3 Development of Long-term Storage Method in Fruit Nursery Stock
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1 3 Development of Long-term Storage Method in Fruit Nursery Stock
2 : : :
3 . (Development of Long-term Storage Method in Fruit Nursery Stock). 1. O O O (5 8 ) 2.,. 1,. 3-4 (5-8 ) - 1 -
4 , 1., , 2 ( ), ( ), ( ) ,, -5, 0, 5, - 2 -
5 ,,.. 2, 3 ( ), ( ), ( ) ,, -5, 0, 5,,,. 2. PE film, PE film, Wax PE film.. 1, 2 ( ), ( ), ( ) PE film, PE film, wax PE film,,,.. 2, 3 ( ), ( ), ( )
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11 SUMMARY Difficulty in estimating the demands for fruit tree nursery stocks repeatedly has resulted in their over-production or shortage. The surplus nursery stocks due to over-production, in particular, have caused nursery stock producers serious to suffer serious economic losses. This study, therefore, was carried out to develop storage method for the surplus nursery stocks and thereby to construct an on-demand supply system in nursery stocks. To determine the optimal storage temperature, nursery stocks of 6 fruit trees were stored at -5, 0 and 5 before planting in May, June, July, and August. Their growth patterns were measured in October and summarized as follows; 1. Apple 'Fuji' nursery stock stored at 0 showed the highest survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting, but at 5 storage, its survival rate was less than 20%. 2. For Japanese pear 'Niitaka', the survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting were higher at 0 and 5 storage than at -5 storage. 3. The survival rate and growth after planting in grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock appeared to be higher at 0 storage than at 5 and -5 storage. 4. The survival rate and growth after planting in peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock were the highest at 0 storage. The storage at 5 caused a part of nursery stocks to budbreak during storage. 5. The storage at 0 and 5 had higher survival rate and growth after - 9 -
12 planting in persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock than did the storage at -5. The budbreak of nursery stock during storage was not found at 5 storage unlike the peach nursery stock. 6. For kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock, the storage temperature appeared to be 0 because of the high survival rate and growth. To develop the optimal packing method, the nursery stocks of 6 fruit trees were packed with 3 different methods: polyethylene film bag packing (PE); polyethylene film bag packing after spraying nursery stocks with benlate (PE + Benlate); polyethylene film bag packing after spraying nursery stocks with wax (PE + Wax). After storing at 0 until April, the packed nursery stocks were planted and their survival rate and growth were measured in October. The result were summarized as follows; 1. In apple 'Fuji', the spray of benlate and wax increased the survival rate of nursery stock after planting in comparison with PE, but had no effect on the number of newly developed shoot. The spray of benlate appeared to be effective on the growth of nursery stock after planting. 2. In Japanese pear 'Niitaka', the survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting were increased with the spray of either benlate or wax. In addition, the spray of benlate was closely related to the increased number of the newly developed shoot. 3. In grape 'Sheridan', the wax spray increased the survival rate of nursery stocks after planting compared with PE, whereas the benlate spray decreased
13 the survival rate and growth. 4. In peach 'Yumyoung', the benlate spray showed the best growth of nursery stock after plating of all packing methods with considerably high survival rate and growth. 5. In persimmon 'Fuyu', all packing methods including PE had the considerable survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting. The benlate spray increased somewhat the growth of them. 6. In kiwifruit 'Hayward', PE showed the highest survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting. To develop the supplemental planting method during growing season, the nursery stocks of 6 fruit trees were stored at 0 from March for planting in Apri, May, June, July and August, respectively. The nursery stocks planted after stepwise heating were measured on survival rate and growth. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1. In apple 'Fuji', the survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting decreased with delay of planting time. In particular, the planting without heating in July showed the lowest survival rate (<20%). Heating treatment had no effect on the growth after planting. 2. In Japanese pear 'Niitaka', all planting times showed the high survival rate of nursery stock after planting (>80%), without differences among planting times. The growth after planting appeared to be higher with the planting in June than in April, May and August. 3. In grape 'Sheridan', the planting in April, May and June showed about 65%
