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1 Vol. 29, No. 5, (2016) DOI: ISSN (Print), ISSN (Online) Paper 자동차전조등광원모듈용유리섬유강화 PPS 복합재료특성연구 허광열 * 박성민 * 이은수 * 김명순 * 심지현 * 배진석 ** A Study on Properties of the Glass Fiber Reinforced PPS Composites for Automotive Headlight Source Module Kwang-Yeol Heo*, Sung-Min Park*, Eun-Soo Lee*, Myung-Soon Kim*, Ji-Hyun Sim*, Jin-Seok Bae** ABSTRACT: In this paper, Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic (GFRTP) for automotive headlight source module was fabricated by compounding and injection molding using PPS (Poly Phenylene Sulfide) resin with glass fiber which has three cross section (round type, cocoon type, flat type). Tensile, flexural, impact properties were investigated on effect of cross section, glass fiber contents. And it was observed flatness, dimensional stability, fluidity depending on glass fiber cross section. As a result, flat glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic s mechanical properties were most excellent. Also, dimensional stability and flatness showed better results when using flat glass fiber. 초록 : 본연구에서는 PPS(Polyphenylene sulfide) 수지와단면이원형 (round type), 누에형 (cocoon type), 플랫형 (flat type) 인 3종류의유리섬유를사용하여컴파운딩및사출을통해차량전조등광원모듈용유리섬유강화열가소성플라스틱 (glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic : GFRTP) 을제조하였다. 섬유단면형태및함유량에따른효과를알아보기위해인장, 굴곡, 충격특성을평가하였고, 단면에따른유동성, 형태안정성및평탄성을관찰하였다. 그결과플랫단면의유리섬유를사용했을때기계적특성이가장우수했고섬유함유량이증가할수록강도가향상되는경향을보였다. 또한, 형태안정성, 평탄성의경우에도플랫단면섬유사용시더좋은결과를나타내었다. Key Words: PPS(Polyphenylene sulfide), 플랫유리섬유 (Flat glass fiber), GFRTP(Glass fiber reinforced thermoplastics), 컴파운딩 (Compounding), 사출성형 (Injection molding) 1. 서론 열가소성복합재료는가공성과재활용성이뛰어나기때문에범용및특수분야에사용되면서지속적으로발전되고있다. 대표적으로 PPS(poly phenylene sulfide), PBT(poly butylene terephthalate), PEEK(polyether ether ketone) 등이고성능열가소성복합재료에사용되고있다. 그중 PPS는결정성고분자로물리, 화학, 기계적성질이우수하고높은내열성을지니고있어차량, 항공기, 절연소재등다양한 분야에서사용이확대되고있다 [1,2]. PPS 수지를단독으로사용하는것보다유리섬유와혼합 하여사용하면적은비용으로도더높은기계적물성을얻을수있기때문에일반적으로유리섬유와컴파운딩하여사출성형한다. 이러한열가소성복합재료는성형시강화재로사용되는섬유의함유량및섬유길이에따라기계적특성이변화하는것으로알려져있다. 이에더우수한물성을얻기위해섬유함유량을높이거나장섬유를사용하면물성향상에효과적일수있으나, 컴파운딩또는사출공정 Received 15 June 2016, received in revised form 14 October 2016, accepted 21 October 2016 * Korea Dyeing & Finishing Technology Institute, Daegu, Korea, ** Department of Textile System Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea, Corresponding author ( jbae@knu.ac.kr)

