How to write a good scientific manuscript

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1 How to write a good scientific manuscript 강대희 서울대의과대학예방의학교실

2 강의순서 Ⅰ. 논문작성방법 Ⅱ. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 ( 실례를중심으로 ) Ⅲ. 게재윤리 ( 최근강조되는윤리적인면중심으로 ) Ⅳ. 맺음말 V. 논문작성및투고시참고자료

3 I. 논문작성방법 1) 저자 (Authorship) 결정 2) 학술지결정 - 학술지의평가지표고려 3) 논문형식의결정 4) 논문초고작성 5) 논문작성

4 I. 논문작성방법 1) 저자의결정 (authorship) 저자로서의자격 (criteria for authorship) 있는사람들을정하고, 저자의표기숚서도결정함. 물롞, 논문을작성하고투고하기까지저자가추가되기도하고, 숚서가바뀌는경우도맋음. 저자는누구이며, 누가제일저자또는교싞저자가될것인가에대핚합의가충분히이루어지지않을경우다툼이일어날수있으므로주의해야함.

5 Angela Cox et al., Nature genetics, 2007

6 I. 논문작성방법 2) 학술지의결정 최근에는대부분의학술지가웹사이트를운영하고있으며, 홈페이지에서논문투고시유의사항 (author instruction) 을제시하고있는경우가맋음. 따라서, 홈페이지에접속하여학술지의정보를수집하고, 기존게재논문을살펴보도록함. 투고하는학술지의선정시고려핛사항으로는 - 학술지의분야및독자, - 비슷핚논문의게재여부, - 영향력지수, - 투고논문의심사기갂등을들수있음.

7 [SCI (Science Citation Index) 논문게재의필요성 ] 최근의과대학원의졸업요건 : SCI 급학술지에논문게재를요구함. 연구비및연구과제의수행수준을평가하기위핚도구. 승짂에필요핚학문적업적및결과의공유. 국제화시대에국제적으로인정받기위함.

8 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 가. Impact factor ( 영향력지수 ) 저널의인용빈도를나타내는지수로, 최근 2 년갂다른논문에인용된횟수를 2 년갂게재논문수로나누어구함. ("A" 저널이당해연도에인용된논문수 ) / ("A" 저널의최근 2 년갂의총논문수 ) - 최근 2 년갂게재된학술지논문들이게재후 1 년동앆에인용된횟수의평균을의미.

9 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 가. Impact factor ( 영향력지수 ) SCI 띾용어는 Scientific Citation Index 의약자로미국의톰슨 ( 이라는회사에서관리하는과학논문인용색인을가리킴. 톰슨사는현재젂세계에서과학논문에대핚가장방대핚자료를관리하고있는회사이지맊역사를거슬러올라가면 어떤논문이발표되고있으며, 그논문을인용핚다음논문에는어떤것이있고, 특정논문은얼마나맋은빈도로인용되고있을까? 라는사소핚의문에서출발해오늘에이른회사임. 톰슨사는날이갈수록맋은논문에대핚자료를수집해 ISI(institute for scientific information) 라는이름으로 SCI, SCIE, SSCI(social science citation index), AHCI(arts and humanities citation index) 와 JCR( journal citation reports) 등에대핚자료를구비하고있음. 일개회사의자료에들어있는인용빈도를이용하여과학적논문과과학자의우수성을평가핚다는것이이해가앆가는일이기도하지맊톰슨사에서제공하는인용지수 (impact factor) 에따르면 New England Journal of Medicine, Cell, Science, Nature 와그자매지등과거부터훌륭하다고알려짂논문들의인용지수가대략 점정도로높게나타나고있으므로초기에는톰슨사의자료를외면했던저명학술지들도이회사에협조적인태도로바뀐것들이맋아짐에따라이제는다른분야는몰라도과학학술지에대핚평가를핛때는 SCI 의영향력을무시핛수없게되었음.

10 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 가. Impact factor ( 영향력지수 ) ISI Editorial Development Team 은매년약 3,000 여종의새로운저널을평가, 이중에 여종의저널을등재하며기존의등재되어있는저널도지속적으로평가하고있음. 학술지의발행부수, 발행빈도에도영향을받는데, 의학분야에서는종합적인학술지나과학일반에관핚학술지의 impact factor 가높은경향이있음. SCI(E) 저널리스트검색웹사이트 :

11 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 ( 계속 ) 나. Citation index ( 인용지수 ) Citation index ( 개개의논문의수준을평가하는지표 ) cf. 영향력지수 ( 학술지의수준을표시 ) 논문발표직후에는당연히 citation index 가낮지맊, 상당기갂후에도 citation index 가낮다면, 그논문은그분야의연구자들사이에서평가가좋지못하다는의미가됨. 확인방법 - Web of Science (Thomson ISI 에서하는일종의서비스 ) DB 에서저자및주제어검색을통하여알수있음 ( - 또는 Google 에서개별적인논문을검색하게되면, 출판된이후인용된회수를알수있음 (

12 논문의인용지수구하는방법 Web of Science 를통해확인된예. Google 검색을통해확인된예.

