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1 J. Korean Soc. Tribol. Lubr. Eng. Vol. 30, No. 2, April 2014, pp. 124~129 eissn pissn The Korean Society of Tribologists & Lubrication Engineers DOI 적외선열화상카메라를이용한탄소강관용접부결함검출 권대주 1 정나라 2 김재열 3 1 한국폴리텍대학익산캠퍼스, 2 조선대학교대학원첨단부품소재공학과 3 조선대학교기계시스템공학과 Defect Detection of Carbon Steel Pipe Weld Area using Infrared Thermography Camera DaeJu Kwon 1, NaRa Jung 2 and JaeYeol Kim 3 1 Iksan Campus of KOREA POLYTECHNIC 2 Dept. of Advanced parts and Materials Engineering, Chosun University 3 Dept. of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Chosun University (Received January 14, 2014 ; Revised March 2, 2014 ; Accepted March 4, 2014) Abstract The piping system accounts for a large portion of the machinery structure of a plant, and is considered as a very important mechanical structure for plant safety. Accordingly, it is used in most energy plants in the nuclear, gas, and heavy chemical industries. In particular, the piping system for a nuclear plant is generally complicated and uses the reactor and its cooling system. The piping equipment is exposed to diverse loads such as weight, temperature, pressure, and seismic load from pipes and fluids, and is used to transfer steam, oil, and gas. In ultrasound infrared thermography, which is an active thermography technology, a khz ultrasound wave is applied to the subject, and the resulting heat from the defective parts is measured using a thermography camera. Because this technique can inspect a large area simultaneously and detect defects such as cracks and delamination in real time, it is used to detect defects in the new and renewable energy, car, and aerospace industries, and recently, in piping defect detection. In this study, ultrasound infrared thermography is used to detect information for the diagnosis of nuclear equipment and structures. Test specimens are prepared with piping materials for nuclear plants, and the optimally designed ultrasound horn and ultrasound vibration system is used to determine damages on nuclear plant piping and detect defects. Additionally, the detected images are used to improve the reliability of the surface and internal defect detection for nuclear piping materials, and their field applicability and reliability is verified. Keywords ultrasound thermography ( 초음파서모그래피 ), piping ( 관 ), ultrasound horn ( 초음파혼 ), infrared ( 적외선 ), defects ( 결함 ) 1. 서론 전력수요의증대와지구온난화등의문제를해결할수있는대체에너지원으로서원전건설이점차증가되고있으며아시아지역을중심으로정부주도하에원전개발체제를구축하고있다. 우리나라는 1958년공표 Corresponding author : jykim@chosun.ac.kr Tel: , Fax: 한원자력법을기반으로, 에너지의안정적인수급을위해여원자력발전을도입하기로하여, 1978년 4월고리원전 1호기가처음으로상업운전을시작한이후원자력발전소를지속적으로건설해왔고, 2012년 7월기준으로총 23기의원자로를가동중에있으며, 설비용량은 1,872만 kw로미국, 프랑스, 일본, 러시아, 독일에이은세계 6위의규모이다. 2009년기준으로국내원자력발전량은 1,478억kWh로국내총발전량의 34.1% 124
