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1 CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Vol.11, No.5(2012), pp.184~190 동합금의워터캐비테이션피닝에의한내구성과부식특성평가 김성종 1 한민수 1, 김민성 2 1 목포해양대학교기관시스템공학부, 전라남도목포시해양대학로 91 2 ( 주 ) 디섹, 경상남도거제시아주동 1 번지 (2012 년 4 월 26 일접수, 2012 년 10 월 15 일수정, 2012 년 10 월 16 일채택 ) Evaluation of Corrosion and the Anti-Cavitation Characteristics of Cu Alloy by Water Cavitation Peening Seong-Jong Kim 1, Min-Su Han 1,, and Min-Sung Kim 2 1 Faculty of Marine Engineering, MokpoMaritimeUniversity, Jeonnam, , Korea 2 DSEC, 1, Aju-dong, Geoje-si, Gyeongnam, , Korea (Received September 27, 2012; Revised October 26, 2012; Accepted October 26, 2012) Cu alloy is widely used for marine applications due to its excellent ductility and high resistance for corrosion as wells as cavitation. However, long term exposure of the material to marine environments may result in damages caused by cavitation and corrosion. Water cavitation peening has been introduced in order to improve resistance of Cu alloy to corrosion and cavitation. The technology induces compressive residual stress onto the surface, and thus enhances the fatigue strength and life. In this study, the characteristics of the material were investigated by using water cavitaiton peening technique, and results showed that 2 minutes of water cavitation peening indicated the considerable improvement in hardness. On the other hand, over 10 minutes of water cavitation peening accelerated damages to the surface. In the case of ALBC3, water cavitation peening in the range of 2 to 10 minutes has shown the excellent durability and corrosion resistance while minimizing surface damages. Keywords : Cu alloy, cavitation, compressive residual stress, water cavitation peening, plastic deformation 1. 서론 일반적으로동합금은해양생물서식을방지할수있고인성이풍부하여선박용대형프로펠러, 임펠러, 밸브, 고강도베어링및기어재료등의대형주물에사용되어왔으며, 화학공업용기기부품으로도널리사용되고있다. 그러나해양환경에널리사용되고있는동합금은가혹한해수환경에장기간노출되어사용한경우, 캐비테이션부식과조류에의한침식으로인해손상된사례가많다. 1),2) 이는물리적인손상과화학적부식손상이복합적으로작용하여제품의수명을급격하게저하시킨다. 3) 그래서고비용과많은시간이소요되는신소재개발보다기존재료에대하여가공방법을달리하여저비용으로고강도를얻기위한연구가계속되고있다. 4) 본연구는동합금에 Al 원소를첨가함으로서부동태피막을형성하여내식성및내마모성을향상시킨 ALBC3 합금모재로재료의손상을최소화하는수명연장방안에 Corresponding author: mp949@mmu.ac.kr 대하여연구하였다. 표면개질방법에는침탄, 질화및쇼트피닝가공같은소성가공방법등다양하게상용화되어있다. 특히표면소성가공을통해금속표면에압축잔류응력을형성하면외부하중으로부터발생하는인장력을상쇄시켜표면에생기는응력을감소시킬수있다. 