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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 4, N. 6, pp. 6~67, 008. Effects f High Energy Ball Milling n the Piezelectric Prperties f Lead-free (K 0.44 Ceramics Yung-Hyek Kim, Dae-Yung He, Wen-Pil Tai, and Jae-Shin Lee* Ulsan Fine Chemical Industry Center, Ulsan , Krea *Schl f Materials Science and Engineering, University f Ulsan, Ulsan , Kera (Received May, 008; Accepted June 11, 008) š w (K 0.44 p ½ xáx Ák v Á * ( ) lj qj yw * w œw (008 ; ) ABSTRACT Lead-free (K 0.44 piezelectric ceramics have been synthesized by cnventinal sintering prcess and then investigated n the sintering and piezelectric prperties by high energy ball milling (HEBM) treatment. The pwders milled fr different time are characterized by XRD, FE-SEM. The pwders are pressed int a pellet and sintered. It is fund that the piezelectric prperties f sintered specimens are strngly dependent n the milling time. The piezelectric prperties are enhanced by high energy ball milling treatment. The planer electrmechanical cupling factr (k p ) and piezelectric cnstant (d ) f a specimen sintered at 100 C are 0.44 and 67 pc/n, respectively. Key wrd : Lead-free, High energy ball milling, (K w p ƒ PZT q,», l, vl, l š. 1-) ù, PZT 60 wt% PbOƒ w» 1000 C PbOƒ { x x w w» w PbO ƒ j» y, d ƒ š û w w ƒ w š. x 4) l l- x, x, r e px š, r e p ƒ (Na, K)NbO ( w NKN) j w p š. ù NKN Na Kƒ w -7) Crrespnding authr : Wen-Pil Tai wptai@utp.r.kr Tel : Fax : j û p. w» w NKN ƒ y œ ƒ y w š. š y LiNbO, LiTaO, LiSbO ƒw NKN p w j ƒ w š Sait p (d = 00 pc/n, k p = 0.4) ƒ (K 0.44 tw. œ Ht-press, SPS(Spark plasma sintering), RGTT (Reactive Templated Grain Grwth) w p w j ƒ w š. 8-1) ù w ƒ š š. š ƒ w. 1,1) š e(high Energy Ball milling) w j» yw (K 0.44 p w. 6
2 김영혁 허대영 태원필 이재신 에 임의로 직선을 그어 입계와의 교차점 갯수를 직선길. 실험 방법 이에 나누어 주고 1.6을 곱하여 구하였다. 시편의 미 본 실험은 일반적인 고상반응법으로 시편을 제조하였 세구조 및 결정구조는 각각 FE-SEM(Field Emissin 다. K CO (99%), Na CO (99%), Nb O (99.9%), Ta O Scanning Electrn Micrscpe, Supra 40)과 XRD(X-ray diffractin, D/MAX 00-V/PC)를 이용하여 관찰하였다. (99.9%), Li CO (99.9%), Sb O (99.9%) 원료 분말을 이용 하여 조성식에 따라 시료를 정확한 몰비에 맞게 10 g까 지 평량 하였으며, 에탄올, 볼, 분말을 ::1 비율로 혼. 결과 및 고찰 합을 하였다. 이때 사용된 볼은 mm 지르코니아 볼을 사용하여 4시간 동안 혼합분쇄 하였으며, 혼합 분쇄한 Fig. 1은 80 C에서 시간 하소 후 밀링 방법에 따른 시료를 100 C에서 4시간 건조시킨 후 80 C에서 시간 (K Na )(Nb Ta )-0.04LiSbO (이하 NKNT-LS) 무 하소하였다. 하소된 분말을 에탄올, 볼, 분말을 ::1 비 연 압전 세라믹 분말의 입도를 보여주고 있다. Fig. 1의 율로 혼합하여 고에너지 볼 밀링 장비(PM-400)를 이용하 (a)는 일반적인 세라믹 공정으로 제작된 세라믹의 입도 분 여 00 rpm에서 0, 60, 90, 10, 40 min 볼 밀링 하였 포를 보여 주고 있으며 (b)~(f)는 고에너지 볼 밀링시간 다. 미세분말을 얻은 후 PVA wt%를 첨가하여 1 mm (0, 60, 90, 10, 40 min)에 따른 입도 분포를 보여주고 원형몰드에 장입하고 00 kgf/cm 를 인가하여 성형체를 얻 있다. 일반적인 세라믹 공정으로 제작된 분말의 입도 분 었다. 성형된 시편은 0 C에서 시간 burn-ut 하였고, 포와 고에너지 볼 밀링으로 제작된 분말의 입도 분포와 크기는 비슷한 형태를 보여 주고 있다. 하지만 고에너지 100 C에서 시간 동안 소결하였다. 소결된 시편은 0.6 mm 의 두께로 연마한 후 Ag 전극을 양면에 도포하여 700 C 밀링시간이 길어질수록 작은 입자들이 더 많이 나타나는 에서 10분간 열처리 하였다. 전극이 형성된 시편을 10 C 것을 Fig. 1의 입도 분포를 통해 알 수 있다. 의 실리콘 오일에서 0분 동안 DC kv/mm 전계를 가하 Fig. 는 NKNT-LS 압전 무연세라믹스를 고에너지 볼 여 분극 하였다. 