2 적외선열화상카메라를이용한탄소강관용접부결함검출 125 를차지했으며, 이는서울시가약 3.5년간국내전가정이약 3년간사용할수있는전력에해당할만큼큰비중을차지하고있다. 우라늄 1그램이분열할때생기는에너지는석유 9 드럼, 석탄약 3톤이완전연소할때생기는에너지와맞먹는다. 즉, 우라늄은석탄보다수치상약 3백만배의열을낸다고할수있다. 원자력발전은이열로만든증기의힘으로터빈을돌려전기를일으키는것으로매우효율적인청정에너지라고할수있으나방사선이나온다는취약점이있다 [1]. 그렇기때문에운전중은물론정지시에도방사선및방사성폐기물은철저하게관리되어지고있지만지금까지도원전의안전성및신뢰성에대한문제제기는끊임없이이어지고있었으며, 후쿠시마원전사고이후안전에대한신뢰성확보가중요한문제로대두되고있다. 원자력사고는다른어떤사고보다초기대응이중요하다. 초기대응방법에따라원자력사고의규모나사태추이가달라질수있기때문이다. 그러나이에앞서사전에미리예측하고판단하여사고를미연에예방하는것이더중요하며많은국가에서이에대한연구가진행되고있다. 각종구조물의소재나재료는완전무결할수없기때문에그수명또한영구적일수가없다. 자체적인결함이있을수있을뿐만아니라가공및사용중에도결함이발생하여성장함으로써재료에영향을주어결국구조물의수명단축으로이어지게된다. 그러므로구조물이나대상체의내부구조에어떠한결함이존재하는지그리고, 그결함들이사용함에있어얼마나유해한가를알아야한다. 이러한판단의근거를제시하는것이비파괴검사기술이다. 즉비파괴검사로대상물에존재하는유해한결함의유무와위치및크기등을확인하고대처함으로대상체의수명을연장시켜대형사고및파손을방지하여원전의신뢰성을높일수있다 [1]. 초음파서모그래피 (ultrasound thermography) 기술은시편에 20~30 khz 대역의초음파를입사하면결함부에서발열이되고, 그열원을적외선열화상카메라로측정함으로서결함을검출하는기술이다. 이기술은넓은면적을동시에검사할수있고, 크랙또는박리와같은결함을실시간으로검출할수있어신재생에너지산업, 자동차산업, 우주항공산업에서차세대비파괴검사기술로주목받고있다. 본논문에서는여러가지비파괴검사방법중초음파 서모그래피기법을적용, 원전배관용으로사용되는탄소강관을대상으로시험편을제작하고최적설계된초음파혼과초음파가진시스템을이용하여탄소강관용접부의결함을검출하고자한다 2. 실험장치구성및시험편 2-1. 시험편제작 시험편은원자력발전소배관에쓰이는재질과같은탄소강관으로채택하였으며, 직경이 65 mm, 두께 3mm 직관과이와동일하도록직경이 65 mm, 두께 3mm의 90 o 곡관, T분류관, 플랜지에용접으로접합하여 3개의시험편을제작하였으며, Fig. 1과같다. 붉은색원으로표시한곳은용접으로접합한부위에드릴을이용하여인공적인결함을만든곳을표시한것이며, 적외 Fig. 1. Specimens for ultrasound thermography imaging. Table 1. Specifications of infrared thermography camera Common Features IR resolution pixel Temperature range Thermal sensitivity/netd Zoom Focus Data communication interfaces Size (L W H) Weight -40 o C~150 o C, 100 o C~650 o C, 300 o C~2,000 o C 40 o C 1 8 continuous, digital zoom, including panning Automatic (one shot) or manual USB-mini, USB-A, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi mm 1.3 kg Vol. 30, No. 2, April, 2014
3 126 권대주 정나라 김재열 선열화상기법은방사율에큰영향을받으므로시험편의방사율을낮추기위해검은색무광페인트를도포하여실험을진행하였다 [9] 실험장치구성본연구에서사용한 FLIR T640열화상카메라는최고 ( ) 픽셀의 IR해상도를가지고있으며, 측정온도범위는 -40 o C~2,000 o C, 민감도는 30 o C에서 o C이며, 카메라상세스팩은 Table 1과같다. 초음파가진기는대영초음파의 DYW-430H 핸드건타입의부스터일체형가진기이다. 사양은입력전원 AC180~245V, 초음파가진시간 0.1~5 sec 연속발진이가능하며, 주파수조정범위는 30 khz이다. 출력은 400W이며제원은 Fig. 2와같으며, 실험장치의구성은 Fig. 3과같다 [5]. 3. 결과및고찰 3-1. 열화상이미지분석 T분류관 T분류관용접부에임의의결함을주었으며, 실험중진동으로인한시험편과가진기의움직임을최소화하며, 시험편으로초음파펄스가최대한입사될수있도록시험편과혼을밀착시켰다. 그상태에서 30 KHz 의초음파펄스를 35초동안 5초간격으로인가하였으며, 그결과인공결함부위인 Spot2에서 Hot spot이발생하였다. 즉 Spot2가결함이없는정상부위 Spot1, Spot3보다온도가높아지는것을적외선열화상카메라를통해계측할수있었다. Fig. 4는지그에고정되어밀착된시험편과혼의모습및열화상이미지를보여주고있다 곡관 30 KHz의초음파를 35초동안 5초간격으로가진 Fig. 2. Specifications of ultrasound. Fig. 4. Image of the ultrasonic thermography test for T type pipe. Fig. 3. The composition of Ultrasonic experiment equipment. Fig. 5. Image of the ultrasonic thermography test for curved duct. J. Korean Soc. Tribol. Lubr. Eng.
