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2 목 차 1. 도입필요성 2. 일반및적용 3. 건식공심리액터특징 4. 구조 5. 설치시고려사항 6. 적용사례 7. 질의및토의 2

3 1. 도입필요성 전력수요의지속적이고급속한증가로대단위발전단지의조성및망상 (Mesh network) 형태송 변전계통확장 전체적인전력계통등가임피던스감소및전력계통단락및지락고장에의한고장전류증대 계통내운영중인차단기등전력설비의고장전류정격초과로고장발생시차단실패및이에따른사고파급우려 고장전류억제방안으로써건식공심형 (Air-core, Dry type) 345kV 급한류리액터 (Current Limiting Reactor, CLR) 도입 3

4 2. 일반및적용 리액터가없는계통에서고장시발생할수있는고장전류를리액터를설치하여고장전류를상대적으로작은값으로제한하기위하여사용 Dry Type 건식 (No Oil) 절연 Air Core 자속을구속할수있는투자율이큰철심 (Iron Core) 을가지지않은구조로, 자계에의한자속은리액터주위공간 ( 공기중 ) 에공간자계형태로분포 건식공심직렬리액터표면을포함한모든부분은활선 (Live) 상태로취급 리액터설치시공간자계의영향을반드시고려하여야함 전력계통성능향상을목적으로배전및송전계통에여러가지형태로적용가능 4

5 2. 일반및적용 - 설계및제작적용규격 ANSI / IEEE Standards ANSI C (1996) IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology and Test Code for Dry Type Air Core Series Connected Reactors ANSI C (1990) IEEE Standard Requirements, Terminology and Test Code for Shunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kva IEEE Standard : IEEE General Requirements and Test Code for Dry-type and Oil-Immersed Smoothing Reactors for DC Power Transmission IEC Standards (IEC / Reactors) BS Standards (BS 4944 / Reactors, Arc-suppression Coils and Earthing Transformers)

6 2. 일반및적용 - Inductance Definition 자장의세기 H 권선수가 N인코일에전류 (i) 가흐르고, 코일단면적에비하여코일길이 (l) 가충분히길다고하면코일내부에형성되는자장의세기 H는 H = Ni / l [A/m] = mmf / l, mmf : 기자력 (Magnetic motive force) 자속밀도 (B) B = µh [ weber / m 2 ], µ : 투자율 자속 (Ø) 자속밀도 B 의균일한자장이면적 A 에수직으로통과할경우그면적을통과하는자속 (Magnetic Flux) Ø 는 Ø = AB = µah = (µna/l)*i [ weber] 파라데이전자유도법칙 (Faraday s law of electromagnetic induction) - 시간에따라변화하는자속내에놓인코일에기전력이유도됨 - 유도되는기전력의크기는자속변화율에비례함 V = N * (dø/dt) [V], N ; 코일의권선수 = (µn 2 A/l)(di/dt) = L(di/dt) L µn 2 A/l [H] 6

7 2. 일반및적용 - Inductance L = N 2.D m.f(h/d m, R/D m ) D m For fixed geometrical proportions (H/D m =const., R/D m =const.) and for a given current density (i) I 2. L = A w 2. D m. C 2 Conclusion: Power Rating (I 2. L) determines the physical size H A w (winding area) R N (number of turns) Legend: L N H D m R A w C 2 = inductance = number of turns = winding height = mean winding diameter = radial winding width = winding cross section area (H.R) = Constant 7

8 2. 일반및적용 - Inductance L e (Total Conductor Length) R (Minimum Conductor Length) 110 % 105 % 100 % H Optimum Diameter D m (Avg. Dia.) D m The optimum reactor shape for maximum reactive power output is achieved at the following geometric proportions H = R = 0.34.D m Deviations from the ideal proportions can be caused by: voltage constraints dimensional restrictions 8

9 2. 일반및적용 - 정격제작범위 (TRENCH 사 ) 전류 : 최대 75 ka ( 실용적한계 ~ 6000 Amp ) 인덕턴스 : 1 H ~ 10H ( 탭을부착하여여러가지의임피던스를한대의유니트로구성가능 ) 전압 : 600 ~ 765,000 Volts ( 직렬 ) 600 ~ 138,000 Volts ( 병렬 ) 용량 (I 2 X): 최대 600 MVAR/Coil ( 60 Hz 기준 ) 단락강도 : 320 ka peak 참고 : 공심리액터모든사양은발주자의요구에따라주문제작가능 9

10 2. 일반및적용 - 용도 Current Limiting Feeder Reactor Bus Tie Reactor Neutral Grounding Reactor Capacitor Switching Filter Reactors HVDC Reactive Power Compensation Shunt Reactors Smoothing Reactors AC & DC Filters Static VAR (TCR & TSC) Electric Arc Furnace Load Flow Control Test Reactors 10