2 294 Kwang-Yeol Heo, Sung-Min Park, Eun-Soo Lee, Myung-Soon Kim, Ji-Hyun Sim, Jin-Seok Bae 중에발생하는섬유-수지, 섬유-섬유, 섬유-압출기벽면의상호작용으로인한섬유손상을고려하지않을수없다. 이러한결함을줄이기위해최근들어새로운형태의단면을가지는유리섬유의사용이거론되고있다 [3,4]. KAZUTO TANAKA의유리섬유단면형태에따른 poly propylene 복합재료의특성에대한선행연구에서 flat 단면을사용하면기존원형단면의유리섬유보다우수한물성을가지는것으로조사된사례가있으나, 또다른형태의단면및고내열성열가소성고분자복합재료에관한연구에대한고찰은아직희박한상태이다. 이에본연구에서는원형 (round type), 누에형 (cocoon type), 플랫형 (flat type) 의단면형태가다른 3종류의유리섬유를강화재로사용하여섬유함유량별 PPS 복합재료를제조하고기계적특성을확인하였다. 또한단면에따른유동성, 형태안정성및평탄성을관찰하였다. 2. 실험 2.1 실험재료및시험편제작본연구에서는 Fig. 1과같이길이가 3 mm이고, 섬유단면이원형, 누에형, 플랫형의 glass fiber chop strand(cs 3J- 953S, CSH 3PA-860S, CSG 3PA-830, Nittobo, Japan) 를사용하였다. 각유리섬유단면의스펙은 Nittobo사에서제공받았으며, 이들유리섬유의단면형상은다르나단면의면적은거의동일하여밀도가서로동일하다고할수있다. 또한유리섬유의인장특성을 Nittobo사에서제공받아 Table 1에나타내었다. 단면에따른인장특성은일반원형단면보다누에, 플랫단면의유리섬유의인장특성이비교적우수하였고, 이로인해성형품의기계적특성에영향을미칠수있을것으로보인다. 기지재로는 PPS 수지 (Initz, Korea) 를사용하여섬유함유량 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 wt% 의 compound pellet을각각제조하였고, 이를이용하여인장, 굴곡, 충격시편을사출성형기 (HAAKE RheomaxOS PTW24, Thermo Scientific) 를통해성형하였다. Compounding 시각 barrel의평균온도는 290 o C이고, 사출시금형온도및압력은각각 70 o C, 300 bar 조건으로성형하였다. 2.2 수지유동성및평탄도단면형태및섬유함유량별로제조된 compound pellet 의사출공정시유동성을알아보기위해회전형점도측정기 (DHR-1, Rotational rheometer) 를이용하여 twin rotor rpm 30, 290~310 o C의온도를가하여 10분간 compound pellet의 torque를측정하여수지유동특성에대해알아보았다. 그리고단면특성에따른평탄도 (flatness) 를측정하기위해 wet volume을측정하였다. 2.3 섬유함유량및길이측정 Compounding 전, 후섬유함유량및이에따른섬유길이 Fig. 1. SEM image of glass fiber showing cross sections Table 1. Properties of glass fiber on the cross sections Properties Circular type Cocoon type Flat type Tensile Strength (GPa) Tensile Modulus (GPa) 를확인하기위해전기로를이용하여 560 o C, 6 hr 동안유지해 matrix 제거후섬유의무게를측정하여 compounding 시투입된섬유무게와비교하였고, ASTM D 에따라아래식에의해기공체적률 (V v ) 을식 (1) 에의해계산하였다. V f (%) = (M f /M i ) ρ c /ρ f 100 V m (%) = (M i M f )/M i ρ c /ρ f 100 (1) V v (%) = 100 (V f V m ) 여기에서 V f 는섬유의체적 (%) 이고, V m 은 matrix의체적 (%), V v 는기공의체적 (%), M f 는섬유중량 (g), M i 는초기시험편의중량 (g), ρ c 는시험편의밀도 (g/cc), ρ f 는섬유의밀도 (g/ cc) 이다. 또한섬유함유량에따른섬유길이변화를알아보기위해 image 4를이용하여각시편당약 100개의섬유길이를측정하였다. 2.4 기계적특성평가유리섬유의단면형태및섬유함유량에따른기계적물성을평가하기위해인장, 굴곡, 충격시험을진행하였다. 인장시험은 ASTM D638에따라 cross head speed 1 mm/ min의속도로측정하였고, 인장시험후파단면의미소파괴를관찰하기위하여파면을주사현미경 (Scanning Electron Microscopy, SU3500) 을이용하여관찰하였다. 굴곡시험은 ASTM D790에따라 2 mm/min의속도로측정하였으며, 충격시험은 ASTM D 256의 Izod 시험법으로측정하였다.