4 적외선열화상카메라를이용한탄소강관용접부결함검출 127 하여, 적외선열화상카메라를이용해계측하였다. 열화상이미지를살펴보면초음파가진시결함이있는 Spot2에서는다른정상정인부위보다온도가상승하는 Hot spot이발생하는것을확인하였으며, 결함이없는정상용접부 Spot1과 Spot3의경우에는온도의변화가크지않아적외선열화상카메라계측영상에서도큰변화가없음을확인할수있었다. Fig. 5는곡관에초음파서모그래치기법을적용해비파괴검사를수행한이미지이다 플랜지초음파서모그래피기법을적용하여비파괴검사를수행하였다. 30 KHz의초음파펄스를 35초동안 5초간격으로인가하였다. 적외선열화상카메라계측영상을통해보았을때결함이없는정상부분인 Spot1 과 Spot3에서는온도의큰변화를알수없었으며, 인공적인결함을만든부위 Spot2에서 Hot spot이발생하는것을 Fig. 6 플랜지의열화상이미지를통해알수있다 온도데이터분석 T분류관본실험에서는용접부결함에대한정확한온도데이터를도출하기위해결함부분에 1개, 결함이아닌부분 2개로총 3개의 Spot을지정하였다. 실험을수행한결과 Fig. 7의그래프와같이결함이있는용접부 Spot2에서최고 22.4까지온도가올라가는것을알수있었으며, 정상적인용접부 Spot1과 Spot3은온도는서로비슷했으며, 결함이있는 Spot2와는약 2차이가나는것을알수있었다. 초음파를가진하기시작하였 Fig. 7. Temperature result graph of the T type duct ultrasonic thermography test. 을때결함부위에서는온도가상승하여열화상이미지와같이 Hot spot을발생시키는것을알수있었다 곡관 곡관의온도데이터는 Fig. 8의그래프와같으며, 용접부결함에대한정확한온도데이터를도출할수있도록 3곳에 Spot을지정하여온도를측정분석하였다. 초음파서모그래피기법을적용하여실험을진행한결과인공적인결함을만든부분인 Spot2에서최고온도가 24.1까지상승하는것을확인하였고, 정상용접부 Spot1과 Spot3같은경우 20.8, 20.9였다. 결함이없는부분과결함이있는부분은약 3의온도차이가나는 Fig. 6. Image of the ultrasonic thermography test for flange. Fig. 8. Temperature result graph of the curved duct ultrasonic thermography test. Vol. 30, No. 2, April, 2014
5 128 권대주 정나라 김재열 Fig. 10. Infrared thermography images of hot spots in (a) T type pipe, (b) curved duct, and (c) flange. Fig. 9. Temperature result graph of the flange ultrasonic thermography test. 것을확인할수있었다. 변환시키게됨으로, 결함부의온도가상승함으로열화상이미지에휘도가높은밝은영역으로계측됨으로결함유무의판단이가능하였다. Fig. 10은결함부위에서밝게빛나는영역이계측된열화상이미지를보여주고있다 플랜지결함부분에 1개, 정상부분에 2개, 총3개의 Spot을지정하여실험을수행하였고, Fig. 9와같은온도데이터를수집하였다. 결함이있는용접부 Spot2에서는온도가최고 22.1까지올라가는것이측정되었으며, 정상용접부 Spot1과 Spot3에서최고온도는 18.5와 19.1로측정되었다. 정상용접부에서는초음파가진시온도의변화가크게나타나지않았다고볼수있으며, 인공결함부위에서는초음파가진시온도가급격히상승됨을그래프를통해알수있었다. 결함이없는 Spot1과 Spot3은결함이있는부위 Spot2와최고온도의차이는약 3차이가나는것을알수있었다. 4. 결과분석본논문에서는 T분류관, 곡관, 플랜지 3가지유형의탄소강관배관용접부에초음파서모그래피기법을적용하여총 35초동안 5초간격으로시험편에초음파를가진하였고, 이를적외선열화상카메라로계측하는실험을수행하였으며, 그결과온도데이터를분석하였다. 초음파를가진하는동안용접결함부위에서온도가상승하였으며, 정상적인용접부에서는실험수행 35초동안온도의변화가없었다. 3가지유형의시험편의실험에서모두비슷한유형의온도데이터를얻을수있었고, 결함부와정상적인부분의온도차이는평균적으로 2 o C~3 o C차이가나며, 초음파가결함부위를통과할때결함면사이의마찰이탄성파를일부열로 5. 결론 원전및산업전반에서많이쓰이는 T분류관, 곡관, 플랜지 3가지유형의배관의건전성평가를위해적외선열화상기법의적용성및신뢰성을검증하고자탄소강소재의시험편을제작하였다. 용접부의결함에대해초음파서모그래피기법을적용하여열화상진단을하였으며, 이에대한결론은다음과같이내릴수있었다. 