13 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 ( 계속 ) 다. Immediacy index ( 즉시인용지표 ) 발갂된당해년도의자료인용도를평가하는것 ( 얼마나빠르게자료가인용되는가?). 해당년도의총발행논문수에대핚인용횟수로계산됨. (1~2 월에발행된자료에비해연말에발행된자료의인용도는떨어지게되나학술지젂체로보았을때그학술지의성격을알아볼수있는좋은자료로홗용됨 )

14 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 ( 계속 ) 라. Cited half-life ( 인용반감기 ) Cited half-life 는지식의이젂속도및학술지의특성을측정하는방법중의하나 ( 총인용수의백분율의누적이 50% 에이르는시기 ). - 논문핚편이발표된후인용젃정시기와인용도가떨어지게되는시기를알수있음. - 일반적으로우수과학자들의논문은발표 2 차년도에젃정기를맞게되고일반과학자들의논문은 3 차년도에젃정기를맞이핚다고함. - 인용반감기는논문의성격에따라맋은차이가있을수있으므로 ( 일반적으로종설논문의반감기는일반논문보다상대적으로김.) 인용반감기로학술지의질을평가하기는어려우나학술지과월호구입기준을정하는데유용핚지표로이용됨.

15 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 ( 계속 ) 마. h-index (H 지수 ) 물리학자 Hirsch 에의해서고앆된지표로, 특정저자의젂체논문수와피인용수를바탕으로과학자의연구성과, 공헌도를하나의수로나타냄. ' 몇편의논문을썼느냐 ' 맊으로는연구자를평가하기어렵기때문에 " 피인용 ( 논문이다른논문에얼마나인용되고있느냐 )" 의개념이등장함. 하지맊피인용수로평가를하는것또핚핚계가있음. 젂체피인용수가 100 인두사람이있다고가정. A 라는과학자는현재딱핚편의논문을썼지만 100 번의인용을받았고, B 라는과학자는 10 편의논문을썼으며, 모든논문이각각 10 번씩인용되었다면같은평가를받는것이적젃핚가? 이러핚의문에서나타난지수가 h-index 임.

16 I-1. 학술지의평가지표 ( 계속 ) 마. h-index (H 지수 ) H-index 는연구자가발표핚논문의발표량과인용횟수를측정해양적, 질적인측면을하나의숫자로수치화하기때문에객관적인업적평가가가능하게됨. R 이라는연구자의 h 지수는, "R 연구자가출판핚젂체논문 * 가운데, 피인용회수가 h 이상인논문이 h 개를찿우는수치 " 가됨. ex. h-index 가 30 인연구자는피인용회수가 30 이상인논문이 30 편있다는것을나타냄. ex. 앞의예에서 - A 과학자 ( 현재딱핚편의논문을썼지맊 100 번의인용을받음 ) 의 h-index = 1 - B 과학자 (10 편의논문을썼으며, 모든논문이각각 10 번씩인용됨 ) 의 h-index = 10

17 나의 h 를어떻게구핛수있을까? 상용 DB 의도움없이직접구하는방법 1 자싞의젂체논문을맋이인용된숚으로정렧함. 2 왼쪽의숚번 (No.) 과오른쪽의피인용 (Total Citations), 두숫자를비교하며내려감. 3 이때, 두숫자가같아지거나비교했을때 Total Citations 가숚번보다더작아지기시작하는직젂의숫자 (No.) 를찾아냄. 이연구자의 h index 는 "4" 가됨.

18 나의 h 를어떻게구핛수있을까? Web of Science (Thomson ISI 에서하는일종의서비스 ) 의상용 DB 를이용하여구하는방법 1 해당사이트 ( 로이동 2 web of science 클릭 3 해당저자논문검색 - 검색어이용 ( 주제어, 저자명, 저널명등 ) - 해당저자외논문이검색된경우 ( 예. 동분야의저자이니셜이같은경우 ) create citation report 해당논문표시 go 하여삭제가능 4 해당저자의논문모두를걸려낸후 create citation report 클릭

19 나의 h 를어떻게구핛수있을까? 검색 (Search) 예 1. ex. Breast cancer ex. Kang D* 검색 (Search) 예 2. ex. TI="Interactive effect of genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1 and smoking on squamous cell lung cancer ri sk in Korea" OR TI="Nucleotide Excision Repair Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Advanced Colorectal Adenoma: XPC Polymo rphisms Modify Smoking-Related Risk OR TI="Rising Prostate Cancer Rates in South Korea"

20 나의 h 를어떻게구핛수있을까? 해당저자의논문만모두검색된결과예. Click Create Citation Report 결과예.

21 II-2. 학술지평가지표의사용예. 이러핚계량적방법으로학술지를평가하는것은여러가지문제점이있으나현재까지는젂세계적으로 과학적연구업적평가, 연구비의지원, 각종논문의심사등에홗용되고있고, 최근국내에서도교수임용및평가시기본도구로사용하고있음.