3 A Study on Properties of the Glass Fiber Reinforced PPS Composites for Automotive Headlight Source Module 결과및고찰 3.1 복합재료내섬유함유량및길이 30, 70 wt% 로 compounding 시단면형태별섬유함유량측정결과를 Table 2에나타내었고, 사출성형후단면과함유량에따른섬유길이를 Fig. 2에나타내었다. 모든유리섬유가함유량이증가함에따라섬유의길이는감소하였는데, 함량이증가함에따라섬유에가해지는데미지가높다고할수있으며더높은섬유-섬유간상호작용에기인했다고볼수있다 [5]. 또한원형단면유리섬유의길이가누에나플랫단면에비해짧아진것을관찰하였다. 플랫단면과누에단면유리섬유는원형단면보다압출기스크류의흐름방향에따라배향하기쉬운데, 더나은배향성으로인해유동성이우수해섬유에가해지는응력이더낮아이로인해섬유의파단이억제되었다고판단할수있다 [6]. Fig. 3. Wet Volume of GF cross section (A : Round, B : Cocoon, C : Flat) 3.2 평탄도 Fig. 3에단면에따라동일한밀도와무게의유리섬유 chop fiber를같은부피의물에분산시켰을때 wet volume 측정결과를나타내었다. 그결과원형단면유리섬유의경우 Wet volume이 160 ml로가장크게나타났고, 플랫단면유리섬유의적층부피가 110 ml로가장작은것을관찰하였다. 이는플랫단면의유리섬유가단면특성상단위부피당적층이가장잘이루어지기때문이라판단되며플랫단면의경우평탄도가가장우수하다고볼수있다. Table 2. Fiber content in matrix on the cross sections Compounding Conditions Circular type Cocoon type Flat type Fig. 4. Torque rheometer depending on GF cross section 3.3 Compound pellet의수지유동성단면별로 compound pellet의 torque 측정결과를 Fig. 4에나타내었다. 분석결과원형단면의경우그래프의면적이가장높아평균 torque 수치가가장높았으며, 반대로플랫단면의경우 torque 수치가가장낮았다. 이는식 (2) 을통해 torque 수치가높을수록섬유가받는응력이높아지는의가소성유체학적 (psuedo-plastic) 거동을보임을알수있다 [7]. 그러므로응력을많이받게되는원형단면 compound pellet의유동성이가장낮고, 플랫단면 compound pellet의유동성이가장우수한것으로판단된다. Torque( Nm) τ = πr 2 L (2) 3.4 Void content GF/PPS 복합재료의기공체적률을식 (1) 에의해계산한결과를 Table 3에나타내었다. 관찰결과플랫단면유리섬 Fig. 2. Comparison of the fiber length after injection molding depending on the cross section Compounding Conditions Table 3. Void Content of GF/PPS Circular type Cocoon type Flat type

4 296 Kwang-Yeol Heo, Sung-Min Park, Eun-Soo Lee, Myung-Soon Kim, Ji-Hyun Sim, Jin-Seok Bae 유를혼입한시험편이가장낮은기공면적을가졌으며, 유리섬유의무게분율이증가함에따라복합재료내부의기공면적은더커지는것을관찰할수있다. 3.5 GF/PPS composite의기계적특성 PPS 수지와유리섬유를혼합하여유리섬유의함유량과각각의단면이인장시험이행해졌다. Fig. 5는각단면에따라유리섬유를 50% 의무게분율로혼입한시편의 Stress-strain 그래프이고, Fig. 6과 Fig. 7은 PPS 수지와함께혼입한유리섬유의무게분율에따른인장강도와인장탄성률의평균치를 error bar로나타낸것이다. 그림에서알수있듯이일반적인플랫형단면, 누에형단면, 원형단면순으로인장강도가높게나타났다. 유리섬유혼합물의인장거동특성은섬유의체적비, 형상비, 계면접착강도및분포도등에의해영향을받을수있고, 이경우플랫단면은단면의특성상원형이나누에형단면보다복합재료시편의단위부피당유리섬유의체적이높아더우수한강도를나타내는것으로보인다. 또한, 섬유의함유량이증가함에따라 composite의 인장강도가증가하는경향을보이다가 70% 혼입시기울기가감소하는것으로보아, 과다한섬유가첨가될경우배합시섬유간의뭉침현상 (aggregation) 으로분산성이저하되어증가폭이감소하거나오히려저하되는경우도있는 Fig. 7. Tensile modulus of GF/PPS composite Fig. 5. Strain-stress curve of GF/PPS composite Fig. 8. Work of rupture of GF/PPS composite Fig. 6. Tensile strength of GF/PPS composite Fig. 9. Flexural strength of GF/PPS composite

