, 말기만성폐쇄성폐질환환자의삶의질뿐아니라환자의인간으로서존엄과가치를보장하기위한방안을찾아보고자한다. < 사례 1> 69세남자환자, 만성폐쇄성폐질환, 폐성심, 우심실부전으로가정산소 5년째사용중인환자로 1년전에도고탄산혈증에의한호흡부전으로인공호흡기치료후호전되어퇴원. 내원일주일전부터호흡곤란악화되어입원. 한달전외래에서얼마안남았다는이야기들은적있다고함 입원당일환자 : 선생님. 저고생하고싶지않아요. 그냥편하게보내주세요. 삽관이니뭐니작년처럼안할래요. 잘치료해주세요. 보호자 : 환자가너무힘들어해서요. 편하게만해주세요. 입원 3일후환자 : 어제까지는참을만했었는데선생님오늘은너무숨이차서힘듭니다. 작년처럼인공삽관그냥할래요. 보호자 : 그냥보내줄수있을것같았는데본인이원하니인공삽관해주세요. 일단시작했으니최선을다해주세요. 입원 14일후환자 : ( 필답 ) 선생님저기관절개술도하고싶어요좀더편하게요. 기관절개술하면예전처럼좋아질수도있잖아요. 보호자 : 선생님.. 저좀잠시만. 따로뵐수있을까요. 선생님치료비가너무많아경제적으로너무어려워요. 살사람은살아야하지않겠어요? 어차피오래살지도, 사람답게살지도못할거잖아요. 그냥.. 요양병원가게해주세요. 네? 의사 : 혹시환자분과이런점에대해서이야기해야하지않아도될까요? 보호자 : 환자가이사실을알면너무힘들어할거예요. 환자한테이야기하지말고선생님이알아서해주세요. 23

26 < 사례 2> 74세남자환자, 만성폐쇄성폐질환으로가정산소치료 2년반시행집에서만생활하였고, 최근숨차서세수하고머리감기힘들었다고보호자가이야기함. 갑자기수면중호흡곤란악화호소후의식저하되었고, CPR 30분후중환자실입실 보호자 : 왜멀쩡했던사람이이렇게되었나요? 담당의사선생님은지난외래왔을때아무말도없었는데. 너무경황이없네요. 의사 : 머리도못감고, 세수도못하실정도였는데특별한말씀이없으셨나요? 보호자 : 뭐맨날그러려니한거지요. 더나빠지지않으니. 의사 : 환자분과많이힘들어지시면어떻게치료하고싶다든가. 이를테면심장마사지를한다든가. 인공호흡기를한다든가하는이야기를해보신적이. 보호자 : 없어요. 우리도그렇고, 저양반도이렇게될거라고는꿈에도생각못하였지요.. 사람앞에두고어떻게죽는다는이야기를해요. 사례1을현장에서일어나는실용적관점에서보면, 환자와보호자의의견은환자의상태에따라지속적으로변화하며고정되어있지않아, 실제치료이행시차이로나타나는것을확인할수있었다. 환자나보호자의생각이지속적으로변할가능성이있기때문에어느한시점에서환자의의견을가지고치료결정을시행하는것은무리가있을수있다. 그렇기때문에지속적인상담이필요하고이때반드시논의해야할치료적접근방법중하나가호스피스완화의료적접근일수있다. 인공삽관에앞서서, 미리이환자에게말기만성폐쇄성폐질환에대한호스피스완화의료적접근이이루어졌다면, 어떻게되었을까하는점을생각해볼수있다. 의료진이좀더빨리환자나보호자에게환자의상태를충분히설명하고, 호스피스완화의료에대한중재가시작되었다면 환자나보호자는중환자실을택하는대신, 호흡곤란을완화하는경구및주사아편유사제를투여하거나 17-21, 산소를투여하고 22 우울과불안을조절하면서병동에서치료를선택했을수도있다 23,24. 환자나보호자가어떤치료방법을선택할지는명확치않지만, 호스피스완화의료측면에서의접근은환자나중환자실에서기관내삽관후기관절개술을하고, 이후발생하는심리적, 정서적육체적으로매우고통스러운경험일수밖에없는죽음의과정과, 경제적문제에대한부담감을줄일수있을가능성이있다. 사례 2에서는단지몇문장의질문과답변으로도, 말기만성폐쇄성폐질환을가진환자에대한치료가 호흡곤란 이라는증상에만국한되어시행되고있음을알수가있다. 가정산소를하고, 숨이차서세수도못하고집에서만지내는환자가느꼈을불안과우울에대해서는가장가까운보호자도인지하지못했고, 늘상같은생활을하는것으로믿었기때문에죽음에대해서도준비할기회를갖지못했다. 가정산소를사용하고있는말기환자임에도불구하고환자와보호자들은서로죽음에대해, 호스피스, 완화의료치료적용에대해혹은연명의료에대해논의해본적이전혀없으며, 보호자나의료진은환자가평소에어떤가치관을가지고생활하는지, 연명의료에대해어떤관점을가지고있는지알지못하는경우가많다. 이는가족일지라도환자의가치관을충분하고세밀하게반영하는것에한계가있다는것을반영하고, 이는죽음에대해논의하기를터부시하는우리의문화와도일치하는것을알수가있다. 또한자칫하면, 환자가환자자신의치료-호스피스완화의료측면을포함해서-의정보로부터사각지대에놓일수있을가능성도있음을시사한다. 이사례처럼환자나보호자가죽음에대한준비를하지못하고, 충분한치료에대한정보를얻지못하는데는의료진의무관심도영향을미칠수있다. 이는다음의연구에서도확인할수있다. 중환자실입실가능성이높은만성폐쇄성폐질환환자에서기관내삽관에대해조사한결과다양한대답을보였다. 증상이심할수록기관내삽관에부정적인입장을보였으며기관내삽관을받겠다는환자비율은 27 64% 였고, 24

