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1 27) ( )* (scandal) (cycle) (chain) * Dong-Hoon Yang(Kyungsung University), The Problem of Political Corruption and the New Democratic Regime in Brazil: A View of Political Regime

2 -,,,,, - (the rule of the law), (public) (private),,, (Quah, 1999, 245; della Porta & Vannucci, 1999: 7-8, 95; Weyland, 1998: 114; Geddes and Neto, 1999: 31; Heywood, 1997: 14),, (political institutionalization),,,, 30 1)

3 (political system) -,, - (political regime) (value), (norm), (rule) 2) - - 3),, 1) (TI) (CPI) , , , , , ( documents) ( transparencyorg/cpi/2003/) 2) (2001; 2002) 3) (political system) (the state) (political regime) (Easton, 1979: 21-33, 199-4) (Macridis, 1986: 2-21)

4 (, quasi-) (transition) (consolidation),,,,,, (Sechdler, 2001: 6;, 1994) 4) (ideal- type) (solid) (consolidated) 5),, (the quasi-authoritarian regime) (the new democratic regime),, 4),,,,,,,,,,, 5) (Linz and Stepan, 1996: 3-15) (con- solidated democracy) -,,,, -

5 -,,, -,, - -,,,,, 6) 6) - -

6 ( ) -,, - 7) (democratic founding elections),,,, (Dahl, 1971: 3)

7 (cycle), (1889) (Clientilism: Patron-Client Politics) (boss) (the Old Republic) (coronel) (Fynn, 1978: 38-39) 8)

8 , (Marinz, 1996) ( ) ( ) (The politics of favor) (Fleischer, 2002: 5) - - < 1> ( ), ( ), ( ) (Institutional Act No 5) (Humberto Castelo Branco), (Artur da Costa e Silva), (Emílio Garrastazú Médici), (Ernesto Geisel) ) "Coronelismo"

9 (Jão Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo) (José Sarney Costa) (1985, , 3) 9) (Fernando Collor de Mello), (Itamar Franco), (Fernando Henrique Cardoso) -,,, - (extreme multi-partism) 9) (Sarney) : (1), 27 5 ; (2) (, 1996: )

10 (pork-barrel politics) (Geddes/Neto 1999, 28) (decree politics) - (Medidas Provisórias) - 1) ( ) (1988) 1960 (Jânio Quadros) , 1 305%, 530% (Luis Inácio Lula da Silva) (Coggins and Lewis, 1992: 57) (PRN)) % 2 396%, 60 37

11 30 10) (Mainwaring, 1997: 95-96; Power, 1994: 9-10) (Paulo César Farias), (Pedro Collor de Mello) (RB, : 6) 11) 1988 (São Paulo) 2 (Fleischer, 1997: 5) -10% 10) ) RB Latin American Regional Reports: Brazil Report (RB, )

12 15%- 40% 12),,, 13) (CPI) (roll-call) (RB, : 6; RB, : 3) (STF)) ) (Skidmore, 1999: 2) 13) % 36% (RB, : 6) %, %, %, % (Mainwaring, 1997: 15)

13 (RB, : 6-7) 2) ( ) (Minas Gerais),, ) 15) (João Alves) ) , 14) : 505; 160; 147 (Mainwaring, 1997: 63) 15) Budgetgate" 16), 7%;, 23%;, 24%;, 56% (RB, : 2) % 145% ((RB, : 5; RB, : 4)

14 , (SFCI) (CEI) 3) ( ) (PSDB) % 27% (PT), 2 (Real Plan), % (PFL) , 81 33

15 (PFL) (PMDB), (PTB) 56%, 69% (Derbyshire and Derbyshire, 1996: 568; Mainwring, 1997: 78) , , 62 (Regional Surveys of the World, 2001: 177) (Political Council) (Government Council) , ,223 (EIU Country Report: Brazil, 2000: 1Q/16),

16 (SUDAM) (SUDENE) 20 (Real),,,, (Para), (Jader Barbalho) (Roseana Sarney) 4 4 (SIVAM) (Raytheon) 1989 (Banco Econômico),,, (Fleischer, 2002: 11) (Luiz Estevão)

17 1995 (Fleischer, 2002: 28) (lobby) , (side-payments) 2000 (The Code of Public Ethics) (Fleischer, 2002: 27) 6

18 ,, 17) ( ),, (Geddes and Neto, 1999: 45) 18) 17) (Rose-Ackerman, 1999: 225) " "(authoritarian regression) 18)

