Problem-olving trategies When sincere apologies are offered in an ordinary human relationship, they are readily accepted by the victims

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They also tend to downplay the consequences of their actions. These tendencies can inflame the anger of the hurt person, who, in contrast, may see an offense as bigger than it really is.

1 Part Zoom In Apologies often fail. One reason apologies fail is that the offender and the victim usually see the event differently. Examining personal narratives, researchers have = As they examine found that those who cause harm tend to minimize the offense probably to protect themselves from shame and guilt. They also tend to downplay the consequences of their actions. These tendencies can inflame the anger of the hurt person, who, in contrast, may see an offense as bigger than it really is. When sincere apologies are offered in an ordinary human relationship, they are readily accepted by the victims and reconciliations ensue. Those who are hurt tend to see the act as one with severe = follows consequences and as part of an ongoing pattern that is inexcusable and immoral. Each person has his or her own truth, and there is distortion on both sides. Therefore, to apologize sincerely we must first listen attentively to how the other person really feels about what happened not simply assert what we think happened. / e.g. I called my wife, who is a teacher. I called my wife who is a teacher. Words Phrases offender downplay inflame reconciliation ensue inexcusable 100

2 Problem-olving trategies When sincere apologies are offered in an ordinary human relationship, they are readily accepted by the victims and reconciliations ensue. 101

1 Looking back, scientists have uncovered a mountain of evidence that Mayan leaders were = When they looked aware for many centuries of their uncertain dependence on rainfall.

The Mayans enforced conservation during low rainfall years, tightly regulating the types of crops grown, the use of public water, and food rationing.

Often the most important religious temples sat atop the towering Mayan pyramids, presumably as the closest place to the heavens.

= and regulated = on rationing 2 The Greeks belief that individuals were in charge of their own lives and free to act as they O OC chose fueled a tradition of debate.

3 1 Looking back, scientists have uncovered a mountain of evidence that Mayan leaders were = When they looked aware for many centuries of their uncertain dependence on rainfall. Water shortages were not only understood but also recorded and planned for. The Mayans enforced conservation during low rainfall years, tightly regulating the types of crops grown, the use of public water, and food rationing. During the first half of their three-thousand-year reign, the Mayans continued to build larger underground artificial lakes and containers to store rainwater for drought months. Often the most important religious temples sat atop the towering Mayan pyramids, presumably as the closest place to the heavens. As impressive as their elaborately decorated temples were, their efficient systems for collecting and warehousing water were masterpieces in design and engineering. = and regulated = on rationing 2 The Greeks belief that individuals were in charge of their own lives and free to act as they O OC chose fueled a tradition of debate. Homer, a Greek poet, makes it clear that a man is defined by his ability to debate like a warrior is defined by his courage. A commoner could challenge even a king and not only live to tell the tale, but occasionally sway an audience to his side. Debates occurred in the marketplace, the political assembly, and even in military settings. As striking as the Greeks freedom was their sense of curiosity about the world. Uniquely among ancient civilizations, great matters of state, as well as the most ordinary questions, were often decided by public, rhetorical combat rather than by authoritarian order. C C 102

includes monkeys, chimpanzees, and orangutans. The authors claim that illegal trafficking of primates is accelerating the decline of our closest living relatives to the point of near extinction.

4 3 In a fall 2000 article, Trafficking in Misery: The Primate Trade, Linda Howard and Dena Jones highlighted the problem of the international primate trade, including many species of = and it includes monkeys, chimpanzees, and orangutans. The authors claim that illegal trafficking of primates is accelerating the decline of our closest living relatives to the point of near extinction. They estimate that more than 30,000 wild-caught primates are sold on the international market each year. Interpol, the international police agency, maintains that the illegal wildlife trade is a multibillion-dollar-a-year business, second only to drugs as a worldwide black market. Experts warn drug trafficking on the web has soared as Internet use has become commonplace, presenting (that) (and it is) = increased far more challenges than traditional trafficking. The animals are sold for food, for use in laboratory research, for exhibition, and as companions for private individuals. = and it presents trafficking 4 Earthquakes can devastate rigidly constructed buildings, but damage-control technology largely attributed to Japanese and U.. engineers has made structures less vulnerable to nature s assaults. Using machines that simulate earthquakes, scientists study the effects of quakes on tall = As they use buildings, bridges, nuclear power plants, gas tanks, oil pipelines, and even household equipment such as refrigerators and ranges. What they learn helps engineers build structures that absorb and dissipate a quake s destructive energy. The Osaka World Trade Center Building in Tokyo, for example, uses a computer-directed sliding weight to shift the structure s center of gravity when the Earth trembles or the wind rises. Japan has an impressive level of readiness and is tracking survivors and rescuing survivors with their army of search and rescue robots. To dampen shock, another method uses alternating layers of steel and rubber between a building s = reduce base and foundation. O OC dissipate 103

5 Extremes of temperature will affect architectural design requirements in order to ensure that the internal environment is comfortable and habitable.