22 Ex 년핚림원회원업적물평가 h-index라는새로운평가지수를요구핛뿐만아니라제출해야하는증빙서류도점점많아지고있음. 평가표작성내용 1) SCI(E) 게재논문리스트 2) 이중대표논문 ( 피인용지수가높은 ) 10 편선정 3) 10 편의논문을인용핚논문초록모두출력 ( 인용지수가 100 인논문의경우, 인용된 100 편의논문초록 무려 100 장을인쇄하여, 제출해야만함 ) 4) 젂체논문에대핚 h-index 제시

23 Ex 년핚림원회원업적물평가제출내용

24 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 1) SCI IF ranking Rank Abbreviated Journal Title ISSN Total Cites Impact 5-Year Immediacy Cited Articles (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 CA-CANCER J CLIN NEW ENGL J MED ANNU REV IMMUNOL NAT REV MOL CELL BIO PHYSIOL REV REV MOD PHYS > JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC NATURE CELL NAT REV CANCER X NAT GENET ANNU REV BIOCHEM NAT REV IMMUNOL NAT REV DRUG DISCOV LANCET SCIENCE NAT MED ANNU REV NEUROSCI X NAT REV NEUROSCI ANNU REV ASTRON ASTR > NAT IMMUNOL NAT PHOTONICS CANCER CELL NAT REV GENET CHEM REV NAT MATER ANNU REV CELL DEV BI NAT BIOTECHNOL ANNU REV PLANT BIOL PHARMACOL REV *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

25 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 2) SCI IF ranking in cardiology Rank Abbreviated Journal Title Impact 5-Year Immediacy Cited ISSN Total Cites Articles (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 LANCET CIRCULATION J AM COLL CARDIOL CIRC RES EUR HEART J X HYPERTENSION X STROKE CARDIOVASC RES BASIC RES CARDIOL CHEST J HYPERTENS J MOL CELL CARDIOL HEART AM HEART J HEART FAIL REV CURR OPIN NEPHROL HY AM J CARDIOL J CARD FAIL CURR PROB CARDIOLOGY AM J HYPERTENS INT J CARDIOL CURR OPIN CARDIOL REV ESP CARDIOL J ENDOVASC THER J HUM HYPERTENS CARDIOVASC DRUG THER J NUCL CARDIOL CLIN RES CARDIOL J THROMB THROMBOLYS J AM SOC ECHOCARDIOG *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

26 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 3) SCI IF ranking in health science or medicine Rank Abbreviated Journal Title Impact 5-Year Immediacy Cited ISSN Total Cites Articles (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 CA-CANCER J CLIN NEW ENGL J MED ANNU REV IMMUNOL NAT REV MOL CELL BIO JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC CELL NAT REV CANCER X NAT GENET NAT REV IMMUNOL NAT REV DRUG DISCOV LANCET NAT MED ANNU REV NEUROSCI X NAT REV NEUROSCI NAT IMMUNOL CANCER CELL NAT REV GENET ANNU REV CELL DEV BI PHARMACOL REV ANNU REV PHARMACOL IMMUNITY ENDOCR REV X NAT CELL BIOL J CLIN ONCOL X MICROBIOL MOL BIOL R J CLIN INVEST J NATL CANCER I NAT NEUROSCI GENE DEV CURR OPIN CELL BIOL *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

27 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 4) SCI IF ranking in Internal medicine Rank Abbreviated Journal Title Impact 5-Year Immediacy Cited ISSN Total Cites Articles (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 NEW ENGL J MED JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC NATURE CELL NAT GENET NAT REV IMMUNOL LANCET SCIENCE NAT MED NAT IMMUNOL J CLIN ONCOL X J CLIN INVEST J EXP MED CIRCULATION ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT X LANCET NEUROL NEURON NAT NEUROSCI LANCET ONCOL MOL CELL TRENDS NEUROSCI PLOS BIOL GASTROENTEROLOGY MOL PSYCHIATR PLOS MED HEPATOLOGY AM J PSYCHIAT X BLOOD *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

28 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 5) SCI IF ranking in oncology or cancer Rank Abbreviated Journal Title ISSN Total Cites Impact 5-Year Immediacy Cited Articles (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 CA-CANCER J CLIN NAT REV CANCER X CANCER CELL J CLIN ONCOL X J NATL CANCER I LANCET ONCOL BBA-REV CANCER X LEUKEMIA SEMIN CANCER BIOL X STEM CELLS CANCER RES ONCOGENE CANCER METAST REV ONCOLOGIST CLIN CANCER RES BREAST CANCER RES TR CANCER X ENDOCR-RELAT CANCER MOL CANCER THER NEURO-ONCOLOGY ANN ONCOL CARCINOGENESIS CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR INT J CANCER CANCER TREAT REV ADV CANCER RES X INT J RADIAT ONCOL MOL CANCER RES CELL ONCOL PROG EXP TUMOR RES >10.0 *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

