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1 Jurnal f Krean Pwder Metallurgy Institute DOI: /KPMI Cu, Zn, Sn, Se yw p e w xá yá Á xá½³y* û w œw Effects f Ball Milling Cnditin n Sintering f Cu, Zn, Sn and Se Mixed Pwders Jng-Hen Ahn, Wn Hwa Jung, Yun Jung Jang, Seng Hen Lee, and Ky H Kim* Schl f Materials Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyngsan, Gyngbuk Krea (Received February 8, 2011; Revised March 11, 2011; Accepted May 6, 2011) Abstract In rder t make a Cu 2 (CZTSe) sputtering target sintered fr slar cell applicatin, synthesis f CZTSe cmpund by slid state reactin f Cu, Zn, Sn and Se mixed pwders and effects f ball milling cnditin n sinterability such as ball size, cmbinatin f ball size, ball milling time and sintering temperature, was investigated. As a result f this research, sintering at 500 C after ball milling using mixed balls f 1 mm and 3 mm fr 72 hurs was the ptimum cnditin t synthesis near stichimetric cmpsitin f Cu 2 and t prepare sintered pellet with high density relatively. Keywrds : Cu, Zn, Sn, Se Mixed pwder, Sintering, Ball milling, Sinterability 1. CIGS k ˆ 1.04 ev k Ÿ ƒ Ÿ rp ew, x Ÿ ƒ 10 5 cm x ¾ k 1 ƒ. w,» yƒ k g k w w š w y w [1-3]. ù w w p ƒ š wš IT, v In w ƒ ƒ, š In w t ù In w ù w ƒ ã w š, CIS k w ù kùš. CIGS k 3 In 2, 4 w Cu 2 ZnSnS 4, Cu 2 ( wczts) t In CIS k wš [4-6]. wr, CZTS k k œ CIGS k w š, Ÿ d Cu, Zn, Sn, S, Se j C-evapratin t [7]. w (effusin cell) ƒ eƒ wš ƒ w w, y» w w w û š., ³ w w w w š š rl, *Crrespnding Authr : [Tel : ; khkim@yu.ac.kr] 256
2 Cu,Zn,Sn,Se yw p e w 257 Cu, Zn, Sn Csputteringw ù dw z, S Sey w 2 œ š [8]. rl Gun ƒ ù œ ƒ ù, œ œ rl œ œ S Sey w œ w w» š [9-10]. rl e œ w wš, Wibw Cu 2 Se, ZnSe, SnSe 2 yw yw w x k w single step CZTSe w ƒ ù[11] CZTSe yw k w rl e œ yw š š., ƒ rl CZTSe k w, Cu,Zn,Sn,Se ƒ CZTSe k ww w ywwš xw z, w Cu 2 yw r wš w.,, j» w, CZTSe e w w wš w. 2. x CZTSe yw w w, Kjund Chemical Lab. C Cu(99.9%, 45 µm), Zn(99.9%, 75 µm), Sn(99.9%, 63 µm), Se(99.9%, 75 µm) Cu 2 yw 2:1:1:4 w wš, x mw y w Se w 12% Se ƒ ww wš xw, C CZTSe w w. x yww 20 g wš e g(c 2 H 5 OH, Duksan pure chemicals c., 99.9%) ƒw 220 ml j» Nalgen š, 1mm, 1mm 3 mm, 3 mm 5mm 3 (Nikkat. C, YTZ-S Ball), yw v 50:50, 1:1.03-1:1.16) w ƒƒ 24, rpm yww. Fig. 1. Experimental prcedure. w œ»(rtary Vacuum Evapratr) 60 C, 2 jš w w 150 µm w w z, 1 g w 12 mm š w»(, Carver Inc) Pa 1 ƒ xwš þ x»(, Astra c.) w 250 MPa 5 ƒ, xw r w., xw r ù ƒ (Al 2 O 3 Crucible, 99.9%) š Ë z, š š(ar, 99.99%, 5 sccm)» 10 C/min w 500 C 6 wš þ w j» w, CZTSe yw,,, e w w w. x ( 1). 3. š 3.1. CZTSe w CZTSe yw y w, Cu, Zn, Sn, Se 1mm 3mm yw ( v 50:50) w 72 wš r xk xw z C 6 ƒ w CZTSe e w w w ( 2a).