14 of the survival rate of nursery stock after planting, but planting in July and August below 20%. The growth after planting was also related with planting time in a same manner. 4. In peach 'Yumyoung', the survival rate of nursery stocks after planting appeared to be considerably high in all planting times and heating treatment except for the planting in July without heating and the planting in August with stepwise heating treatment. The planting after July showed unfavorable growth after planting. 5. In persimmon 'Fuyu', the highest survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting were ontained with the planting in June without heating and with stepwise heating. 6. In kiwifruit 'Hayward', the planting in May and June with stepwise heating showed good survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting. The stepwise heating caused the nursery stocks to budbreak during the heating treatment
15 CONTENTS 1. Introduction Objective and Range Necessity of development Performance Establishment of optimum storage temperature of fruit seedlings Introduction Materials and Method Result Performance Development of storage methods of fruit seedlings Introduction Materials and Method Result Performance
16 4. Development of supplemental planting method of fruit seedlings at growth seasons Introduction Materials and Method Result Performance Summary in Korean References Appendix
17
18
19 List of Tables Table 1. Production and supply of fruit nursery stock yearly Table 2. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage Table 3. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage Table 4. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage Table 5. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage Table 6. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage Table 7. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage Table 8. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage Table 9. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage Table 10. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage Table 11. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage Table 12. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit
20 nursery stock to different storage methods after storage Table 13. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage Table 14. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Table 15. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Table 16. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Table 17. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Table 18. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Table 19. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method
21 List of Figures Fig. 1. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 2. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 3. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 4. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 5. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 6. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 7. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 8. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 9. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 10. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 11. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature. 47 Fig. 12. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature Fig. 13. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 14. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 15. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 16. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock
22 by storage method Fig. 17. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 18. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 19. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 20. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 21. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 22. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 23. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 24. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method Fig. 25. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 26. Final growth of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 27. Final shoot number of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 28. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 29. Final growth of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 30. Final shoot number of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method