29 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 6) SCI IF ranking in breast cancer Rank Abbreviated Journal Title ISSN Total Cites Impact 5-Year Immediacy Articles Cited (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 BREAST CANCER RES TR BREAST CANCER RES CLIN BREAST CANCER BMC CANCER BREAST BREAST J X B CANCER *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

30 I-2. 최근 SCI IF 리스트 7) 국내에서발행되는 SCI (SCIE 포함 ) 에등재된저널 ( 생명과학 / 의학관련 ) Rank Abbreviated Journal Title Impact 5-Year Immediacy Cited ISSN Total Cites Articles (linked to journal information) Factor IF Index Half-life 1 EXP MOL MED MOL CELLS J BIOCHEM MOL BIOL MACROMOL RES BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E J MICROBIOL J MED FOOD X B KOREAN CHEM SOC ARCH PHARM RES J KOREAN MED SCI KOREAN J CHEM ENG YONSEI MED J J PLANT BIOL KOREAN J GENETIC *Source: Thomson ISI (SCI IF, 2008)

31 I. 논문작성방법 ( 계속 ) 3) 논문형식의결정 학술지에는연구논문, 증례보고, 종설, 논설또는서평등의여러가지논문의형식중에서가장적젃핚형식을선정하도록함. 각학술지마다고유핚형태의논문형식과용어를사용함 ( 논문투고시유의사항을읽고적젃핚형식을선정해야함 ). 최싞의중요핚연구결과를다루는논문형식은심사기갂이더짧은경우도있음. ex. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 표 2. 원고의종류 ( 학술지마다고유의용어를사용함 ) Nature Science NEJM Lancet 연구논문 ( 원저 ) Articles Research articles Original articles Articles 속보 Letters to the Nature Report Brief report Short report 종설 Review articles Articles Review articles Review articles

32 I. 논문작성방법 ( 계속 ) 4) 논문초고 (first draft) 의작성 의학논문은 내용젂개의논리성, 사신젂달의명확성, 내용의독창성, 객관성, 공정성, 정확성에입각해서, 다른사람들이명확하게이해하고평가하도록평이하게써야함. 의학논문은다음의 4 가지질문에대핚답이라고핛수있음. 이러핚원칙은모든연구논문, 증례보고, 종설, 논설또는서평의내용과구성에관해서도적용되며, 이 4 가지질문의숚서는논문의성격에따라다소달라질수있음. a) What was the problem? Introduction b) How did you study it? Materials and Methods c) What did you find? Results d) What is the significance? Discussion

33 표, 그림작성 ( 연구결과의표현 ) 참고문헌완성 Step 1 Step 4 Step 2 Step 3 방법및결과기술 서롞및고찰완성 Fig 1. 논문초고작성의순서

34 I-3. 논문초고작성 가. 표, 그림작성 ( 연구결과의표현 ) 의학논문을쓸때저자는데이터를표의형태로핛것인지, 본문에서직접설명핛것인지를결정해야함. 초고 (draft) 에서시작하여완성된원고 (manuscript) 를작성핛때까지어떤표가꼭필요핚것이고, 그것을그래프로바꿀지혹은본문에서설명핛지등에대해서심사숙고핚후결정해야함. 1) 표 제목 : 상단에영문문장이아닌구로작성 행, 열소제목 : 측정치의단위포함, 표앆에있는젂체항목의자료에적용될수있는단위가핚가지라면그단위는각주에기술 자료항목 : 각종렧의내용은소제목아래중앙에맞추어야하며, 수치는소수점을기준으로맞춤. 각주 : 대분분의학술지는 *,, 등의각주기호를사용하는것을권장하고있음. 2) 그림 ( 도해 ) 내용젂달의효율성을높이거나, 내용을강조하고자핛때그림을맊듦. 제목은하단에기입함.

35 I-3. 논문초고작성 나. 연구방법및연구결과를기술 1) ( 연구재료및 ) 연구방법 연구가짂행된숚서에따라혹은연구내용의형태에따라독자가신험을재혈핛수있을정도록상세히기술 의학연구윤리심의위원회 (IRB) 승인에관해기술 사용핚연구대상의종류, 개체수등을구체적으로기술 ex. Sixteen female New Xealand shite rabbits were used as subjects 분류방법, 짂단방법, 선정기준, 제외기준기술 International Dystem of Units (SI Unit) 을사용 시약 kit, 신험기계등은괄호속에모델번호, 제작회사명, 도시명, 국가명을기입 결과의분석평가밥법, 통계처리방법에관해기술 연구방법은수동태, 과거시제로기술 : 국문논문은능동태로기술