27 만성폐쇄성폐질환환자의 99% 가마지막순간기관내삽관및기계환기에대해의료진과상담하기를원했다. 그러나이들중실제상담을받은사람은 19% 에불과하였고 15% 의환자만이삶의지지요법에대해상의하였다 25. 전통적으로죽음은지극히개인적인사건이며당사자를둘러싼다분히제한적인관련자들이마무리해야하는과업이었다. 그러나사회복지에대한관심의증가, 병원에서의사망비율의증가, 삶의질에대한관심등을통한인간본질에대한성찰은개인의죽음을당사자와가족이감당해야하는사건에서의료인이나사회가관심을가져야하는공동체이슈로의전환을가져왔다. 따라서의료인에게는환자의삶의질과최선의이익을위해고민해야할책임있다. 고탄산혈증을동반한만성폐쇄성폐질환급성악화의경우병원내사망률은 11%, 90일사망률은 33%, 1년사망률은 43% 에다다른다는사실은잘알려져있다 26. 그러나안타깝게도, 실제로고탄산혈증을동반한만성폐쇄성폐질환급성악화로입원한환자나보호자에게이사실을알리고, 호스피스완화의료에대한접근을설명하는의료진은많지않다. 또한말기만성폐쇄성폐질환환자가느끼는호흡곤란, 불안, 우울이폐암환자와이가없음에도불구하고 27,28, 말기만성폐쇄성폐질환환자에게호스피스완화의료의적용은국내에서는어려운실정이다. 이는호스피스완화의료가곧치료의포기를뜻하는것으로인식되고있을뿐아니라죽음에대해터부시하는유교문화의영향이강한우리나라에서는죽음에대한논의, 특히암이아닌환자에게직접말기임을이야기하는것자체가어려울수있다는사회적인식때문일수있다. 그러나환자에게제대로된정보를제공하지않는다면, 환자가자신의치료에최선을선택할수있는기회를박탈하는것이나다름없다. 의료현장에서말기만성폐쇄성폐질환환자들을대상으로담당의사들이제공해야할호스피스, 완화의료서비스에대한의료인들의인식은매우중요하다. 단순히호흡곤란의치료에만초점이맞춰져왔던현재의말기만성폐쇄성폐질환환자와보호자들에게우울과불안함에서벗어나고, 죽음에대한준비를하면서최선의치료가무엇인지생각해볼수있는기회를주기위해서는의료인들의주도적인역할제고가반드시필요하다. 말기만성페쇄성폐질환환자들도암환자와마찬가지로비가역적인만성적, 진행적경과를겪으며신체적증상이외에도평균 7가지이상의신체적, 사회적, 정신적, 기능적문제를가지고있으며, 이런문제들로인한삶의질이저하되는경우가많다. 따라서호스피스ㆍ완화의료가필요한질환임에는의심의여지가없다 29. 다만암과는달리질환이진행되는상황에서도호흡곤란을조절하는치료가주된치료이므로조기이든말기이든치료의내용이크게바뀌지는않으며악화와호전을반복하므로이러한증상조절을위한진료만반복되기때문에호흡기증상이외의다른피로, 불안, 삶의질저하등에대한문제들에대한관리는소홀해지기쉽다. 따라서증상조절을위한치료와사회적, 영적, 정신적문제들을동시에돌보아줄수있는호스피스완화의료의접근이조기에시행되어야한다 16,30. 우리나라에서말기만성폐쇄성폐질환에서의호스피스ㆍ완화의료적용은이제막첫걸음을뗀상태이다. 의료진들의관심과더불어, 말기만성폐쇄성폐질환환자에서특수한상황- 증상조절을위해비침습적혹은가정용인공호흡기사용은어떻게적용할것인지, 혹은호흡재활같은서비스들을어떻게적용할것인지에대한충분한고려가필요하다 나아가, 환자의상태를본인에게알리고환자의예후, 치료법, 죽음에대해환자와의료진, 가족이충분히논의할수있는사회전반적인인식의변화가반드시요구된다. References 1. Ministry of Health and Welfare. Hospice, Palliative Care, and Life-sustaining Treatment Decision-making Act. Sejong: Ministry of Health and Welfare; The National Council for Palliative Care. National Survey of Patient Activity Data for Specialist Palliative Care Services. MDS full report for the year London: The National Council for Palliative Care; National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. NHPCO s Facts and Figures: hospice care in America. Alexandria, VA: National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization; Glare P. Predicting and communicating prognosis in palliative care. BMJ 2011;343:d

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