5) Zimmerli 6) 는쇼트피닝가공기술을적용하여코일스프링에피로강도를 40% 이상향상시켰고, Rodopoulos, 7) Statnikov 8) 와 Horsch 9) 은쇼트볼의크기를최소화하기위한방안으로수중에서초음파피닝기술을이용하였으며, 몇분이내에표면혹은표면가까운깊이까지거칠기나잔류응력의변화와같은기계적물성치변화를관찰하였다. 또한 Kienzler 10) 은증류수중에 Al 2O 3 를희석, 교반하면서초음파캐비테이션피닝을실시하여재료의표면연마와가공분야까지연구하였다. 본논문에서는 ALBC3 주조합금에대하여표면내구성을향상시킬수있는방법으로일정한진폭으로시간을변수로하여워터캐비테이션피닝 (water cavitation peening; 이하 WCP) 을실시하여하였고, 전기화학적실험을실시하여 WCP된재료표면의부식거동을관찰함으로서내구성과 184
2 EVALUATION OF CORROSION AND THE ANTI-CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CU ALLOY BY WATER CAVITATION PEENING Table 1. Chemical composition of ALBC3 alloy Component Cu Al Fe Ni Zn Sn Pb Si Mn wt(%) Balance 내식성이우수한 WCP 시간을규명하고자한다. 2. 실험방법 본연구에사용된재료는 ALBC3 합금이며, 화학조성을 Table1 에나타냈다. ALBC3 합금은약 9.3% Al까지함유된동합금에약 3.66% Fe와 4.39% Ni을첨가한합금으로강도와연성이양호하고, 고온에서의우수한내식성과내산화성을가지는합금이다. Al 원소의영향으로부동태피막이발생하여재료표면을보호하는특성을가지므로내마모성과내피로성이우수하여뛰어난내식성을나타낸다. WCP 실험은 ASTM G-32 에서규정한초음파 (ultrasonic) 의압전효과와캐비테이션효과를이용하였다. 혼의진동수와진폭은각각 20 khz 와 30 μm이다. 혼과시편과의스탠드오프거리를 1 mm로하여증류수에서 WCP를실시하였다. 시간변수에따라 WCP를실시하였고, 피닝부위에대하여주사전자현미경으로표면을관찰하였다. 그리고 WCP 실험후손상된부위를 3D현미경으로손상깊이를측정하였다. 내식성을평가하기위하여증류수에서각시간별 WCP 실시한시험편을일정면적 (0.38 cm 2 ) 해수중에노출하여전기화학적실험을실시하였다. 전기화학적실험은타펠분석법을활용하여개로전위를기준으로 ± 0.25 V까지분극시켜부식전위와부식전류밀도를관찰하였다. 이때기준전극은 Ag/AgCl, 대극은백금을사용하였다. 또한모재와 10 분간 WCP한시험편에대하여정전위실험을실시하였다. 모든실험은시험조건당 3회이상실험하였으며, 평균값으로분석하였다. 그리고부식정도를상호비교하기위해주사전자현미경 (scanning electron microscope, SEM) 을사용하여시편표면형상을상호비교분석하였다. Fig. 1. The effect of water cavitation peening time on hardness after water cavitation peening for ALBC3 alloy in distilled water. 3. 결과및고찰 Fig. 1은증류수내에서 ALBC3 합금을 WCP를시간별로실시하여경도값을측정한그래프이다. WCP 전의모재경도는 Hv를나타냈다. WCP 초기단계, 즉 1, 2분에서는급격한경도상승을확인할수있으며, WCP 시간이증가함에따라각소재의표면경도는 2~30분까지는일정한경도값을유지하다가 30분이후부터감소한후 180분이후에는다시경도값이상승하는경향을나타냈다. 이러한현상은 ALBC3 합금의경우어느일정표면나노화이후에는결 Fig. 2. Surface morphology with WCP time parameters for ALBC3 alloy. 정립끼리슬라이딩효과로인하여경도증가가감소되는것으로사료된다. 6) ALBC3 합금에 2분간 WCP를실시하였을경우가장높은경도로그크기는 Hv였다. 이것은실험전모재와비교하여약 10.49% 의경도상승을의미한다. 이와같이 WCP를 2~30 분동안실시할경우, 경도가상승하여내구성을향상시킬것으로기대된다. Fig. 2는증류수내에서 ALBC3 합금에대하여다양한시 CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.11, No.5,