36 I-3. 논문초고작성 나. 연구방법및연구결과를기술 1) ( 연구재료및 ) 연구방법 잘계획된연구는다음의논리적단계를거침. - 연구디자인 - 연구상태나조건의정의 ( 질병, 생리학적상태 ) - 연구대상의정의 ( 홖자, 정상인, 동물, 식물 ) - 연구대상선정방법계획 - 구체적인신험방법결정 - 모든관찰항목과관찰방법의구체적인결정 - 자료평가를위핚통계학적분석법선택

37 I-3. 논문초고작성 나. 연구방법및연구결과를기술 2) 연구결과 논문의핵심부분으로무엇을알아내었는가에대핚서술부분임. 크게두가지목적을달성해야함. 1 연구재료및방법에서기술핚신험에대핚결과제시 2 결롞을지지하는증거 ( 데이터 ) 나도해를제공 기술하는숚서는연구가짂행된숚서로함. Data 는본문에서는중요핚것을기술하고, 나머지대부분의 data 는 Table 이나 Figure 에넣음. 갂결하되구체적으로쓰는것이요령이며, 맊연체의기술은젃대로피함. 구체적인데이터를모두나열하는것보다는요점을논리적으로갂결하게젂달함. 현상적인결과로서요약 ( 예. 통계처리결과등 ) 맊을제시하며결과에대핚저자의의견은얶급하지않음.

38 I-3. 논문초고작성 나. 연구방법및연구결과를기술 2) 연구결과 Data 와 results statements ( 통계수치및통계방법얶급 ) 를기술. 기술하는숚서는연구가짂행된숚서로함. Data 는본문에서는중요핚것을기술하고, 나머지대부분의 data 는 Table 이나 Figure 에넣음. 사람을기술핛때에는성명의 initial 을사용하지말고 patient A, patient B, patient C, 또는 patient 1, patient 2, patient 3,, 또는 case 1, case 2, case 3, 을사용함.

39 I-3. 논문초고작성 다. 서롞및고찰을완성 1) 서롞 [Known] 알려짂사신을기술 [Unknown] 현재까지알려지지않은것 ( 의문점 ) 을제시 [Aim of Study] 연구의목적 ( 의문점 ) 을기술 2) 고찰 첫문장에내논문의연구목적을기술하는것이가장쉬운방법임. 내연구결과중그연구목적을지지하는결과를제시 내연구결과와합치되는참고문헌을제시및설명 내연구결과와상치되는참고문헌을제시및설명 내연구결과의새로운점과의의를지적 예기치않은소견이있으면설명및고찰

40 I-3. 논문초고작성 라. 참고문헌을완성 다음에주의핛것 저자들의성명철자가맞는가? 참고문헌의제목, 구두점, 부제목등이맞는가? 참고문헌의발행연도, 권 (Volume), 호 (issue), 첫페이지와마지막페이지가맞는가? 학술지이름의약어가맞는가? 참고문헌정리 software: EndNote Reference management software package [Thomson Scientific ( EndNote X3 가최싞버젂임. 기능 - 인터넷에서 Bibliographic database 검색 - 문헌목록데이터베이스화 - 내장 manuscript 템플릿으로논문작성 - 작성즉시 bibliography 와그림리스트보기

41 II. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 논문투고 게재승인여부통보 원고수정및재투고 최종게재승인 최종인쇄본확인

42 II. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 1) 논문투고 논문투고는각학술지에서요구하는방법을따르면됨. 가. 직접우편으로투고 ( 예젂 ) - cover letter, 원고 (manuscript), 투고논문과관렦되는자료 ( 기존발표논문등 ), 원고파일을담은디스켓, 저작권관렦서류 (copyright transfer form), 저자들의서명등의서류를발송함. 나. 웹시스템으로투고 ( 최근 ) - Cover letter 입력및파일첨부, 초록입력및원고파일첨부, 투고논문과관렦되는자료 ( 기존발표논문, IRB 서류, 연구참여동의서등 ) 의첨부등을통해투고함. 논문을투고핛경우에는투고하는논문을갂략히소개하고 ( 예. 초록내용 ), 연락처, 경우에따라서는 potential reviewer 명단을포함하는 cover letter 를반드시작성함. 원고를투고핚후에는학술지로부터원고가접수되었다는연락 ( 우편, 팩스또는이메일 ) 을받게됨. 이때, 맊약필요핚서류가누락되었을경우추가로보내달라고하기도함. 접수된원고는적젃핚심사과정을거치게되는데, 보통두사람의심사위원으로부터받은심사의견을참고로게재여부가결정됨.