1) 실험수행결과결함부위에서정상부위보다온도가 2 o C~3 o C 높게계측되었으며, Hot Spot이발생하는것을확인할수있었다. 2) 초음파를가진하였을때 15~20초의짧은시간안에결함을검출할수있었으며, 대형배관의경우더높은출력의초음파가진기를사용한다면결함검출이가능할것으로판단된다. 3) 원전에서배관의결함은누출사고로이어질수있는큰위험이내제되어있기때문에비파괴검사를통해결함을미리발견하고조치함으로써사고를미리예방할수있을것으로예상된다. References [1] Konepa, Status of domestic nuclear power, Accessed March 25, [2] Choi, Y. H., Choi, S. Y., Kim, H. K., Enhancement of piping reliability in nuclear power plants, Proc. Spring J. Korean Soc. Tribol. Lubr. Eng.
6 적외선열화상카메라를이용한탄소강관용접부결함검출 129 Conference of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, pp , June, [3] Zweschper, T., Riegert, G., Dillenz, A., Busse, G., Ultrasound burst phase thermography (UBP) for applications in the automotive industry, Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestr. Eval., Vol. 657, pp , [4] Gleiter, A., Riegert, G., Zweschper, T., Busse, G., Ultrasound lock-in thermography for advanced depth resolved defect selective imaging, Insight (Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring), Vol. 49, pp , [5] Kim, S. H., Kim, J. Y., Choi, S. H., You, S., The research on thermal pattern using the method of ultrasound thermography, Proc. Spring Conference of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers, pp , June, [6] Cho, J. W., Seo, Y. C., Jung, S. H., Kim, S. H., Jung, H. K., Fast defect detection of PCB using ultrasound thermography, KIEE Rev., Vol. 55, No. 2, pp , [7] Cho, J. W., Choi, Y. S., Jung, S. H., Jung, H. K., A brazing defect detection using an ultrasonic infrared imaging inspection, J. Korean Soc. Nondestr. Test., Vol. 27, No. 5, pp , [8] Cho, Y. J. An exploratory study on optimized test conditions of look-in thermography technique, J. Korean Soc. Nondestr. Test., Vol. 31, No. 2, pp , [9] Kim, K. S., Jung, H. C., Chang, H. S., Kim, H. S., La, S. W. Defect detection of wall thinned straight pipe using shearography and look-in infrared thermography, J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 26, No. 11, pp , [10] Zweschper, T., Riegert, G., Dillenz, A., Busse, G., Ultrasound excited thermography - advances due to frequency modulated elastic waves, Quant. Infrared Thermogr., Vol. 2-1, pp , Vol. 30, No. 2, April, 2014
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