분극된 시편을 4시간 경과 후 Impedance 밀링 장치를 이용하여 00 rpm에서 볼 밀링 시간(0, 0, analyzer(agilent 494A)를 이용하여 주파수 및 임피던스 60, 90, 10, 40 min)에 따른 평균 분말 입도를 보여주고 를 측정하였고, 압전상수 측정 장치(PM-100)를 이용하여 있다. 볼 밀링 시간이 길어질수록 NKNT-LS 압전 세라믹 압전 상수를 측정하였다. 평균 입경은 주사전자현미경으 스의 평균 분말 입도가 작아지는 것을 알 수 있다. 볼 밀 로 관찰한 미세구조에서 linear-intercept methd로 사진위 링 시간이 60분까지는 분말의 입도가 크게 변하지 않았 64 14) Fig. 1. SEM images f NKNT-LS ceramic pwders: cnventinal prcess(a) and high energy ball milling prcess(0 min(b), 60 min(c), 90 min(d), 10 min(e), and 40 min(f)). 한국세라믹학회지
3 고에너지 볼 밀링을 이용한 (K Na )(Nb Ta )-0.04LiSbO 무연 압전 세라믹스의 특성 6 에너지 밀링시간이 길어질수록 미세화 되며 이러한 분말 을 이용하여 제작된 소결체의 소결 밀도와 압전 특성은 향상되었다. Fig. 은 100 C에서 4시간 동안 소결한 NKNT-LS 압 전 세라믹 시편의 고에너지 볼 밀링 시간에 따른 표면의 미세구조를 주사전자 현미경을 통해 관찰한 것이다. 그림 (a)는 일반적인 세라믹공정으로 제작된 시편의 미세구조 를 보여주고 있다. Grain이 크지만 grain 분포는 불균일하 다. 그림(b)~(f)는 고에너지 볼 밀링을 0~40분 하였을 때의 미세구조를 보여주고 있다. 평균 grain 크기를 계산 하여 보면 일반적으로 제작된 NKNT-LS 압전 세라믹의 평균 입도는 0.80 µm이고 고에너지 볼 밀링을 0, 60, 90, 10, 40분 행한 시편의 평균 grain 크기는 각각 0.78, 0.7, 0.68, 0.61, 0.60 µm이다. 또한 소결 밀도를 측정한 결과, 일반적인 방법으로 제작된 시편의 경우 소결밀도가 4.0 g/cm 이고 고에너지 볼 밀링을 0, 60, 90, 10, 40 분 하였을 때 소결 밀도는 각각 4.7, 4.8, 4.8, 4.9, 4.9 g/cm 로 증가하였다. 즉 밀링시간이 60분까지는 일반 적인 방법으로 제작된 NKNT-LS 압전 세라믹스의 미세 구조와 유사하기 때문에 고에너지 볼 밀링효과가 작다. 그러나 그림 (d), (e), (f)와 같이 볼 밀링 시간이 90분 이 상이 되면 grain 크기가 점점 작아지는 것을 알 수 있고 입도 분포 또한 밀링 시간이 증가 할수록 더 균일한 형 태를 보여주며 소결 밀도도 향상됨을 알 수 있다. 고에너 지 볼 밀링을 통해 얻은 미세 분말을 이용하여 제작한 시 Fig.. Average particle size f NKNT-LS ceramics as a functin f milling time. 지만 밀링시간이 길어질수록 분말 입도가 점점 작아져 40분 볼 밀링을 했을 때 0.80 µm로 일반적인 방법으로 제작된 분말 입도 0.4 µm 보다 1.4배나 작은 분말을 얻 을 수 있었다. 최근 소결성을 높이기 위한 방법으로 입도 를 작게 하여 소결성을 향상시키는 연구가 많이 진행되 고 있다. 이는 분말의 입도가 작아지면 분말의 비표면 적이 넓어지기 때문이다. 결국 표면에너지가 증가하면 소 결성이 개선되고 압전 특성이 향상된다. 분말 입도는 고 16) Fig.. SEM images f NKNT-LS ceramics sintered at 100 C fr 4 hr: (a)cnventinal prcess, (b)0 min, (c)60 min, (d)90 min, (e)10 min, and (f)40 min. 제 4 권 제 6호(008)
4 66 ½ xáx Ák vá Fig. 4. XRD pattern fr the NKNT-LS ceramics as a functin f milling time. Fig.. Electrmechanical cupling factr(kp) fr NKNT-LS ceramics sintered at 100 C as a functin f milling time. r z ƒ t j» grain j. w w k t k, grain bundary t j w yƒ ù. y w š j j w w w w. 1) Fig C 4 w NKNT-LS X-ray z ql š. r š r tetragnal z ƒ(t) 4 (00), (00) vjƒ x tetragnal ùkü ù ù 40 š Fig. 6. Piezelectric cnstant f NKNT-LS ceramics sintered at 100 C as a functin f milling time. (00) vj w r z ƒ(t) 4 ƒ (00) vj j» f. yƒ w» w Fig. 4 (00) (00) vj w tetragnality(c/a) w. w NKNT-LS c/a 1.01 š š 0 ~ 40 w c/a w NKNT-LS š w NKNT-LS x tetragnal ùk ü š y. 10) Fig. 100 C 4 w NKNT-LS»» w (k p ) ùk ü. œ r»» w (k p ) 0.4 š š ¼ ƒw ƒ ùküš, 40 w 0. w w. Fig. 6 NKNT-LS (d ) ùkü.»» w (k p ) w ew r 194 pc/n š 10 w 6 pc/n, 40 w 10 pc/n w. œ w NKNT- LS p 7% w. p z grain j»ƒ j ƒ w. ù š mw w w w r p r p ùkù. w š w wz