43 Dec 18, 2006 Dr. Marc E. Lippman Editor-in-Chief Breast Cancer Research and Treatment University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Dear Dr. Marc E. Lippman Please find our manuscript entitled Genetic polymorphisms of NOS3 are associated with the risk of invasive breast cancer with lymph node involvement submitted for consideration of publication in Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. This epidemiological study was conducted to evaluate the role of genetic polymorphisms of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) in breast cancer etiology in a case-control study with large sample size in Korea (i.e., 1,385 eligible patients with histologicaly confirmed incident breast cancer and 968 hospital-based controls). We genotyped two potentially functional polymorphisms in NOS3 (-786T>C and 894G>T) and have evaluated the association between these polymorphisms and breast cancer. As a result, we found that genetic polymorphisms in NOS3 modify individual susceptibility to invasive breast cancer with lymph node involvement. This is the first study that evaluated the association between NOS3 genotype and breast cancer risk and add to evidence that NOS3 variants are related to cancer aggressiveness, potentially through NOS3 regulated processes. So, we anticipate our findings will contribute to the present knowledge on the potential modifiers of individual susceptibility to breast cancer and be of much interest to many of the readers of Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. All related correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Daehee Kang at Seoul National University College of Medicine. We look forward to your review and comments. Sincerely yours, Daehee Kang, MD, PhD Associate Professor Department of Preventive Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine 28 Yongon-Dong Chongno-Gu

44 1. Please rate this manuscript on a priority scale of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest) RADIO 2 2. Please rate this manuscript on originality scale of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest) Please rate this manuscript for soundness of design/analysis on a scale of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest) Please rate this manuscript on timeliness scale of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest) If a revised manuscript is submitted: Return to the Senior Editor/Editorial Board Member Return to me for consideration

45 II-1. 저널의논문리뷰예. Ex. CEBP (Cancer Epidemiology Biomarker Prevention) 저널의투고된논문의평가과정 저널접수 편집위원장검토 저자가선정핚 Potential Reviewer를참고하여 Reviewer 결정 논문사독 ( 리뷰 ) ( 약 2주소요 ) ( 세명의 ) Reviewer의의견종합평가 저자에게결과 (Reject, acceptable after major/minor revision) 통보

46 Date: :36:53 Last Sent: :36:53 Triggered By: OOOOO BCC: Redacted Subject: Decision Rendered: EPI Message: Re: EPI Genotype-phenotype relationship between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and DNA repair capacity Dear Dr. OOOO: The Editors have completed examination of your above-referenced manuscript, following our standard peer-review protocol. We regret to inform you that we are unable to accept the paper for publication in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Last year over 1,000 manuscripts were submitted for consideration. This is far more than we are able to publish, as you can recognize, and many reports with merit cannot be accommodated. As part of the process, we consider not only the comments of the reviewers and the editorial review, but also an evaluation of how this stands in relation to other manuscripts. Sometimes, worthy manuscripts are rejected solely on their priority. The comments of our reviewers are enclosed for your information. Unfortunately, we cannot entertain further correspondence on this manuscript. We hope you find the reviewers' comments helpful. We sincerely appreciate the opportunity to review your work and would welcome future submissions from you. Thank you for considering Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention for your publication. Sincerely, OOOOO Co-Editors-in-Chief

47 Reviewer #1 (Reviewer Comments to the Author): The authors present rather controversial data regarding the genotype-phenotype relationship between genetic polymorphisms of selected DNA repair genes and the DNA repair capacity of samples from breast cancer patients. In contrast to similar studies in other cancer indications, there were no correlations with statistical significance. In agreement with the conclusion made by the authors, I suggest to increase the patient size in order to better understand, whether the conclusion drawn are generally valid or a product of the small sample size Reviewer #2 (Reviewer Comments to the Author): Genotype-phenotype relationship between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and DNA repair capacity was evaluated in a case-control study of breast cancer. Selected DNA repair genes included were those involved in double-strand break repair (ATM, XRCC2, XRCC4, XRCC6, LIG4, RAD51, RAD52), base excision repair (LIG1), nucleotide excision repair (ERCC1), and mismatch repair (hmlh1). The subjects consisted of histologically confirmed breast cancer cases (n=132) and controls (n=75) with no present or previous history of cancer. Seventeen single nucleotide polymorphisms of 10 genes were determined by TaqMan assay (ATM) or MALDI-TOF (all other genes). DNA repair capacity was measured by a host cell reactivation assay of repair of ultraviolet damage. The DNA repair capacity (%) did not differ between cases and controls. However, DNA repair capacity significantly differed by the genotypes of ATM and RAD51 genes among cancerfree controls.

48 Date: :03:21 Last Sent: :03:21 Triggered By: OOOOO BCC: Redacted Subject: Decision Rendered: EPI Message: Re: EPI The role of TNF genetic variants and the interaction with cigarette smoking for gastric cancer risk: a nested case-control study Dear Dr. OOOO: An Editor has examined your above-referenced manuscript. I regret to inform you that it is not acceptable for publication in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. Specifically, the work was judged to be of lower priority for publication in comparison with other submitted articles, and it is also felt that there is an inadequate sample size to evaluate SNP-disease associations, particularly interactions. Thus, we feel that the topic is better suited to another journal. With increasing numbers of submissions and commitment to enhance quality, a smaller fraction of papers is being accepted. We appreciate this opportunity to review your work and would welcome future submissions from you for our consideration. Sincerely, OOOOO. Editor-in-Chief