23 Fig. 31. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 32. Final growth of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 33. Final shoot number of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 34. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 35. Final growth of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 36. Final shoot number of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 37. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 38. Final growth of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 39. Final shoot number of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 40. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 41. Final growth of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method Fig. 42. Final shoot number of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method
24 1 1. WTO.. 1,. (5-8 ) 10%. 1.,,
25 O. O UR,. O O 1,. Table 1. Production and supply of fruit nursery stock yearly. <Unit:Trees> Production 6,439,000 6,040,400 6,142,400 6,531,200 Supply 5,506,000 4,097,400 4,086,500 5,700,000 Surplus (%) 933,000 (14.5) 1,943,000 (32.2) 2,055,900 (33.5) 831,200 (12.7) Association of Korea Fruit nursery stock
26 O 3-4 (5-8 ), 1. O,,.. (1) O. O. O.. (2) O. O. O. (3) O (5 8 ). O
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30 ( )..,
31 2 1.., ( ), ( ), ( ) 3, ( ), ( ), ( ) , 0, mm Polyethylene(PE) film
32 1 3 5, m.. 10,. Dry Oven,. N 500mg (98% H2SO4) 7mL (K2SO4 CuSO4 9:1g ) 5g Kjeldahl Automatic nitrogen analyzer(distillation unit Büchi 322, Control unit Büchi 342, Autotitrator E 526, Dosimat 666, Epson HX-20 ). N 500mg 100mL flask, ternary solution(hno3:h2so4:hclo4 = 10:1:4 volume ) 10mL P tube 5mL 30 incubator 15 (uv/vis Spectrophotometer, Gilford 260) 470nm OD. K, Ca, Mg (Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer 2380). 200mg 100mL flask 0.7N HCl 20mL mL fill-up 5mL 2.5mL % Anthrone 6mL,
33 10 (uv/vis Spectrophotometer, Gilford 260) 640nm OD ) % -5 70%, +5 50% (Fig. 1) ) 42.3cm, cm, +5-5 (Fig. 2). 3)
34 Fig. 1. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature
35 Fig. 2. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature
36 (Fig. 2)., ), % -5 60% (Fig. 3). 2), +5 0 (Fig. 4). 3) (Fig. 4).,
37 Fig. 3. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature
38 Fig. 4. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature
39 . 1) 0,. 100% % (Fig. 5). 2) 25cm, 0 30cm. +5 (Fig. 6). 3) (Fig. 6).,
40 Fig. 5. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature
41 Fig. 6. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature
42 . 1) 0 100%., %, (Fig. 7). 2) 0 45cm cm (Fig. 8). 3) (Fig. 8).,
43 Fig. 7. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature
44 Fig. 8. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature
45 . 1) % % (Fig. 9). 2), +5 0 (Fig. 10). 3) (Fig. 10).,
46 Fig. 9. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature
47 Fig. 10. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature
48 . 1), 0. (Fig. 11). 2) (Fig. 12). 3) 1 0 (Fig. 12)., ,
49 Fig. 11. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature
50 Fig. 12. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature
51 2.. 1.,,,,,. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ,3,4,5,6,7, 6,,
52 Table 2. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.815az 0.103a 0.630a 0.733a 0.097a 8.5a b 0.080ab 0.532b 0.423bc 0.067b 6.4b b 0.074b 0.554b 0.554b 0.069b 6.1b c 0.054c 0.432c 0.378c 0.040c 4.4c Root Control 1.540a 0.200a 0.989a 0.233a 0.074a 10.5a b 0.151b 0.662b 0.152bc 0.050b 7.4b ab 0.143b 0.714b 0.171b 0.059b 7.7b c 0.101c 0.592c 0.137c 0.040c 5.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
53 Table 3. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.843az 0.173a 0.720a 0.735a 0.078a 9.5a b 0.158ab 0.512b 0.523b 0.069ab 7.1b b 0.137b 0.444bc 0.604ab 0.059b 6.1bc c 0.093c 0.392c 0.470c 0.042c 5.0c Root Control 1.152a 0.296a 1.261a 0.321a 0.062a 12.5a b 0.151b 0.662b 0.152bc 0.050b 7.4b ab 0.143b 0.714b 0.171b 0.059b 7.7b c 0.101c 0.592c 0.137c 0.040c 5.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
54 Table 4. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.755az 0.203a 0.620a 0.543a 0.100a 7.9a b 0.149b 0.532a 0.423b 0.077b 6.6b b 0.128bc 0.554a 0.490a 0.062b 6.0b c 0.100c 0.401b 0.298c 0.048c 5.4c Root Control 1.286a 0.578a 0.510a 0.253a 0.090a 9.9a b 0.430b 0.498a 0.229a 0.067b 8.0b b 0.408b 0.421b 0.199b 0.059b 7.5b c 0.294c 0.400b 0.154c 0.041c 6.1c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