5 A Study on Properties of the Glass Fiber Reinforced PPS Composites for Automotive Headlight Source Module 297 랫단면은 60 wt% 까지는증가하였다. 이는원형단면의경우사출성형을거치면서다른단면의유리섬유보다섬유길이가더감소함으로인해풀아웃에너지가감소하여충격강도가감소하는것으로판단된다 [5]. 반면섬유길이가덜감소한플랫단면이나누에단면의유리섬유의경우높은섬유함량에도충격강도가크게감소하지않은것으로나타났다. 이는또한앞서분석한파단일 (Work of rupture) 의분석결과와도유사한데, 시료가절단될때까지받는힘인파단일이플랫단면의경우가장크기때문에충격강도역시우수한것으로판단된다. Fig. 10. Flexural Modulus of GF/PPS composite Fig. 11. Impact strength of GF/PPS composite 3.6 SEM 인장시험후주사현미경으로섬유의단면형태 (round, cocoon, flat) 와함유량 (30, 70 wt%) 에따른파괴양상을 Table 4에나타내었다. 섬유의배향형태로보아플랫단면의시험편이다른단면의시험편보다비교적고르게배향된것을관찰할수있다. 함유량이 70 wt% 일경우에는섬유가과다하게혼입되어특정부분이섬유로뭉쳐있는것을관찰할수있다. 이러한섬유의뭉침현상 (aggregation) 으로인해섬유가과다하게혼입되었때인장강도가감소하였음을확인할수있었다. 그리고모든단면에서함유량이 70 wt% 일때 30 wt% 의경우보다파단하면서섬유가뽑히는풀아웃이더많이일어난것을관찰할수있었고, 원형단면시험편의경우풀아웃이가장많이일어났으며, 플랫단면의시험편이가장적게일어난것으로관찰된다. 이는일반단면에비해플랫단면이사출성형시섬유길이가가장적게 Table 4. SEM photographs of tensile fracture surfaces of GF/PPS 것으로판단된다 [8]. Fig. 8에서는인장강도그래프에서의면적을구해시료가절단될때까지받는힘인파단일 (Work of Rupture) 을측정한결과를나타내었고, 인장강도의결과와같은이유로플랫단면의경우가장높게나타났음을확인하였고마찬가지로 70% 로혼입하였을때증가하는폭이감소함을확인하였다. Fig. 9와 10에는유리섬유의단면형태와함유량에따른굴곡강도, 굴곡탄성률의그래프를나타내었다. 일반적으로함유량이증가할수록굴곡강도와탄성률이증가하는것을볼수있으나, 원형단면시험편의경우함유량이 50 wt% 이상일경우다른단면의시험편보다굴곡강도가크게감소하였다. 이는인장강도와마찬가지로, 플랫단면의유리섬유의경우같은부피에적층이더잘이루어짐으로인해높은강도를보이는것으로판단된다. Fig. 11에서는시험편의단면과함유량에따른충격강도값을나타내었다. 원형단면의경우함유량이 50 wt% 일때가장높은값을가지고그이후에는오히려감소하였고플 Round Type Cocoon Type Flat Type 30 wt% 70 wt%

6 298 Kwang-Yeol Heo, Sung-Min Park, Eun-Soo Lee, Myung-Soon Kim, Ji-Hyun Sim, Jin-Seok Bae 감소한다는것을나타낸다. REFERENCES 4. 결론 본연구에서는 PPS 수지와세가지원형, 누에, 플랫형단면의유리섬유를각각사출성형하여이과정에서섬유길이의변화, 섬유의배향이어떻게일어나는지, 그리고이에따른인장강도를비롯한여러기계적특성의변화를살펴보았으며다음과같은연구결과를얻었다. 유리섬유의세가지단면과함유량에따라사출성형시섬유길이의변화를관찰하기위해각시험편을전기로에서소결하였다. 그결과, 함유량이증가할수록섬유의길이가짧아지는것으로나타났으며또한원형단면의경우다른누에단면이나플랫단면보다섬유길이가더욱감소하는것으로나타났다. GF/PPS compound pellet의유동성을알아보기위해단면별 compound pellet의사출성형시 torque를측정한결과원형단면의경우유동성이가장낮고, 플랫단면유리섬유를이용했을때유동성이가장우수했다. 또한 wet volume을측정한결과플랫단면유리섬유가평탄도가가장우수한것으로나타났다. 제조한 GF/PPS 복합재료시편의기공체적률을분석한결과플랫단면을이용해만든시편이기공체적률이가장낮았으며, 섬유함유량이증가할수록기공체적이높아짐을확인하였다. GF/PPS 복합재료의기계적특성을관찰하기위해단면과함유량에따라인장강도, 굴곡강도, 충격강도거동을살펴보았다. 플랫단면유리섬유를혼입하였을때가장우수했는데, 기공의체적이가장적고, 사출성형시섬유길이의감소가가장적어풀아웃 (pull-out) 현상이덜일어나강도가우수한것으로판단된다. 또한함유량이증가할수록강도가증가하였는데, 과다한섬유가혼입되었을경우 (70%) 섬유간뭉침현상 (aggregation) 으로인해오히려강도가감소함을보였다. 