3 SEONG-JONG KIM, MIN-SU HANA, AND MIN-SUNG KIM 간동안 WCP 후표면형상을주사전자현미경으로관찰한것이다. 모재와비교하여 1~10 분까지 WCP 시에는재료의경도는상승하였음에도불구하고 ALBC3 합금표면에캐비테이션손상이나충격에의한손상이거의발생하지않았다. 이것은임계충격하중이하의작은하중을가진기포들이반복적인충격에의해서재료의표면에전위의이동으로인한경도의증가가나타난것으로사료된다. 120분이후부터표면손상이확연히증가되었는데이는 WCP 시발생하는마이크로캐비티의붕괴에의해수 GPa 정도의국부적으로대단히큰충격압력을표면에전달하여시간증가에따른표면손상을유발한것으로사료된다. 11),12) 이후 WCP 시간이증가할수록캐비테이션손상형태가점차확대되고있으며, 전면적으로손상되었음을알수있다. Fig. 3은 ALBC3 합금모재와모재대비경도값이확연히증가된 WCP 시간 2분, 10분그리고 30분 WCP 한 ALBC3 합금시험편에대한표면을 3D 현미경으로손상깊이를관찰한것이며, Fig. 4는 WCP한시간별평균손상깊이를나타낸것이다. 3D 현미경분석결과표면과 WCP 된부위의최고점과최하점의차이를손상깊이값으로정의하였으며, 이값은표면손상정도의비교기준이되며 WCP 에의한내캐비테이 션특성을평가하는기준이된다. WCP를하지않은모재의경우 μm를나타내었다. 2분까지손상깊이는캐비티에의한기포붕괴시발생되는국부적인큰충격압의영향으로 μm까지증가하여모재의표면보다거칠기 Fig. 4. The comparison of average damage depth by 3D analysis with time for WCPed ALBC3 alloy. Fig. 3. 3D analysis of WCPed ALBC3 alloy. 186 CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.11, No.5, 2012
4 EVALUATION OF CORROSION AND THE ANTI-CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CU ALLOY BY WATER CAVITATION PEENING 가증가하는현상을보였다. 이후 ALBC3 합금에 WCP이진행되면서캐비티의충돌로인한 ALBC3 합금의손상이시험편표면에전체적으로가해지면서초기에는국부적인손상으로거친면을형성한다. 이후 WCP시간이증가하면서요철이생긴표면을마이크로캐비티의충돌로재료표면의소성변형과정이반복되면서손상깊이의증가와감소를반복하였다. 이와같은 WCP으로인하여표면의손상깊이변화는내캐비테이션특성과내식성에영향을미칠것으로사료된다. Fig. 5 ~ Fig. 6은해수환경하에서 WCP한 ALBC3 합금시험편에대하여 ±250 mv로분극시켜타펠분석을위한분극곡선과타펠분석결과를나타낸것이다. 실험결과, 모든조건에서양분극경향은전위의상승에따라지속적으로전류밀도가증가하였으나음분극영역에서는농도분극의영향으로양분극에비해낮은전류밀도를나타냈다. 타펠외삽법을통해측정된모재의평균부식전위및부식전류밀도는각각 V와 A/cm 2 이였다. 경도값분석에서확연한경도상승을보인 2~30 분까지구간을살펴보면부식전류밀도는모재와근사하였으나, 2분동안 WCP 한 구간에서부식전위및부식전류밀도는각각 V와 A/cm 2 으로부식전류밀도는가장낮은값을나타냈다. 또한 10분이후부터 WCP 시간이증가할수록부식전류밀도와부식전위는증가와감소를반복하였지만변화폭은작은값을나타냈다. Fig. 6. Results of Tafel analysis in seawater solution for ALBC3 alloy. Fig. 5. Comparison of the polarization curves for ALBC3 alloy at various WCPed time in sea water. CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.11, No.5,
5 SEONG-JONG KIM, MIN-SU HANA, AND MIN-SUNG KIM Fig. 7은해수환경에서모재와 10분동안 WCP한시험편의양분극경향을나타낸것이다. 모재의경우개로전위에서 +0.1 V까지전류밀도가상승한후 1.2 V까지전류밀도가저하하는부동태특성을나타냈다. 10분의경우개로전위에서 +0.4 V까지전류밀도가상승하였다. 이후 +1.7 V까지전류밀도가낮은값을나타냈으며, 모재와비교하여 WCP를실시한경우부동태구간의전류밀도는큰차이를나타내지않았다. 양분극곡선에서모재의부동태특성을나타낸구간의전류밀도가 WCP를실시한경우에비해낮지만, 부동태구간이상의전위에서는모재의전류밀도가 WCP 를실시한경우보다높은값을나타냈다. 결과적으로확대된양분극곡선을비교하면 ALBC3 동합금모재를 WCP하면전류밀도가낮아져부식저항성이향상됨을알수있다. Fig. 8은해수환경에서모재와 10분동안 WCP한시험편 Fig. 7. Enlarged a comparison of the anodic polarization trends for ALBC3 alloy and WCPed ALBC3 alloy during 10min in sea water. 의음분극경향을나타낸것이다. 모재의경우초기에 -0.2 V 정도의전위를나타낸후용존산소환원반응에의한농도분극과수소가스발생에의한활성화분극구간이나타났다. 