3 258 xá yá Á xá½³y Fig. 2. XRD patterns f pwders sintered at varius temperature (a) full scale pattern; (b) expanded patterns f (112). w X- z z CuSe ƒ» w y w CuSe yw v f ƒ d. w x Wibw w w» w y x š [12-13]. ù 200 C l z š CuSe 2» w, 300 C Cu 1.8 Se ZnSe y. 400 C w CZTSe 500 C ƒ w (112) (204) (312) w w. wr, 600 C CZTSe w,, z (112) 500 C CZTSe z w ùkùš ( 2b) w CZTSe y w 500 Cƒ ww q [14] CZTSe w y w y j»ƒ x, w e š, j» w, 1mm, 1mm 3 mm, 3 mm 5mm 3 w ( v 50:50, 1: ) w Cu, Zn, Sn Table 1. Average particle size (nm) measured by PSA (φmm) 3, 5 mixed ball 1, 3 mixed ball 1 ball (weight g) hurs 253(117:136) 236(116:120) 248(248) 24 1, Se 130 rpm 24, 48, 72 w w y e w w w (t 1). t 1 1mm, 1mm 3mm, 3mm 5 mm 3 w 24, 48, 72 s³ j» j» w ƒw j» ƒ w p, 48 ¾ yƒ x w ù. w, w y e w w, w 3mm 5 mm, 1 mm 3mm, 1mm j»ƒ z ƒ j ùkû x 1mm w 72 w 73 nm w. l y j» w š ¼ z. w y w ƒ Jurnal f Krean Pwder Metallurgy Institute
4 Cu, Zn, Sn, Se 혼합 분말의 소결특성에 미치는 볼밀링 영향 259 Fig. 3. Crss sectin f cmpacted pellets milled by (a) 3 and 5 mm mixed ball, (b) 1 and 3 mm mixed ball, and (c) 1mm ball. 성형한 펠렛의 파단면의 관찰에서도 확인할 수 있었 다(그림 3). 뿐만 아니라, 볼 밀링 시, 분말의 색상의 변화가 관찰되는데, 황색의 Cu, 밝은 회색의 Zn과 Sn, 검은 색의 Se 분말을 혼합하여 볼밀한 경우, 볼밀 시간의 증가에 따라 분말의 색깔이 진회색으로 변하는데, 이 것은 볼 밀링에 의해 분말이 미세하게 분쇄되고 균 일하게 혼합됨과 동시에 기계적 합금화가 일어나 변 색이 일어나는 것으로 추측된다. 이것은 그림 2에서 72시간 볼 밀링한 분말의 X선 회절 관찰에서 미약하 나마 CuSe상이 관찰되는 것과 관련된 분말의 기계적 합금화에 기인한 현상으로 판단된다[15-16] 볼밀한 분말의 소결성 볼밀시 볼의 크기와 볼 조합이 볼밀한 분말의 소결 거동에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하였다. 볼밀한 분말 1 g을 채취하여 직경 12 mm 몰드에 넣고 Pa로 1차 가압 예비성형한 후, 다시 250 MPa으로 냉간 등 방 가압(CIP)하여 5분간 유지하여 펠렛을 성형하였다. 이를 관상로에 넣고 아르곤 가스 분위기에서 10 C/ min로 승온하여 500 C에서 6시간 유지하여 소결하고 로냉하여 이들의 소결에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사하 였다(그림 4). 3 mm 및 5 mm 혼합볼을 사용하여 볼밀하고 성형 한 펠렛을 소결한 경우는 실험에 사용한 모든 종류 의 펠렛에서 소결 중 부풀음 파괴 현상이 일어나 소 결이 성공적으로 이루어지지 않았다. 이어, 1 mm 및 3 mm(사진 위) 조합볼을 사용하여 볼밀하고 성형한 펠렛의 소결에서는 볼밀 24시간의 펠렛에서는 상당한 부풀음과 변형 현상이 관찰되나 볼밀 시간이 48-72시간으로 증가할수록 부풀음 및 변 형도가 감소하며, 72시간 볼밀한 후 소결한 펠렛에서 Fig. 4. Physical appearance f pellets sintered at 500C fr 6 hrs after milling and cmpactin f Pwders by using 1 and 3 mm mixed ball and 1 mm ball. 는 크기와 형상에서 소결전 펠렛과 비교하여 변화가 크게 나타나지 않았다. 그러나, 1 mm(사진아래) 볼을 사용하여 볼밀하고 성형한 펠렛의 소결에서는 볼밀 시간 24-48시간에서 는 심한 부풀음과 변형이 관찰되었으나 72시간 소결 에서는 1 mm 및 3 mm 혼합볼을 사용한 경우와 마 찬가지로 부풀음 현상과 변형이 적게 나타났다. 본 실험의 범위에서 1 mm 및 3 mm 조합볼을 사 용하여 72시간 볼밀하고 성형한 펠렛의 소결에서 부 풀음과 변형이 가장 작게 나타나는데, 이것은 1 mm 볼만 사용한 경우보다 1 mm 및 3 mm 혼합볼 사용한 경우에서는 분말의 크기는 상대적으로 미세하지 않으 나 분말의 크기 분포가 다양하여 성형시 충진율이 높 아진 것에 기인되는 것으로 추측된다[17-18].
