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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 46, N. 3, pp. 242~248, DOI: /KCERS Lw Temperature Synthesis f Frsterite Pwders by the Geplymer Technique Se Gu Sn *, **, Ji Hyen Lee**, Sang-Hn Lee***, and Yung D Kim* *YERAM REEM Research Center, Chunchen , Krea **Department f Envirnmental Engineering, Kangwn Natinal University, Chunchen , Krea ***Department f Envirnmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seul , Krea (Received February 2, 2009; Revised March 18, 2009, April 10, 2009; Accepted May 8, 2009) s» w s l p w *, **Á x**á z***á½ * *( ) REEM ** w y œw ***w w y œw œ w ( ; ; ; ) ABSTRACT Frsterite is a crystalline magnesium silicate with chemical frmula Mg 2 SiO 4, which has extremely lw electrical cnductivity that makes it an ideal substrate material fr electrnics. In this study, frsterite precursrs were synthesized with magnesium silicate gels frm the mixture f magnesium nitrate slutin and varius sdium silicate slutin by the geplymer technique. Precursrs and heattreated pwders were characterized by thermgravimetrical differential thermal analyzer(tg-dta), X-ray diffractmeter(xrd), scanning electrn micrscpy(sem), Si magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resnance(mas-nmr), transmissin electrn micrscpy(tem). As the result f analysis abut the crystallizatin behavir by DTA, the synthesized precursrs were crystallized in the temperature range f 700 C t 900 C. The XRD results shwed that the gel cmpsitin began t crystallize at varius temperature. Als, it was fund that the sdium rthsilicate based precursrs(named as FO ) began t crystallize at abve 550 C. The FO peaks were much strnger than sdium silicate slutin based precursrs(named as FW ), sdium metasilicate based precursrs(named as FM ) at 800 C. TEM investigatin revealed that the 100nm particle sized sample was btained frm FO by heating up t 800 C. Key wrds : Geplymer technique, Frsterite, Nan size, Crystallizatin behavir 1. s l p(mg 2 SiO 4 ) š q w j q ûš,» ƒ j, ƒ» p w. w j q ƒ f», ü, w»»q, z»q ƒ w. w 1,2), Si Mg w w v p» w. s l p MgO SiO 2 w š. ù 3,4) ¼ - w Crrespnding authr : Se Gu Sn sgsn@hanmail.net Tel : Fax : ƒ w. - ³ yw 5) œw y jš w w. ù šƒ g Si g ³ w e, y ƒ ƒ š. s» s œ wù, 6,7) ù j» f p w w w ù K. Ikeda w. s (1)» y ƒ w, (2) ww š yƒ ƒ wš, (3) - w, û ù l j» f p w w ƒ š. 8-10) - w s» w e f p w s l p w wš w XRD, SEM, TEM, 29 Si MAS- 242

2 243 Á xá zá½ Table 1. Experimental Cnditins f Frsterite Precursrs N. Sample Start Materials Reactin Si : Mg (vl.) [Si 4+ ] ph [Mg 2+ ] Temp.( C) Stirring 1 FW Sdium silicate slutin FM Sdium Metasilicate 13.5 Magnesium Nitrate 1:1 25 Magnetic stirrer 3 FO Sdium Orthsilicate >14 NMR mw p w. 2. x g œ ³ ùp ((Na 2 SiO 3 (aq), y ) k³ ùp (Na 2 O SiO 2 5H 2 O, Wak) ³ ùp (2Na 2 O SiO 2 1.1H 2 O, Wak) w s l p w m w. œ (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O, Yakuri) w. w f p 1:1 g, ƒƒ 1.0 ml/l š w. x Table 1 ùkü. Si œ,» mw s l p k w, w p w. g œ 12.7, 13.5, >14.0 f p w w. f p œ ³ ùp (SiO 2 =38%, Na 2 O=17%, SiO 2 /Na 2 O 2.2) w, œ k³ ùp 1.0 ml/l w w, 14 ³ ùp 1.0 ml/l w w. f p ƒw w. x f p, e z» 50 C 24 g. TGA/ DTA(STD 2960, DSC 2910) w 1300 C ¾ w w. mw ƒƒ 500 C, 550 C, 700 C, 800 C, 900 C, 1000 C w y w. w XRD z»(philips, XPERT-PRO) w y w, TEM w j» w. y w y 29 Si MAS-NMR(Unity INOVA600, Varian) w w. 3. š s l p w w» w g ƒ yùp (Na 2 O) y³ (SiO 2 ), œ (SiO 2 /Na 2 O)ƒ 0.5, 1.0, 2.2. w w. ƒ 0.5 ƒ 14 ùkü, z ùkü. 2.2 ƒ 12~13 q. s ƒ š e w ù p e y w x ww, s l p w p w w. s» w w s l p y y w» w TGA/DTA ww. Fig. 1 v, DTA š l ³ ùp (Na 2 SiO 3 (aq)) 1.0 ml/l (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O) 1.0 ml/l g 1:1 k (FW), k³ ùp (Na 2 O SiO 2 5H 2 O) 1.0 ml/l 1.0 ml/l g 1:1 k (FM), ³ ùp (2Na 2 O SiO 2 1.1H 2 O) 1.0 ml/l 1.0 ml/l g 1:1 k (FO) 100 ~200 C vjƒ ùkû y w, FO 700 C, FW FM 900 C vj ùký ƒ. 100~200 C vj f p t k w ƒ, 700~900 C vj y. w TG w ù ƒ. ƒ 25 ~35%. w p ù kü w yw» ƒ. Fig. 1(a), (b) ƒƒ FW FM w TG/DTA š ùkü, TG š» 100~200 C w š ùkü, 200~700 C w š š. FW FM ƒ ƒ 24.9% 30.6% š. FO w wz