용존산소환원반응에의한농도분극은약 -1.0 V ~ -0.4 V의범위에서관찰되었다. 이후활성화분극의영향으로전류밀도가증가하는경향을나타냈다. 또한외부전원법에의한음극방식적용시한계전위에해당되는농도분극과활성화분극의변곡점은 -1.0 V 이다. 모재대비 10분동안 WCP한경우, 농도분극에서전류밀도가감소하였으며활성화분극구간에서도낮은전류밀도를나타냈다. 이는 WCP 과정에서마이크로버블의충격에의해재료표면에발생한압축잔류응력에의해낮은전류밀도값을나타낸것으로사료된다. 결과적으로농도분극구간과활성화분극구간모두에서낮은전류밀도를보였으므로 10분동안 WCP 한경우모재보다내식성이우수할것으로판단된다. Fig. 9는해수환경하에서 ALBC3 합금과 10분동안 WCP 실시한시편에대하여정전위실험종료시 3,600 초에서의전류밀도값을비교한것이다. 모재와비교하여 10분동안 WCP된시험편의경우전체적으로비슷한전류밀도의변화를나타냈으나, 적용전위가 -0.8~-0.2 V 구간에서는전류밀도가급격하게감소하는경향을나타냈다. 농도분극구간의전위에서시간변화에따라전류밀도의차이가발생하였는데 10분동안 WCP실시한경우모재보다낮은 A/cm 2 로측정되었다. 결과적으로정전위실험분석결과 WCP 를 10분간실시한경우농도분극구간에서의부식저항성이향상될것으로판단된다. 이후농도분극보다높거나낮은영역은활성화분극구간에해당되므로 WCP 를실시한경우가높은값을나타냈다할지라도큰의미를갖지못한다. Fig. 10은모재인 ALBC3 합금과모재에대하여 10분동 Fig. 8. Comparison of the cathodic polarization trends for ALBC3 alloy and WCPed ALBC3 alloy during 10min in sea water. Fig. 9. Comparison of current density after potentiostatic experiment during 3,600 sec for ALBC3 alloy and WCPed for 10min in sea water. 188 CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.11, No.5, 2012
6 EVALUATION OF CORROSION AND THE ANTI-CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CU ALLOY BY WATER CAVITATION PEENING Fig. 10. Surface morphologies after potentiostatic experiments for ALBC3 alloy and WCPed ALBC3 alloy during 10min in sea water. 안 WCP 후해수환경하에서 3,600 초동안정전위실험을실시한후표면조직변화를관찰한것이다. 모재의경우, 적용전위가 1.6 V에서과도한활성용해반응후모재의표면은전체적으로용해반응이과다하게진행되어많은손상이관찰되었으며, 조밀한결정립이관찰되었다. 0.8 V의전위에서도용해반응에따른영향으로표면의 Cu와 Al의산화보호피막파괴로부식이진행된것으로사료된다. ALBC3 합금의미세조직은 α상과 β상뿐만아니라 Fe 또는 Ni이 Al과반응하여형성된 κ상으로이루어진다상조 직이다. β상과 κ상은 α상에비해강도와경도가우수한기계적특성을나타내지만상대적으로부식에민감하다. 그래서 0 V의전위에서는 ALBC3 합금에서기지조직인 α상보다상대적으로내식성이낮은 β상과 κ상에부식이집중된표면을관찰할수있었다. 13) 반면, -0.2 V의전위에서는개로전위와가까운전위로평형상태를유지하므로용해반응에의한영향은거의없으며, 표면이깨끗한상태를유지하였고연마에기인한스크래치손상만관찰되었다. 또한 -0.8 V의전위에서는 -0.2 V의전위와유사하게깨끗한표면을나타냈다 V의전위에서는표면에약간의손상이관찰되었으며수소의환원반응에의한손상이발생되기시작한전위로사료된다. 그리고 -2.2 V의전위는원자성수소 (H + +e H) 및분자성수소 (H + +e+h H 2, H+H H 2) 의발생으로인한활성화분극반응의영향으로많은부식이관찰되었다. 14) 또한활성화분극구간에서는시험편표면에전착물의형성을관찰할수있는데이는해수에포함된마그네슘과칼슘이온이화학반응을통하여석회질피막 (calcareous deposit) 을형성한것이다. 15) 10분동안 WCP한후정전위실험결과, 1.6 V의정전위조건에서는모재와다르게부분적으로활성용해반응에의한부식손상과특정부위에서손상이증가하는경향이관찰되었다. 이는 10분동안의 WCP를통해압축잔류응력의형성과전위 (dislocation) 의이동에기인한것으로사료된다. 계면이정확히관찰되지않았으며, 표면에공식에의한손상들이관찰되었다. 그러나 0.8 V의전위에서는계면손상이뚜렷하게관찰되었다. 