5 š w (K 0.44 p 67 w ƒ ³ wš ƒ t t ƒ ƒw ³ w w». w š w 17) ù PZT y w p w j š ) 4. š e w p w j w. œ (K 0.44 y j» y j»ƒ p e w w. 1) š w ¼ j» š ³ w s ƒ. ) š 10 w»» w (k p ), (d ) ƒƒ 0.44, 67 pc/n š ùkü. ) š œ p w j z ƒ. Acknwledgement (100097) w. REFERENCES 1. B. Jaffe, W. R. Ck, and H. Jaffe, Piezelectric Ceramics, pp , Academic press, New Yrk, H. Du, S. Qu, J. Che, Z. Liu, X. Wei, and Z. Pei, The Effect f Cmpsitin n Micrstructure and Prperties f PNW- PMS-PZT Ceramics fr High-pwder Pizelectic Tansfrmer, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, (00).. Z. P. Yang, Y. F. Chang, and H. Li, Piezelectric and Dielectric Prperties f PZT-PZN-PMS Ceramics Prepared by Mlten Salt Synthesis Methd, Mater. Res. Bull., (00). 4. M. Ksec, B. Malic, W. Wlny, A. S. James, A. Alemany, and L. Pard, Effect f a Chemically Aggressive Envirnment n the Electrmechanical Behavir f Mdified Lead Titanate Ceramics, J. Krean Phys. Sc., S116 (1998).. G. H. HAERTLING, Prperties f Ht-Pressed Ferrelectric Alkali Nibate Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (1967). 6. X. Wang, K. Kwrk, X. Tang, H. Chan, and C. Chy, Electrmechanical Prperties and Dielectric Behavir f (Bi 1/ Na 1/ ) (1-1.x) Bi x TiO Lead-free Piezelectric Ceramics, Slid State Cmmu., (004). 7. R. E. Jaeger and L. Egertn, Ht Pressing f Ptassium- Sdium Nibates, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (196). 8. Y. Gu, K. I. Kakimt, and Hi. Ohsat, Phase Transitinal Behavir and Piezelectric Prpeties (Na 0. K 0. )NbO Ceramics, Applied Physics Letters, 8 [18] 411 (004). 9. E. Hllstein, M. Davis, D. Damjanvic, and Nava Setter, Piezelectric Prperties f Li- and Ta-mdified (K 0. Na 0. )NbO Ceramics, Applied Physics Letters, 87 [18] 1890 (00). 10. Y. Gu, K. I. Kakimt, and H. Ohsat, (Na 0. K 0. )NbO - LiTaO Lead-free Piezelectric Ceramics, Materials Letters, (00). 11. Z. Yang, Y. Chang, B. Liu, and L. Wei, Effects f Cmpsitin n Phase Structure and Electrical Prperties f (K 0. Na 0. )NbO -LiSbO Ceramics, Mat. Scien. and Eng. A, (006). 1. Yasu. Sait, His. Tak, Tsh. Tani, Tat. Nnyama, Kaz. Takatri, Tsh. Nagaya, and Mas. Nakamura, Lead-free Piezceramics, Nature, (004). 1. J. F. Li and Ke Wang, Ferrelectric and Piezelectric Prperties f Fine-Grained Na 0. K 0. NbO Lead-Free Piezelectric Ceramics Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 89 [] (006). 14. M. I. Mendelsn, Average Grain Size in Plycrystalline Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., [8] (1969). 1. S. M. Bhim and O.K. Kim, Grain Size Dependence f Dielectric Prperties f (Ba, Sr)TiO Ceramics, Jur. f Natural Scie., 17-7 (1998). 16. R. Zu and J. Rdel, Sintering and Electrical Prperties f Lead-Free Na 0. K 0. NbO Piezelectric Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 89 [6] (006). 17. J. S. Lee, M. S. Chi, N.V. Hung, Y. S. Kim, I. W. Kim, E. C. Park, S. J. Jeng, and J. S. Sng, Effects f High Energy Ball-milling n the Sintering Behavir and Piezelectric Prperties f PZT-based Ceramics, Cera. Inter., (007). 18. L. B Kng, J. Ma, W. Zhu, and O. K. Tan, Prepareatin and Characterizatin f Lead Zircnate Ceramics frm High Energy Ball Milled Pwder, Mat. Letters, (001). 4«6y(008)
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