3 s» w s l p w 244 Fig. 1. Typical TGA/DTA curves f frsterite precursr gels: (a) FW(sdium silicate slutin base); (b) FM(Sdium metasilicate base); (c) FO(sdium rthsilicate base). Table 2. Crystalline Phase as a Functin f Heating Temperature Sample Calcinatin temperature( C) FW Am Am Am C, E, F E, F(W) E, F(W) FM Am Am Am E, F E, F E, F(W) FO Am (F) F F F F Am : amrphus phase, C : Cristbalite, E : Enstetite, F : Frsterite, () : weak phase ƒ» 100~200 C w š ùkü, 31%. z 200~700 C w š ƒ 700~800 C 3.2% w. FO 34.2% ƒ ƒ ùkü. TGA/DTA k, w 500~1000 C w. XRD mw y w. Table 2 Fig. 2 w ùkü. Table 2 w XRD, Si œ y w y w ƒ. FW, 800 C l ùkû ƒ. w j m p, lk p, s l pƒ y y. FM lk p vj 37 (2θ) s l p vjƒ y w ƒ. ù FO, 550 C yƒ ƒ. XRD vj yw s l p 700 C ùkû, 1000 C¾ w s l p vj y w. Fig. 2 XRD z ql w ew ƒ. Fig. 2(a) FO XRD ùkü. 550 C¾ 15~35 (2θ) w ql(hal pattern) x ƒ ) s» ƒ x ql ew ƒ. w 550 C XRD ql s l p yƒ ƒ. 700 C XRD vj s l p y w ƒ. ƒ w s l p y w ƒ p X- v j ƒ ƒw ƒ. w 46«3y(2009)

4 245 Á xá zá½ Fig. 2. X-ray diffractgrams f heat-treated samples: (a) FO at varius temperature; (b) samples at 800 C. ƒ j m pù lk p y. Fig. 2(b) XRD ql l FO FW FM w X- vj ƒ s l pƒ y w. w s w w ƒ. w ƒ 12.7 û FW j m p s l p, lk pƒ y w.» j m p vj œe w e w ƒ C¾ FW r XRD s l p y. w FM ( =13.5) FW j m p, lk p s l pƒ y w. FM w w 800 C y. 15,16) s» w f p yw w, ƒ û š, w, û eƒ» y w», y ƒ š šw. p p w ƒ e g œ ƒ œ w pƒ š, j m p šw. w 13.5 w w w j m p vj y ù, p ùkü XRD z vj 1200 C û ùkü. FW( 12.7) w ƒ eƒ š, j m p w, f p s l p lk p y. w y ƒ w ƒ. w FM( 13.5) FW j m p vj ù lk p vjƒ, s l p vjƒ 37. ù FO( 14.0 ) û 550 C s l pƒ» w, ƒ w s l pƒ XRD z mw ƒ. w y ƒ w w». w ùš, n y w k ùkü. w s 9) w œe ù š w û yƒ ƒ w ƒ. FW, w y e œe w» e y k œe. w e y ƒƒ yƒ w š y xk y e w» y ƒ. ƒ 4) 14.0 FO FW FM w û 550 C s l p» 700 C XRD vjƒ yw s l p w wz