후 기 본연구는한국산업기술평가관리원의전략적핵심소재기술개발사업이지원하는연구과제 ( ) 로수행되었으며, 지원에대해진심으로감사드립니다. 1. (International Journal) Kim, Y.J., and Lim, J.K., A Study on Fatigue Properties of GFRP in Synthetic Sea Water, Journal of The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1993, pp (International Journal) Jang, J., and Kim, H.S., Performance Improvement of Glass Fiber-poly(phenylene sulfide) Composite Journal of Applied Polymer, Vol. 60, No. 12, 1996, pp (International Journal) Yamamoto, Y., and Hashimoto, M., Friction and Wear of Water Lubricated PEEK and PPS Sliding Contacts : Part 2. Composites with Carbon or Glass Fibre, Journal of Wear, Vol. 257, No. 1-2, 2004, pp (International Journal) Jang, B.P., and Kowbel, W., Impact Behavior and Impact-fatigue Testing of Polymer Composites, Journal of Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 44, No. 2, 1992, pp (International Journal) Tanaka, K., and Katayama, T., Injection Molding of Flat Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics, Journal of Modern Physics B, Vol. 24, No. 15, 2010, pp (International Journal) Nomura, M., and Kanno, S., Influence of Shape of Cross Section on Properties of GF Reinforced Thermo-Plastics, Journal of Japan Society for composite Materials,, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2010, pp (International Journal) Coussot, P., and Tocquer, L., Macroscopic vs. Local Rheology of Yield Stress Fluids, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 158, No , pp (Book) Mallick, P.K., Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Materials, Manufacturing, and Design, Third Edition, CRC Press, United States, (International Journal) Lou, A.Y., and Murtha, T.P., Environmental Effects on Glass Fiber Reinforced PPS Stampable Composites, Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 21, No. 10, 1987, pp (International Journal) Lhymn, C., and Wapner, P., Slurry Erosion of Polyphenylene Sulfide-glass Fiber Composites, Journal of Wear, Vol. 119, No. 1, 1987, pp (International Journal) Lee, H.-K., and Song, S.-Y., Effect of Volume Fraction of Fibers on the Mechanical Properties of a Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers, Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol. 18, No. 6, 2006, pp

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