5 260 xá yá Á xá½³y Fig. 5. Density f sintered pellets measured by Archimedes methd w k w rl w, k ƒ w š [19]. 5 CZTSe ww 500 C, 6, j» w, e w w w. j w d w. 1mm 3mm yw w w š xw z, w 24 ƒ 4.50 g/cm 3 ùkû ù 72 ƒw ƒ 4.81 g/cm 3 ƒw. ù, 1 mm w w ƒ g/cm 3 1 mm 3mm w w 4.50 g/cm 3 w x û ùkû, 48 ¾ w ù, 72 w 4.18 g/cm 3 ƒ x w ƒw 1mm 3mm yw w 72 w 4.81 g/cm 3 w. t 1 1mm w w j»ƒ 1mm 3mm yw w w j» w w ùkû ù, 5 1mm 3 mm w, xw Pellet ƒ ùkùš. 4 Fig. 6. Cmpsitin f sintered pellets at varius milling time. ùkù 1mm 3mm w w j» 1mm w w j» w j»ƒ w ù x w d w 6 ƒ ƒ 1mm 3 mm w w wš xw 500 C 6 w Pellet y ùkü. 24 w w ( - ) l ù Cu ƒwš w ùkû. ù, 72 w yw w ùkû. ƒ yƒ ùš ³ w yw w, Se» w y x ù Se, Sn { w z yƒ ùkù d [20]., w, yw CZTSe yw k w» w, w yww z. 4. k CZTSe rl Jurnal f Krean Pwder Metallurgy Institute
6 Cu,Zn,Sn,Se yw p e w 261 w Cu 2 yw k w, Cu, Zn, Sn Se yw w, wš x, w Cu 2 yw w w. w, rl k ƒ š ³ w yw Cu 2 k w,, j» w, j», y e w w w. 1) w Cu, Zn, Sn Se š, 300 C CZTSe y 500 C CZTSe ƒ w ù 600 C w. 2) j» w š, ¼ y z. 3) w w 3 mm 5mm yw w, xw r t w ù, j» w ƒ t x w. 1 mm 3mm w w 72 wš 500 C 6 w r x ƒ (4.81 g/cm 3 ). 4) w ƒw wš ³ w yw» w y ƒ yƒ. w» w w Ÿ «. š x Sakurai and S. Niki: Curr. Appl. Phys., 10 Supplement (2010) S154. [2] T. Wada, Y. Hashimt, S. Nishiwaki, T. Sath, S. Hayashi, T. Negami and H. Miyake: Sl. Energ. Mater. Sl. Cells, 67 (2001) 305. [3] T. Negami, T. Sath, Y. Hashimt, S. Shimakawa, S. Hayashi, M. Mur, H. Inue and M. Kitagawa: Thin. Slid. Films, 403 (2002) 197. [4] H. Katagiri, K. Jimb, W. S. Maw, K. Oishi, M. Yamazaki, H. Araki and A. Takeuchi: Thin. Slid. Films, 517 (2009) [5] T. Tanaka, A. Yshida, D. Saiki, K. Sait, Q. Gu, M. Nishi and T. Yamaguchi: Thin. Slid. Films, 518 Supplement 1 (2010) S29. [6] J. S. Sel, S. Y. Lee, J. C. Lee, H. D. Nam and K. H. Kim: Sl. Energ. Mater. Sl. Cells, 75 (2003) 155. [7] G. S. Babu, Y. B. Kumar, P. D. Bhaskar and S. R. Vanjari: SlU EnergU MaterU SlU Cells, 94 (2010) 221. [8] P. M. P. Salm, P. A. Fernandes and A. F. da Cunha: Thin. Slid. Films, 517 (2009) [9] H. Araki, A. Mikaduki, Y. Kub, T. Sat, K. Jimb, W. S. Maw, H. Katagiri, M. Yamazaki, K. Oishi and A. Takeuchi: Thin. Slid. Films, 517 (2008) 1457 [10] O. Vlbujeva, J. Raudja, E. Mellikv, M. Grssberg, S. Bereznev and R. Traksmaa: J. Phys. Chem, Slids, 70 (2009) 567. [11] R. A. Wibw, W. S. Kim, E. S. Lee, B. Munir and K. H. Kim: J. Phy. Chem. Slids, 68 (2007) [12] R. A. Wibw, W. H. Jung and K. H. Kim: J. Phys. Chem. Slids, 71 (2010) [13] H. Matsushita, T. Maeda, A. Katsui and T. Takizawa: J. Cryst. Grwth, 208 (2000) 416. [14] R. A. Wibw, W. H. Jung, M. H. Al-Faruqi, I. Amal and K. H. Kim: Mater. Chem. Phys., 124 (2010) [15] C. Suryanarayana: PrgS MaterU SciU, 46 (2001) 1. [16] M. Azimi and G. H. Akbari: J. Ally. Cmp., 509 (2011) 27. [17] A. Savitskii: Metal. Pwder Reprt, 54 (1999) 42. [18] Z. Zhang, R. Sandstrm and L. Wang: J. Mater. Prcess. Tech., 152 (2004) 131. [19] K. Utsumi, O. Matsunaga and T. Takahata: Thin. Slid. Films, 334 (1998) 30. [20] C. C. Kch and J. D. Whittenberger: Intermetallics, 4 (1996) 339. [1] S. Ishizuka, A. Yamada, K. Matsubara, P. Fns, K.
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