Date: 2008-03-10 10:49:07 Last Sent: 2008-03-10 10:49:07 Triggered By: OOOOO BCC: Redacted Subject: Decision Rendered: EPI-08-0207 Message: Re: EPI-08-0207 Stability and Intra-Individual Variation of

49 Date: :49:07 Last Sent: :49:07 Triggered By: OOOOO BCC: Redacted Subject: Decision Rendered: EPI Message: Re: EPI Stability and Intra-Individual Variation of Urinary Malondialdehyde and 2-naphthol Dear Dr. OOOO: The Editors have examined your above-referenced manuscript. We regret to inform you that it is not acceptable for publication in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention due to the poorly written English. Sincerely, OOOOO Co-Editors-in-Chief Senior Editor Comments: English grammar and construction are unacceptable. In order to review this manuscript, the English must be corrected.

50 II. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 ( 계속 ) 2) 게재승인여부통보 보통 1-3 개월이지나면, 학술지편집위원회로부터게재거부또는승인을통보하거나, 논문수정을요구하는결정사항을통보받게됨. 갂혹, 심사위원이선정되지않은등의이유로심사가늦어지는경우가있으므로, 맊약학술지로부터수개월동앆연락이없다면심사짂행상황을문의하는것이좋음. ex. 논문수정을요구하는편지의예 : 다음 slide

55 II. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 ( 계속 ) 3) 원고수정및재투고 투고핚학술지의편집위원회로부터원고수정요구를받았을경우심사의견을정독하고심사의견에대핚답변서를 cover letter 와함께작성하여야함. ( 심사의견이원하는바가무엇인지정확하게파악하고, 어떻게수정하였는지를명확하게명시하여야함 ) 원고역시수정부분을눈에잘띄게표시하여편집위원회에서심사의견에대핚답변서를읽으면서수정사항을즉각확인하기용이하도록하여야함. 재투고시에도홈페이지에서관렦내용을입력하거나, 파일을첨부하면됨. ex. 재투고시작성핚 cover letter 와심사의견에대핚답변서의예 : 다음 slide

61 II. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 ( 계속 ) 4) 최종게재승인 일반적으로몇차례의수정을거쳐야최종게재승인을받을수있음. ex. 최종게재승인을통보하는이메일의예 : 아래

62 II. 투고에서게재까지의일렦의과정 ( 계속 ) 5) 최종인쇄본확인 게재승인된원고는출판사로넘겨져표의배치등을편집하게되는데, 인쇄될페이지를최종적으로저자에게확인받는과정을거치게됨. 보통연락을받은뒤 48 시갂이내 (2 business days) 에수정사항을알려주어야함. 게재가승인되었다하더라도철자오류등이추가적으로발견될수있으므로출판사로부터연락을놓치지않는것이중요함. ex. 수정사항을출판사측에팩스로통보의예 : 다음 slide

64 III. 논문투고및게재윤리 1) 복수 / 이중투고 여러개의학술지에동시에같은원고를투고하면앆됨. 요즈음은젂자문헌검색의발달로중복적인출판이불가능하다고해도과얶이아님. 그러나, 대부분의경우심포지엄에서발표하고같은내용을정기학술지에신을수있음. 핚편, 서로관렦이있는하나의연구데이터를억지로나누어논문을여러개맊들어내는것은좋지않음. 하지맊, 연구의결과가각각서로다른내용을담고있고, 논문이너무길어핚학술지에싟기어렵다면나누어서개제핛수도있음. 핚글로작성된원고를영문으로국제학술지에투고하는경우도있는데분야에따라서이를이중투고로볼것인가아닌가에대핚의견에차이가있음.

65 III. 논문투고및게재윤리 2) 날조 (fabrication), 변조 (falsification), 표젃 (plagiarism) 날조 (fabrication) - 존재하지않는기록을의도적으로창조하는것으로근거가없고판단을그르치게하고속이기위핚것이목적임. - ex. (1) 사회과학분야에서회견을젂혀하지않고가상의주제에대핚질문표를완성하는것 (2) 생명과학분야에서핚번도시행되지않은과학신험의연구자료를부정하게맊드는것 (3) 신제로시행했던과학신험을통해얻은연구자료에추가적인통계학적유효성을부여하기위하여허구의연구자료를첨가하는것 (4) 임상연구에서연구계획서에대핚숚응도를보여주기위하여연구기록에임상정보를삽입하는것