그리고 0 V의전위에서는용해반응초기로서내식성이약한상이먼저탈락되었고, 표면이 WCP 효과로인하여모재와비교하여손상이적게나타났다 V의전위에서는개로전위에가까운구간으로서손상은거의관찰되지않았다 V의전위에서는농도분극구간에포함되는전위이기때문에깨끗한표면이관찰되어모재와의차이는관찰되지않았다 V의전위에서는활성화분극구간전위임에도불구하고 WCP에의한요철외에수소환원반응으로인한표면손상이거의발견되지않았다. 그리고 -2.2 V의전위에서는수소과전압에의한활성화분극으로시험편표면에전착물에의한피막형성과함께시편표면에서수소가스가다량발생하는수소발생형부식이진행됨을확인할수있었다. 4. 결론 ALBC3 합금의진폭 30 μm으로 WCP를실시한경우, 표면경도값을비교하였을때 2분과 10분의경우, 각각 10.49% 와 8.89% 의높은경도상승률을나타냈다. WCP를실시하면모든실험조건에서경도값이상승하여내구성이향상될것으로예상되었으나특히확연한경도상승을보인 CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.11, No.5,
7 SEONG-JONG KIM, MIN-SU HANA, AND MIN-SUNG KIM 2~30 분동안 WCP를실시할경우내구성을향상시킬것으로기대된다. 그러나표면손상관찰결과, 전체적으로시간이증가함에따라손상깊이가증가하였으나주위의요철이손상됨에따라일정시간이경과하면표면의손상깊이는일정한값을나타냈다. 표면관찰에있어서 10분까지는표면손상이극미하였으나그이상 WCP를실시한경우마이크로버블에의해빠르게표면손상이증가하였다. 타펠분석을통해전기화학적특성을평가한결과, 2분동안캐비테이션피닝을한경우가모재보다도낮은부식전류밀도값을나타내었으나큰편차는나타나지않았다. 내구성이우수하면서내식성을향상시킬수있는 WCP 시간의한계를 10분으로평가하고, 10분동안실시한경우와비교한결과모재대비우수한특성을나타내었다. 결과적으로본논문에서는 ALBC3 합금에대하여 2~10 분범위내에서 WCP 를실시할경우내구성은물론내식성도향상될수있음을확인하였다. 감사의글본연구는교육과학기술부와한국연구재단의지역혁신인력양성사업으로수행된연구결과임 참고문헌 1. Jae-Ho Hwang and Uh-Joh Lim, J. Corros. Sci. Soc. of Kor., 25, 317 (1996). 2. Myeong Hwan Im, J. Corros. Sci. Tech., 10, 21 (2011). 3. A. G. Petersen and D. Klenerman, W. M. Hedges, Corrosion, 60, 187 (2004). 4. Kyung-Dong Park and Chan-Gi Jung, J. Ocean Eng. Tech., 15, 93 (2001). 5. Chan-Gi Jung and Kyung-Dong Park, J. Ocean Eng. Tech.. 16, 73 (2002). 6. F. P. Zimmerli, Metal Progress, 67, 97 (1952). 7. C. A. Rodopoulos, J. Mat. Eng. Perform, 16, 30 (2007). 8. E. Statnikov. Ultrasonic, 44, 533 (2006). 9. C. Horsch, V. Schulze, and D. Löhe, Microsystem Technologies. 12, 691 (2006). 10. A. Kienzler, V. Schulze, D. Lohe, International Conference on shot peening, Tokyo Japan, 10, 205 (2008). 11. Y. Sekine and H. Soyama, J. Surf. Sci. Tech., 203, 2254 (2009). 12. H. Soyama and N. Yamada, Mater. lett., 62, 3564 (2008). 13. C. H. Tang, F. T. Cheng, and H. C. Man. Mater. sci. Eng., 373, 195 (2004). 14. Masazumi Okido, Ryoichi Ichino, Seong-Jong Kim, and Seok-Ki Jang, Transactions Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19, 892 (2009). 15. C. Deslouls, D. Festy, O. Gil, G. Ruis, S. Touzain, and B. Tribollet, Electrochim. Acta, 43, 1891 (1998). 190 CORROSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.11, No.5, 2012
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