55 Table 5. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 1.245az 0.183a 0.590a 1.023a 0.137a 11.5a b 0.091b 0.375b 0.826b 0.077b 8.3b bc 0.094b 0.355b 0.932ab 0.062b 7.3bc c 0.073c 0.263c 0.550c 0.077b 6.4c Root Control 1.598a 0.279a 0.760a 0.803a 0.101a 17.2a bc 0.183b 0.700a 0.710ab 0.099a 12.1b b 0.177b 0.504b 0.723ab 0.100a 13.2b c 0.123c 0.495b 0.659b 0.072b 9.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
56 Table 6. Mineral content and carbohydrate in stem and root of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 1.524az 0.099a 0.830a 0.613a 0.062a 8.5a b 0.083ab 0.737ab 0.376b 0.059a 5.3b b 0.079b 0.797ab 0.409b 0.052a 5.1b c 0.625c 0.650b 0.388b 0.040b 3.4c Root Control 1.944a 0.180a 1.270a 0.579a 0.053a 10.4a b 0.175ab 0.990ab 0.376b 0.050a 8.8b bc 0.169ab 0.929ab 0.359b 0.052a 8.7b c 0.155b 0.810b 0.380b 0.030b 6.0c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
57 Table 7. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.585az 0.133a 0.440a 0.393a 0.082a 6.9a ab 0.110b 0.302b 0.266b 0.065b 5.4b b 0.109b 0.299b 0.250b 0.069b 5.3b c 0.099b 0.192c 0.180c 0.060b 3.9c Root Control 0.965a 0.283a 0.610a 0.323a 0.060a 8.3a ab 0.277a 0.570a 0.292a 0.055b 6.4b b 0.270a 0.588a 0.300a 0.050b 6.7b c 0.255b 0.310b 0.199b 0.039c 3.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
58 4.,
59 ,,, 1, 2,, (1 : , 2 : ). 1,,,
60 1. 1) 0 (control) 2) PE film 0 3) (1000 ) + PE film 0 4) Wax + PE Film 0 2.,,, ), (control), 100% (Fig. 13). 2) (control) 40cm, PE+ 75cm PE+Wax PE (Fig. 14)
61 Fig. 13. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method
62 Fig. 14. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method
63 3) (control) 4 6 (Fig. 14)., PE+.. 1) (control), 100% (Fig. 15). 2), (control) 20cm, 50cm (Fig. 16). 3), (control) PE film (Fig. 16).,,
64 Fig. 15. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage method
65 Fig. 16. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage method
66 . 1) PE film Wax 70%, PE 40% (Fig. 17). 2) (control) 20cm, PE film 80cm PE+ 30cm PE+Wax 40cm (Fig. 18). 3) PE film 4 PE+Wax PE+ (Fig. 18). Control.,
67 Fig. 17. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method
68 Fig. 18. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method
69 . 1), (Fig. 19). 2), (control) PE+ 70cm (Fig. 20). 3) 6 (Fig. 20).,,.. 1) (Fig. 21). 2) (Fig. 22)
70 Fig. 19. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method
71 Fig. 20. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method
72 Fig. 21. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method
73 Fig. 22. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method
74 3), PE film,. (Fig. 22).,, PE film.. 1), PE film Wax 80% (Fig. 23). 2) (control) 20cm, PE film 80cm PE+ 30cm PE+Wax 40cm. (Fig. 24)
75 Fig. 23. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method
76 Fig. 24. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method
77 3) PE film 4 PE+Wax PE+ (Fig. 24).,,. 2. N, P, K, Ca, Mg (control), (Table 8),, wax (Table 9)., (control), (Table 10),, PE film (Table 11)., (control), (Table 12),, PE film Wax (Table 13)
78 Table 8. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.815ax 0.103a 0.630a 0.733a 0.097a 8.5a controly 0.546c 0.067c 0.487c 0.490c 0.045b 5.5c P.E. film 0.658b 0.070b 0.560b 0.623b 0.089a 7.0b P.E. film +Benlate 0.684b 0.086ab 0.554b 0.650b 0.090a 6.9b P.E.+Wax 0.690b 0.088ab 0.562b 0.663bc 0.090a 6.8b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
79 Table 9. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.843ax 0.173a 0.720a 0.735a 0.078a 9.5a controly 0.588c 0.099c 0.412c 0.590b 0.069a 5.5c P.E. film 0.689b 0.121b 0.512b 0.537c 0.071a 7.8b P.E. film +Benlate 0.744ab 0.158ab 0.539b 0.612b 0.068a 8.7ab P.E.+Wax 0.701b 0.139b 0.520b 0.660ab 0.072a 8.0b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
80 Table 10. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.755ax 0.203a 0.620a 0.543a 0.100a 7.9a controly 0.520c 0.108d 0.411c 0.319c 0.052c 5.6c P.E. film 0.670ab 0.159b 0.587ab 0.442b 0.073b 6.9ab P.E. film +Benlate 0.556b 0.130c 0.534b 0.450b 0.066b 6.0b P.E.+Wax 0.700a 0.170ab 0.560b 0.478b 0.062b 6.1b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
81 Table 11. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 1.245ax 0.183a 0.590a 1.023a 0.137a 11.5a controly 0.799d 0.073c 0.277c 0.570c 0.096b 7.0c P.E. film 0.820c 0.084bc 0.380b 0.826b 0.084b 8.3b P.E. film +Benlate 0.930b 0.102b 0.369b 0.941ab 0.070c 8.0b P.E.+Wax 0.812c 0.090b 0.360b 0.944ab 0.089b 7.3bc z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