11 2. 일반및적용 적용예 Neutral Grounding Reactors Feeder Reactors Bus Tie Reactors Bus Tie Reactors - Sync. Bus Arrangement Duplex Reactors Transformer Secondary Reactors 11

12 2. 일반및적용 송전계통적용예 Transmission Line CLR Reactors Bus Tie Reactors 12

13 2. 일반및적용 선정 직렬리액터설치최적위치선정흐름도 시작 직렬리액터설치 과부하전압강하안정도저하 예 아니오 고장전류목표치 아니오 예 종료 13

14 3. 건식공심리액터특징 유입철심리액터대비건식공심리액터특징및장단점 구분 건식공심리액터 (Dry type Air Core Reactor) 유입철심리액터 (Oil type Iron Core Reactor) 구조적특징리액터활선표면대기중노출리액터유입탱크내설치 장점 부하전류대임피던스선형성이우수 상대적으로좁은공간에설치가능 과도과전압영향이적다내환경특성 ( 분진및염해등 ) 공해와화재위험이없다 운반과취급및유지보수용이 투자비및유지보수비용저렴 기기신뢰성이높다 소음이작다 단점 넓은설치공간확보필요 기기특성, 설치, 운용경제성 및신뢰성등측면에서불리 분진및염해등환경조건에노출 14

15 4. 구조 MECHANICALS ELECTRICALS SPIDER HUB PACKAGES 15

16 4. 구조 Details of hub, spider arms, spacers and tie rods Basic Winding Design: Multi-package cylindrical coils connected in parallel via aluminum beam structures at each end The packages are separated by fiberglass / polyester cooling duct spacers 16

17 4. 구조 Details of Hub, Spider arms, Spacers and Tie rods Details of conductor terminations welded to spider member 17

18 5. 설치시고려사항 배치 (Layout & Arrangement) 고려사항 전기 (Electrical) 통풍 (Ventilation) 자계 (Magnetic) 18

19 5. 설치시고려사항 자계 (Magnetic) 적측면 - 공심 (Air-Core) 리액터는철심이없는구조로교번자계 ( 자속 ) 를구속치못함으로자계는리액터주변공간에분포되며 ( 그림 D.1), 이러한자계를공간자계 (Stray Magnetic Field) 라함 - 공간자계가미치는영향 ᆞ금속성구조물에유도전류 (Induce Current) 를발생시킴으로써, a) 정상운전시심각한온도상승및 b) 단락고장시과도한작용력발생가능성 ᆞ유도전류의두가지유형 a) 와전류 (Eddy Current) b) 순환전류 (Circulating Current) - 차단기및피뢰기등보조기기배치및 Support Structure Design 시공간자계영향을반드시고려하여야함 19

20 5. 설치시고려사항 Single Quadrant Plot of Flux Surrounding a Typical Reactor Notes: 1. 리액터중심 (Center) 는원점에위치함 2. 자속은최대자속의백분율로표시함 3. 수평축및수직축은리액터등가반경의백분율임 20

21 5. 설치시고려사항 Installation Guidance Summary (Basic Rules) 주 ) MC1 : 리액터표면에서코일외경의 ½ 거리 MC2 : 리액터표면에서코일외경과동일한거리 21

22 5. 설치시고려사항 1) 폐루프형상이아닌소형금속체는 MC1 외부에배치 2) 기하학적구조대형금속체또는폐루프는 MC2 외부에배치 3) 인접리액터간이격공간유지 a) 인덕턴스에의한과도한상호간섭작용 b) 최대단시간전류통전시인접한리액터간작용하는수용불가한전자력 4) 와전류에의한온도상승을최소화하기위하여자계에대하여큰돌출부분이없는기하학적구조의콘넥터를사용 5) 와전류에의한온도상승에대하여적당한 Connection Bar 또는 Cable 채택및리액터연결단자 (Terminal) 로부터방사상배치 6) 리액터단자의과도한기계적하중이가해지지않도록리액터와근접된 Connection busbar 또는 Cable/Bus의지지대구비 7) Rebar 교차점 (Crossover Points) 절연 8) 기복이없고수평을이룬편평한기초표면 9) 리액터근처금속성펜스의전기적절연분할및분할구획별개별접지 10) 분할된펜스구획접지시단락형태의환상루프형성금지 11) 접지망 (Ground grid) 내단락환상루프형성금지 22

23 5. 설치시고려사항 Air Core Reactor Spacing Guideline - ( 해외기술자문결과 ) 23

24 5. 설치시고려사항 전기 (Electrical) 적측면 - 리액터본체모든표면은활선상태 (Live parts) 로운전 - 인접설치되는리액터와상간 (Phase to Phase) 및상대지간 (Phase to Ground) 간전기적적정절연이격확보 - 계통전압 (345kV) 에따른일반변전소이격기준적용 - 현설계적용 : 한전설계기준및 ANSI C2(NESC) 24

25 5. 설치시고려사항 통풍 (Ventilation) 적측면 - 리액터제작사별제작형태에따라서로요건상이 - 자계적측면요건충족시통풍적측면이격은별도고려하지않음단, 리액터냉각용기류의통풍로를막거나간섭이발생치않도록고려 Air Air T Air 1.5T Air 25

26 6. 적용사례 - 국내 기설치완료 - 화성변전소 - 북부산변전소 - 신월성 1,2 - 인천포스코파워 설치중 - 고리원자력 26

6. 적용사례 - 국내화성변전소 Reactor Specifications

8 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = 15.