5 지오폴리머 기술에 의한 포스테라이트 분말의 저온합성. SEM image f precursrs and heat-treated samples: (a) precursr f FW, (b) precursr f FM, (c) precursr f FO, (d) heat-treated FW, (e) heat-treated FM, (f) heattreated FO. Fig. 3 장하였다. 이것은 Fig. 1(c)의 DTA 분석결과에서의 700 C 전 후에 나타난 발열피크와 Fig. 1(a) FW나 Fig. 1(b)FM 의 900 C 전 후에 나타난 발열피크가 포스테라이트의 결 정전이 영역이라는 것을 시사하는 것이며, XRD 분석과 도 잘 일치하는 결과임을 확인할 수가 있다. 이러한 결정 전이 온도의 차이는 FO 조건의 겔이 축합중합(plymerisatin)에 의해서 생성되었음을 나타내는 것이라 사료된다. 지오폴리머의 축중합반응은 고알칼리 영역의 조건을 만 족해야한다. 특히 지오폴리머 기재를 이루는 실리케이 트의 이온의 용해성은 고알칼리 영역에서 보다 높기 때 문에 반응속도는 빨라지게 된다. 따라서 높은 수소이온농 도 영역에서 분리 생성되는 SiO 는 줄어들고 축중합에 의 해서 균일한 실리케이트 조성의 전구체가 얻어지기 때문 에 보다 낮은 온도에서 결정성의 실리케이트의 결정전이 가 일어나는 것이라 생각된다. 이와 같이 수소이온농도가 높을수록 반응률이 높아지기 때문에 FO 조건이 보다 낮 은 온도에서 단일상으로 결정화 된 것이다. K. Ikeda 등 은 낮은 수소이온농도 영역에서 합성되는 겔은 함수 실 리카와 알루미나의 혼합에 의한 입자조합에 기인한 것이 며, 수소이온농도가 높은 영역에서 합성되는 전구체 겔은 플라이 애시나 메타카올린의 알칼리 활성화에 의해 얻어 지는 겔과 유사하게 축중합된 알루미노실리케이트라고 보 고하고 있다. 전자는 수화물 형태의 실리콘과 알루미늄이 입자간 조합으로 존재하다가 온도가 상승하면서 반응소 결에 의한 스핀넬 상을 생성하고 다시 뮬라이트로 상전 이 과정을 거치면서 반응이 진행되나, 후자는 고온에서도 알루미노실리케이트 겔의 구조를 유지하다가 스핀넬 상 과 같은 2차 중간상을 거치지 않고 바로 뮬라이트로 결 정화되기 때문에 낮은 온도에서의 결정화가 가능한 것이 라 생각된다. 본 저자의 이전 연구인 지오폴리머 기술을 이용하여 제조한 뮬라이트의 결정화 온도는 기존의 방법 10) 2 9) 246. The bright-field image (a) and the electrn diffractin pattern (b) f the heat-treated magnesium silicate gel at 800C. Fig. 4 으로 제조된 전구체를 열처리하여 얻어지는 온도보다 150~250 C 정도 낮았으며, K. Ikeda 등이 보고하고 있는 뮬라이트 생성온도보다도 50 C 낮은 결과이었다. 윌레마 이트의 경우에도 100 C 정도 낮은 온도에서 결정화되었 다. Fig. 3은 합성된 포스테라이트 전구체와 800 C에서 열 처리된 분말의 SEM 이미지를 나타낸 것이다. Fig. 3(a), (b), (c)에서 알 수가 있듯이, 수소이온농도 영역의 차이에 따라 합성된 전구체는 다른 크기의 입자들로 구성됨을 알 수가 있다. Fig. 3(a)의 수소이온농도가 낮은 FW(12.7)의 조건은 매우 큰 부정형의 입자와 작은 입자들로 구성됨 을 알 수가 있고, Fig. 3(b),(c)의 FM(13.5)와 FO(14.0 이 상)의 경우에는 상대적으로 작은 미세한 입자들이 생성되 었음을 알 수가 있다. 특히 수소이온농도가 가장 높은 FO(14.0 이상)조건의 경우에는 보다 작은 미립의 입자들로 구성됨을 잘 확인할 수 있다. Fig. 3(d)는 전구체와 마찬가 지로 부정형을 띠는 입자가 약 20~50 µm 범위의 크기임 을 알 수가 있다. 마찬가지로 Fig. 3(e)는 전구체에서 보이 던 작은 입자들은 확인할 수가 없었으며, 입자크기가 매우 불규칙하게 구성되어 있음을 알 수가 있었다. Fig. 3(f)에 서는 Fig. 3(c)에서와 마찬가지로 1 µm 이하의 입자들로 구 성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. Fig. 4는 Fig. 3(f)(800 C로 열처리한 시료)의 TEM 사진 을 나타낸 것이다. Fig. 4(a)에서와 같이 결정성 포스테라 이트 입자의 크기는 약 100 nm 이하의 크기를 갖는 것을 확인할 수가 있으며, 결정입자가 구형임을 알 수가 있었 다. 또한 Fig. 4(b)에 볼 수 있듯이 포스테라이트 입자는 XRD 결과에서와 같이 800 C에서도 명확한 결정성의 입 자들로 구성됨을 확인할 수가 있었다. 이러한 결과는 지 오폴리머 공정으로 나노미터 크기의 실리케이트 결정을 합성할 수 있다는 보고와도 잘 일치하는 것이라 생각된다. 고체상태 물질의 분자구조 해석을 위해 Si MAS-NMR 16) 8,9) 29 제 46 권 제 3호(2009)