19 (corruptionreport, 2002: 103) 19),,,,, Political corruption -its scandals, cycles, and chains- is, among others, closely related to a fragile and contradictory nature of the new democratic regime which has emerged in the democratizing process in Brazil and the other Third World countries, particularly at the stage of higher modernization In the new democratic regime, most democratic values, norms and rules have been formally asserted and justified in the political discourse Furthermore, some key principles of democracy have been actually materialized, even though they do not firmly take root: the frequent regularity of electoral competition, the dispersion of policy- 19) http//corruptionreportorg 2002, p 103

20 making power between major governmental institutions, and the expansion of citizenship including political rights and freedoms of speech and press which can oversee and check the political society to some extent In the new democratic regime, however, some authoritarian attitudes and practices, such as clientilism or political leadership's arbitrary collection and distribution of political funds without being caught and punished, have still affected most political roles and relations in the reality This is mainly because the rule of law is much less effective in term of political norms and intentions It is also because the principles of political accountability do not work properly inside the government, between its major agencies Key Words: Political Corruption, Democratization, The New Democratic Regime, Democratic Consolidation, Brazil /,,,, : :

21 (2002), :,, Vol 36, No 2, pp (2001), :, 21, Vol 22, No 2, pp (1997), :,, No 13, pp 5-21 (1996), :,, Vol 9, No 1, pp (1994), :,, Vol 30, No 3, pp Coggins, John and D S Lewis(eds)(1992), Political Parties of the Americas & the Caribbean, Essex: Longman Group UK Limited Dahl, Robert L(1971), Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press Della Porta, Donatella and Alberto Vannucci(1999), Corrupt Exchanges: Actors, Resources and Mechanisms of Political Corruption, New York:AldineDeGruyter Derbyshire, J Denis and Ian Derbyshire(1996), Political Systems of the World, New York: St Matin's Press Easton, David(1979), A Systems Analysis of Political Life, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Fleischer, David V(2002), Corruption in Brazil: Defining, Measuring, and Reducing, Washington D C: The CSIS Press Fleischer, David V(1997), Political Corruption and Campaign Financing: Brazil's Slow Shift Towards Anti-Corruption Laws, Paper prepared for presentation at the DEM35 Panel Corruption in Latin America II: An Overview of the Practical Measures to

22 Curb Corruption of the XX International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association(LASA), Guadalajara, Mexico, April 17-19, pp 1-23 Flynn, Peter(1978), Brazil: A Political Anaylsis, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press Geddes, Barbara and Artur Ribeiro Neto(1992), Institutional Sources of Corruption in Brazil, Third World Quarterly, Vol 13, No 4, pp (1999), Institutional Sources of Corruption in Brazil in Keith S Rosenn and Richard Downes(eds), Corruption and Political Reform in Brazil: The Impact of Collor's Impeachment, North-South Center Press: University of Miami, pp Heywood, Paul(1997), Political Corruption: Problems and Perspectives, in Paul Heywood(ed), Political Corruption, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers pp 1-19 Linz, Juan J and Alfred Stepan(1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post- Communist Europe, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press Macridis, Roy C(1986), Modern Political Regimes: Patterns and Institutions, Boston: Little, Brown and Company Mainwaring, Scott(1997), Multipartism, Robust Federalism, and Presidentialism in Brazil in Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart(eds), Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp Marinz Jose de Souza(1996), Clientilism and Corruption in Contemporary Brzail, in Walter Little and Eduardo Posada-Carbo(eds), Political Corruption in Europe and Latin America, London: Macmillan Press Ltd, pp

23 Power, Timothy J(1994), The Pen is Mightier than the Congress: Presidetial Decree Power in Brazil, Paper presented at the XVIII International Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Atlanta, Georgia, March 10-12, pp 1-21 Quah, Jon S T(1999), Combating Corruption in South Korea and Thailand, in Andreas Schedler et al(eds), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp Rose-Ackerman, Susan(1999), Corruption and Goernment: Causes, Consequences, and Reform, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Schedler, Andreas(2001), Taking Uncertainty Seriously: The Blurred Boundaries of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, Democratization, Vol 8, No 4, Winter, pp 1-22 Skidmore, Thomas(1999), Collor's Downfall in Historical Perspective, in Keith S Rosenn and Richard Downes(eds), Corruption and PoliticalReforminBrazil:TheImpactofCollor'sImpeachment, Miami: North-South Center Press, University of Miami, pp 1-19 Weyland, Kurt(1998), The Politics of Corruption in Latin America, Journal of Democracy Vol 9, No 2, April, pp EIU Country Report: Brazil, International Transparency, Latin American Monitor: Brazil, Latin American Regional Reports: Brazil Report, , Regional Surveys of the World: Brazil, Directory, 2001

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