27 6. 적용사례 - 국내화성변전소 Reactor Specifications Impedance = (58.322MVA) System Voltage = 345 kv Thermal Short circuit current = 5.8 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = 15.0 kap Rated current = 1400 A Basic Impulse Level = 1300 kv Voltage Drop = kv Weight = 32,750 lbs. (14,855 kg) 27

28 6. 적용사례 - 국내 화성변전소 28

29 6. 적용사례 - 국내 화성변전소 29

6. 적용사례 - 국내 북부산변전소 Reactor Specifications Impedance = 5.951 (28.

3 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = 47.

30 6. 적용사례 - 국내 북부산변전소 Reactor Specifications Impedance = (28.804MVA) System Voltage = 345 kv Thermal Short circuit current = 18.3 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = 47.0 kap Rated current = 2200 A Basic Impulse Level = 1300 kv Voltage Drop = kv Weight = lbs. ( kg) 30

31 6. 적용사례 - 국내 북부산변전소 31

32 6. 적용사례 - 국내 신월성 1,2 Reactor Specifications Impedance = 23.8 (115.2MVA) System Voltage = 345 kv Thermal Short circuit current = 7.2 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = kap Rated current = 2200 A Basic Impulse Level = 1300 kv Voltage Drop = kv Weight = lbs. ( kg) 32

33 6. 적용사례 - 국내 신월성 1,2 33

34 6. 적용사례 - 국내 신월성 1,2 34

35 6. 적용사례 - 국내 신월성 1,2 35

36 6. 적용사례 - 국내인천포스코파워 Reactor Specifications Impedance = 15.0 (51.338MVA) System Voltage = 345 kv Thermal Short circuit current = 10.9 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = 27.8 kap Rated current = 1850 A Basic Impulse Level = 1300 kv Voltage Drop = kv Weight = lbs. (17015 kg) 36

37 6. 적용사례 - 국내 고리원자력 Reactor Specifications Impedance = 7.5 (97.198MVA) System Voltage = 345 kv Thermal Short circuit current = 10.9 ka/2 S Mechanical Short circuit current = 27.8 kap Rated current = 3600 A Basic Impulse Level = 825 kv Voltage Drop = 27.0 kv Weight = lbs. (22000 kg) 37

38 6. 적용사례 (1990 년이전 ) - 해외 송전계통한류직렬리액터설치사례 설치회사 전압 [kv] 절연 [BIL] 정격전류 [A] 인덕턴스 [mh] 공급년도 City of Johannesburg P.G & E. Electric LADWP VEPCO Comm. Ed Philadelphia Electric Niagara Mohawk AEP

39 6. 적용사례 (1990 년이후 ) 해외 송전계통한류직렬리액터설치사례 설치회사 전압 [kv] 절연 [BIL] 정격전류 [A] 인덕턴스 [mh] 공급년도 MENENDEZ-DONNELL & ASSOCIATES COMMONWEALTH EDISON CO COMMONWEALTH EDISON CO PACIFICORP KENDALL KNIGHT(ABB) KENDALL KNIGHT KENDALL KNIGHT GEORGIA POWER COMPANY

40 6. 적용사례 (1990 년이후 ) 해외 송전계통한류직렬리액터설치사례 설치회사 전압 [kv] 절연 [BIL] 정격전류 [A] 인덕턴스 [mh] 공급년도 GEORGIA POWER COMPANY SACRAMENTO MUNICIPAL UTILITIES BASIN ELECTRIC POWER COOPERA CONSOLIDAATED EDISON CO. NY CONSOLIDAATED EDISON CO. NY NEW YORK POWER AUTHORITY LOUOSIANA POWER & LIGHT CO KENTUCKY POWER CO FURNAS CENTRAIS ELECTRICAS

41 7. 질의및토의 41

DC Link Application DC Link capacitor can be universally used for the assembly of low inductance DC buffer circuits and DC filtering, smoothing. They

DC Link Capacitor DC Link Application DC Link capacitor can be universally used for the assembly of low inductance DC buffer circuits and DC filtering, smoothing. They are Metallized polypropylene (SH-type)