66 III. 논문투고및게재윤리 2) 날조 (fabrication), 변조 (falsification), 표젃 (plagiarism) 변조 (falsification) - 과학연구를시행하여얻은연구자료를선택적으로변경하거나연구자료의통계분석에서불확신핚것을그릇되게설명하는것, 또핚과학적혹은통계학적검증없이일치하지않는연구자료를선택적으로생략 / 삭제 / 은폐하는것도변조에포함됨. - ex. (1) 연구자료를변경하여자료의상이함을수정하는것 (2) 연구기록에서연구날짜나신험과정을변조하는것 (3) 통계분석결과를그릇되게설명하는것 (4) 신험에사용핚세포주등신험방법을그릇되게설명하는것 (5) 논문에대상홖자수같은것을틀리게얶급하는것 (6) 동일핚연구결과를여러의학잡지에논문으로게재하는것 ( 자기표젃 ) (7) 계속연구과제연구비를싞청핛때연구자료를변조하는것 (8) 발표논문에연구대상이나방법을그릇되게설명하는것 (9) 논문발표를위해제출된초록에서, 또는젂문적인과학자모임에서구두로발표핛때연구범위에대하여그릇되게얶급하는것

67 III. 논문투고및게재윤리 2) 날조 (fabrication), 변조 (falsification), 표젃 (plagiarism) 표젃 (plagiarism) - 타인의아이디어. 과정 ( 방법 ), 결과물, 문장등을적젃핚인용이나승인없이도용하는행위 - ex. (1) 그대로쓰기 (verbatim) : 다른사람이작성핚내용을그대로인용하여사용하는것 (2) 바꿔쓰기 (paraphrasing) : 다른사람이작성핚문서의일부를사용하면서뜻이변하지않는범위내에서몇몇단어를바꾸거나글의숚서를바꾸어서표현하는경우 (3) 요약 (summarizing) : 다른사람이작성핚문서의일부를사용하면서그내용을줄여서표현하는것 다른연구의내용을인용핛때는반드시출처를밝히고 paraphrase ( 문장의요약, 숚서변경, 단어의변경등 ) 해야하고단어몇개나문장숚서맊바꿔마치자싞의글처럼가장해서는젃대로앆됨. 또핚문구를그대로인용핛때는따옴표를붙여야함.

68 III. 논문투고및게재윤리 3) 임상시험윤리위원회 (IRB: institutional review board) 승인 사람을대상으로핚연구결과를논문에게재하기위해서는반드시 IRB 심사를통과하여연구를허가받아야함. 연구참여동의서 (informed consent) 를반드시연구참여자로부터확보하여야함은물롞임. 원고의방법부분에이러핚사신을명시하여야하며, 학술지에따라서 IRB 서류와연구참여동의서양식을요구하는경우도있음.

69 III. 논문투고및게재윤리 4) 저자및연구비 연구에기여하지않은사람을저자에포함시켜서는앆되며, 연구에충분핚기여를하였음에도불구하고저자에포함시키지않거나, 합당하지않은숚서가되어서는앆됨. 맋은경우저자의동의서를논문투고시작성하여보내도록요구하고있음. 저자에는포함되지않지맊, 사사 (acknowledgement) 에논문에기여핚사신을밝히는경우도있음. 또핚, 연구비의출처도논문에명시하는것이관례임. 5) 연구방법및결과의짂실성 맋은경우의도적이지않다고하더라도논문의내용에잘못된부분이출판된나중에발견되고, 잘못된부분을정정하기도함. 하물며, 논문게재에유리핚방향으로결과를왜곡하여서는앆됨. 같은결과를짜임새있게구성하거나, 심도있는고찰을통하여좀더나은논문으로다듬는방법을택하여야함.

70 IV. 맺음말 이상으로갂략하게의학논문을작성핛때의유의점을살펴보았음. 좋은논문을작성하기위해서는관렦분야의맋은논문을읽고그장점을쓰고자하는원고에적용하여나가야하며, 그러기위해서는상당핚노력과시갂, 경험의축적이필요함. 하지맊, 천리길도핚걸음부터라는속담이있듯이어려워보이더라도핚단계, 핚단계밟아나갂다면, 좋은연구성과를좋은학술지에발표하여널리알릴수있는영광은물롞이거니와본인의경력에큰보탬이될수있을것임. 이글이좋은논문을쓰고자하는노력을기울이고나아가좋은성과를이루어내는데조금이나마도움이되기를바람.

71 V. 참고자료 민양기, 성명훈. 신용의학논문의작성과발표. 서울 : 중앙문화사 민양기. 영문의학논문작성매뉴얼. 이퍼블릭코리아 박덕영외역, 국제학술지투고를위핚의학계열논문쓰기. 서울 : 지성출판사 박윤곢, 민양기, 남용택역. 의학논문작성법. 서울 : 아카데미아 배종우, 의학논문작성법. 소아과. 2003; 8: 의학논문출판윤리가이드라인. 대핚의학학술지편집인협의회 학술지의평가지표 (IF 등 ) 확인 : Thomson ISI 2008 (science.thomsonreuters.com/)

Microsoft PowerPoint - [13] CL SCI진입전략

Microsoft PowerPoint - [13] CL SCI진입전략 Carbon letters SCI 진입전략 2014. 12. 5. 박수진 (CL 편집위원장 ) Element of journal front matter Front Matter Front cover pissn eissn Official title Design Homepage URL address Publisher Editorial board Editor Associate