6 247 Á xá zá½ w w w s l p w w ww. w w 800 C w w w ww. Fig. 5(a) v ƒƒ -85 ppm, -90 ppm, -92 ppm vj ùk üš. Fig. 5(b) w NMR v j x s l p ùkü 81 ppm lk p ùkü 83 ppm, j m p ùkü 90 ppm y. NMR vj FW vj 90 ppm wš ƒ, ƒ y s l p l k p». ù FW 90 ppm e(sio 2 )ƒ w j m p» w NMR vj» y w ùk ü. FM NMR vj 81 ppm 83 ppm ƒƒ s l p lk p ùkü. FO NMR vj FW FM y w 81 ppm vj ùkù s l p y w. w Fig. 2(a) XRD ew ƒ. w wz Fig Si MAS-NMR spectra f the precursr gels (a) and calcined at 800 C (b). 4. s l p x s l p w s» w ƒ w. DTA mw, w 700 C ~900 C y. XRD, w y ƒ ùkû y w. ƒ 14.0 FO 550 C l s l p yƒ, s l pƒ 800 C. w» - ù š w w y 150 C û. ù ƒ 12.7 FW ƒ 13.5 FM 900 C s l p. TEM, 800 C s l p, 100 nm w y w. 29 Si MAS- NMR, FO s l pƒ y w. Acknwledgment œ» (N.2006-R-RU11-P ) w,. REFERENCES 1. M. B. D. Mitchell, D. Jacksn, and P. F. James, Preparatin and Characterizatin f Frsterite (Mg 2 SiO 4 ) Aergels, J. Nn-Cryst. Slids., (1998). 2. M.T.Tsai, Preparatin and Crystallizatin f Frsterite Fibrus Gels, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (2003). 3. K.X. Sng and X.M.Chen, Phase Evlutin and Micrwave Dielectric Characteristics f Ti-substituted Mg 2 SiO 4 Fsterite Ceramics, Mater. Lett., (2008). 4. S.Ni, L.Chu, and J.Chang, Preparatin and Characterizatin f Fsterite(Mg 2 SiO 4 ) Biceramics, Ceram. Inter., (2007).

7 s» w s l p w M.T.Tsai, Effects f Hydrlysis Prcessing n the Character f Fsterite gel Fibers. Part : Crystallites and Micrstructural Evlutins, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (2002). 6. J. Davidvits, Geplymers and Geplymeric Materials, J. Therm. Anal., (1989). 7. J. Davidvits, Inrganic Plymeric New Materials, J. Therm. Anal., (1991). 8. K. Ikeda, K. Onikura, Y. Nakamura, and S. Vedanand, Optical Spectra fg Silicate Gels Prepared by the Geplymer Technique, with Special Reference t the Lw-temperature Frmatin f Lievenbergite(Ni 2 SiO 4 ), J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 84 [8] (2001). 9. T. Iwahir, Y. Nakamura, R. Kmatsu, and K. Ikeda, Crystallizatin Behavir and Characteristics f Mullites Frmed frm Alumina-silica Gels Prepared by the Technique in Acidic Cnditins, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (2001). 10. R. Vallepu, A.M. Fernandez Jimenez, T. Terai, A. Mikuni, A. Palm, K.J.D. Mackenzie, and K. Ikeda, Effect f Synthesis ph n the Preparatin and Prperties f K-Al-bearing Silicate Gels frm Slutin, J. Ceram. Sc. Japan, 114 [7] (2006). 11. M. Criad, A. Palm, and A. Fernandez-Jimenez, Alkali Activatin f Fly Ashes.Part 1: Effect f Curing Cnditins n the Carbnatin f the Reactin Prducts, Fuel, (2005). 12. A. Palm, M.W.Grutzeck, and M.T.Blanc, Alkali-Activated Fly Ashes-A Cement fr the Future, Cem. Cncr, Res., (1999). 13. M. Criad, A. Fernandez-Jimenez, A.G. de la Trre, M.A.G. Aranda, and A. Palm, An XRD Study f the Effect f the SiO 2 /Na 2 O Rati n the Alkali Activatin f Fly Ash, Cem. Cncr. Res., (2007). 14. D. Panias, I. P. Giannpulu, and T. Perraki, Effect f Synthesis Parameters n Themechanical Prperties f Fly Ash- Based Geplymers, Cllids Sur., A (2007). 15. S. G. Sn, J. H. Lee, J. M. Lee, and Y. D. Kim, Synthesis f Mullite Pwder by the Geplymer Technique, J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 45 [5] (2008). 16. S. G. Sn, J. H. Lee, J. M. Lee, and Y. D. Kim, Lw Temperature Synthesis f Willemite Pwder, J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 45 [7] (2008). 46«3y(2009)

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