Architecture can be symbolic and have meaning associated with it; this could be religious, a cathedral for example, or an association with national identity, such as government offices.

Conversely, hot weather requires designs that encourage cooling, use light materials and incorporate features that prevent sunlight from heating internal spaces.

5 5 Extremes of temperature will affect architectural design requirements in order to ensure that the internal environment is comfortable and habitable. For example, cold weather necessitates thick, insulated walls to keep internal temperatures manageable. Architecture can be symbolic and have meaning associated with it; this could be religious, a cathedral for example, or an association with national identity, such as government offices. imilarly, reducing the glazing used in a building that is located in a very cold climate will reduce the building s heat loss. Conversely, hot weather requires designs that encourage cooling, use light materials and incorporate features that prevent sunlight from heating internal spaces. In these climates, architectural designs need to encourage cross ventilation in structures to keep the internal temperatures cool. glazing 6 There is nothing new in the realization of music s therapeutic and mood-changing properties. In the earliest societies shamans used repetitive rhythmic drum beats to induce altered states of = produce consciousness and mood. Martin Luther noted that nothing on earth is so well suited to make O OC O OC O OC the sad merry, the merry sad, to give courage to the despairing, to make the proud humble, to lessen envy and hate, as music. Many writers and philosophers have pointed to the particular ability of music to touch the emotions rather than the intellect and to create atmosphere. Music creates images and specific sensations in each of our own minds, but the images and sensations are not precisely the same (or even close to being the same) for all listeners. As Honoré de Balzac observed, Music appeals to the heart; it communicates ideas directly, like perfume. 104

www.ebsi.co.kr 7 Members of a given culture have certain shared expectations of appropriate social behavior, the motivations of others, and accepted outcomes of communicative interactions.

Individuals are socialized to accept relatively narrow ranges of behavior as appropriate; members of a culture learn to do things in a certain way and to regard the behaviors surrounding these

Thus, contact with another culture leads to shock as individuals are confronted with different values, beliefs, attitudes, worldviews, and customs.

= certain = strange enculturation 8 There was a time in the United tates when people owned slaves, when women were not allowed to vote, and when children worked long hours for shockingly low pay in

6 7 Members of a given culture have certain shared expectations of appropriate social behavior, the motivations of others, and accepted outcomes of communicative interactions. uch expectations are largely the result of the enculturation process that normal individuals are exposed to as a functioning member of a set culture. Individuals are socialized to accept relatively narrow ranges of behavior as appropriate; members of a culture learn to do things in a certain way and to regard the behaviors surrounding these activities as proper. The only real way to overcome cultural bias is to explore as many cultures as possible. Thus, contact with another culture leads to shock as individuals are confronted with different values, beliefs, attitudes, worldviews, and customs. These individuals face disparate assumptions about the role of language; the nature, importance, and power of social relationships; and the construction and maintenance of identity. = certain = strange enculturation 8 There was a time in the United tates when people owned slaves, when women were not allowed to vote, and when children worked long hours for shockingly low pay in unhealthy conditions. But small groups of abolitionists, suffragettes, and child welfare advocates saw things more clearly than their peers and worked tirelessly to change public opinion about each of these issues. The views of the broader public were changed in each case, and minority opinion became the opinion of the majority. Examples such as these remind us that although conformity pressures can be powerful, majority opinion does not always prevail. Members of conform(v) minority groups are prone to discrimination in the countries and societies in which they live. abolition(n) prone(a) = liable = vulnerable Not only can conformity pressure be resisted, but minority voices can be heard sufficiently clearly that the prevailing majority opinion can be changed. suffragette 105

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11¹Ú´ö±Ô A Review on Promotion of Storytelling Local Cultures - 265 - 2-266 - 3-267 - 4-268 - 5-269 - 6 7-270 - 7-271 - 8-272 - 9-273 - 10-274 - 11-275 - 12-276 - 13-277 - 14-278 - 15-279 - 16 7-280 - 17-281 -