82 Table 12. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 1.524ax 0.099a 0.830a 0.613a 0.062a 8.5a controly 0.701c 0.688c 0.700b 0.400b 0.040b 4.4c P.E. film 1.028b 0.080b 0.755ab 0.424b 0.059a 5.3b P.E. film +Benlate 0.989b 0.080b 0.801a 0.412b 0.052a 5.4b P.E.+Wax 1.020b 0.081b 0.790a 0.421b 0.053a 5.1b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
83 Table 13. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.585ax 0.133a 0.440a 0.393a 0.082a 6.9a controly 0.312c 0.083d 0.221c 0.211c 0.051b 4.2d P.E. film 0.449a 0.121b 0.309b 0.266b 0.062b 5.5b P.E. film +Benlate 0.398b 0.109c 0.310b 0.220c 0.067b 4.8c P.E.+Wax 0.433a 0.123b 0.297b 0.242b 0.067b 5.3b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level
84 4.,,
85 4 1. (5-8 ) 10% ,,, 1, 2,, , ,,,
86 . 1. 1) 4 (control) 2) ) ) ) ,,,
87 ,. ) ( ) (4 ) 5 6, %, %.,. (Fig. 25, 26, 27). ) ( ) 80%,. 6,7 5,8 (Fig. 28, 29, 30). ) ( ),, 5,6 65% 7,8 20%
88 Fig. 25. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
89 Fig. 26. Final growth of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
90 Fig. 27. Final shoot number of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
91 Fig. 28. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
92 Fig. 29. Final growth of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
93 Fig. 30. Final shoot number of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
94 6 7, 8 (Fig. 31, 32, 33). ) ( ) , (Fig. 34, 35, 36). ) ( ), , (Fig. 37, 38, 39). ) ( ) (Fig. 40, 41, 42)
95 Fig. 31. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
96 Fig. 32. Final growth of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
97 Fig. 33. Final shoot number of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
98 Fig. 34. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
99 Fig. 35. Final growth of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
100 Fig. 36. Final shoot number of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
101 Fig. 37. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
102 Fig. 38. Final growth of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
103 Fig. 39. Final shoot number of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
104 Fig. 40. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
105 Fig. 41. Final growth of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
106 Fig. 42. Final shoot number of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment ( )
107 2. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, 0 (Table 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19)
108 Table 14. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) z y z y z y z y z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( )
109 Table 15. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) az 0.173a 0.720a 0.735a 0.078a 9.5a z y z y z y z y z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( )
110 Table 16. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) az 0.203a 0.620a 0.543a 0.100a 7.9a z y z y z y z y z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( )
111 Table 17. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate az 0.183a 0.590a 1.023a 0.137a 11.5a z y z y z y z y z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( )
112 Table 18. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) az 0.099a 0.830a 0.613a 0.062a 8.5a z y z y z y z y z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( )
113 Table 19. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (% ) az 0.133a 0.440a 0.393a 0.082a 6.9a z y z y z y z y z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment( )
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119 6. Brown, C. S., E. Young and D. M. Pharr Rootstock and scion effects on the seasonal distribution of dry weight and carbohydrates in young apple trees. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110: Buwalda, J. G. and G. S. Smith Accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and mineral nutrients in developing kiwifruits vines. Tree Physiol. 3; Davis, T.S., and T. R. Potter Carbohydrates, water potential and subsequent rooting of stored rhododendron cuttings. HortScience:20: Dowler, W. M. and F. King Seasonal changes in starch and soluble sugar content of dormant peach tissues. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 89: Flint, H. L., and J. J. McGuire Response of rooted cuttings of several woody ornamental species to overwinter storage. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80: Hocking, D., and R. D. Nyland Cold storage of coniferous seedlings. AFRI Res. Rpt. 6, Syracuse Univ. Col. Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. Kandiah, S a. Turnover of carbohydrates in relation to growth in apple trees. I. Seasonal variation of growth and carbohydrates reserves. Ann. Bot. 44:
120 Lutz, J. M., and R. E. Hardenberg The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks, USDA-ARS Agr. Handbook 66. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govt. Printing Office. Mahlstede, J. P., and W. E. Fletcher Storage of nursery stock. Washington, D. C.: Ameri. Assn. Nurs., pp.1-62 Murneek, A. E Quantitative distribution of nitrogen and carbohydrates in apple trees. Res. Bull. Mo. Agr. Expt. Sta Murneek, A.E Carbohydrate storage in apple trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 30: Pryor, R. L.,and R. N Stewart Storage of unrooted azalea cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. sci. 82: Smith, G. S., J. clark, and H. V. Henderson c. Seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit. 1. Leaves. New Phytol 106: Synder, W. E., and C. E. Hess Low Temperature storage of rooted cuttings of nursery crops. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67:
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Contents Introduction Contents Contents / Contents / Contents / Contents / 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
공휴일 전력 수요에 관한 산업별 분석
에너지경제연구 Korean Energy Economic Review Volume 15, Number 1, March 2016 : pp. 99 ~ 137 공휴일전력수요에관한산업별분석 1) 99 100 ~ 101 102 103 max m ax 104 [ 그림 1] 제조업및서비스업대표업종전력사용량추이 105 106 [ 그림 2] 2014 년일별전자및전자기기업종 AMR
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산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석(이주희) ꌙ 87 노 동 정 책 연 구 2005. 제5권 제2호 pp. 87118 c 한 국 노 동 연 구 원 산별교섭에 대한 평가 및 만족도의 영향요인 분석: 보건의료노조의 사례 이주희 * 2004,,,.. 1990. : 2005 4 7, :4 7, :6 10 * (jlee@ewha.ac.kr) 88 ꌙ 노동정책연구
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Vol.5, No.5, October (2015), pp.471-479 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ajmahs.2015.10.50 스마트온실을 위한 가상 외부기상측정시스템 개발 한새론 1), 이재수 2), 홍영기 3), 김국환 4), 김성기 5), 김상철 6) Development of Virtual Ambient Weather Measurement
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만성세균성전립선염모델흰쥐에서 의항염효과 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Lycopene on Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Rat Model Cho Hwan Yang, Dong Wan Sohn, Yong-Hyun Cho From the Department of Urology, The Catholic University
목차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract v Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i
11-1480523-000748-01 배경지역 ( 백령도 ) 에서의 대기오염물질특성연구 (Ⅲ) 기후대기연구부대기환경연구과,,,,,,, Ⅲ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅲ ⅳ Abstract v Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ i 목차 Ⅳ ii 목차 iii 목차 iv 목차 μg m3 μg m3 v 목차 vi Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ μm μg m3 1 Ⅰ. 서론 μg m3 μg m3 μg m3 μm 2
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34 2 Journal of the Korean Society of Health Information and Health Statistics Volume 34, Number 2, 2009, pp. 165 176 165 진은희 A Study on Health related Action Rates of Dietary Guidelines and Pattern of
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The e-business Studies Volume 17, Number 6, December, 30, 2016:3~20 Received: 2016/12/04, Accepted: 2016/12/27 Revised: 2016/12/27, Published: 2016/12/30 [ABSTRACT] This study aims to comprehensively analyze
188 최 영 환 청률을 통한 가치측정을 통한 자기 권리를 주장할 수 있 는 근거 자료로 활용할 수 있다. 즉, 방송사가 주장하는 낮은 중계권료를 주장할때는 프로야구가 낮은 시청률을 기록했을 때만이 정당하다. 하지만, 프로야구의 뜨거운 열기만큼이나 시청률도 급 성장세를
187 한국사회체육학회지, 제40호. pp. 187~196 Journal of Sport and Leisure Studies 2010. Vol. 40. pp. 187~196 프로야구 포스트 시즌 시청률 결정요인에 관한 연구 최 영 환 (남서울대학교) Ⅰ. 서 론 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 한국프로야구는 2008년을 기점으로 제2의 전성기를 구가하기 시작하여
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232 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 I. 서 론 1. 연구의 배경 및 목적 사회가 다원화될수록 다양성과 복합성의 요소는 증가하게 된다. 도시의 발달은 사회의 다원 화와 밀접하게 관련되어 있기 때문에 현대화된 도시는 경제, 사회, 정치 등이 복합적으로 연 계되어 있어 특
한국도시행정학회 도시행정학보 제25집 제4호 2012. 12 : pp.231~251 생활지향형 요소의 근린주거공간 분포특성 연구: 경기도 시 군을 중심으로* Spatial Distribution of Daily Life-Oriented Features in the Neighborhood: Focused on Municipalities of Gyeonggi Province
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212 영상기술연구 세대라고 할 수 있다. 이 뉴 뉴웨이브 세대란 60년대 일본의 영화사에서 과거세대와는 단 절된 뉴웨이브 의 흐름이 있었는데 오늘날의 뉴웨이브 세대를 뛰어넘는다는 의미에서 뉴 뉴웨이브 세대로 불린다. 뉴 뉴웨이브 세대 감독들의 경향은 개인적이고 자유분
연구논문 이와이 슌지 영화 속에 나타난 화면구성 연구 -러브레터, 4월 이야기를 중심으로- 최광영 *38) 여주대학교 방송미디어제작과 강사 진승현 **39) 호서대학교 문화예술학부 영상미디어전공 조교수 Ⅰ. 서론 한국에서 일본대중문화 개방 정책에 따라 일본영화가 정식으로 수입되어 들어온 지도 벌써 10여년이 넘었다. 한국에 소개된 일본영화를 살펴보면 기타노
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The Study on the Grid Size Regarding Spatial Interpolation for Local Climate Maps* Cha Yong Ku** Young Ho Shin*** Jae-Won Lee**** Hee-Soo Kim*****.,...,,,, Abstract : Recent global warming and abnormal
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