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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 45, N. 5, pp. 97~0, 008. Characterizatin f Alumina Dped with Lanthanum and Plurnic P1 via Sl-Gel Prcess Miewn Jung*, ** and Mihe Lee*, ** *Department f Chemistry, Sungshin Wmen s University, Seul 16-74, Krea **Institute f Basic Science, Sungshin Wmen s University, Seul 16-74, Krea (Received May, 008; Accepted May 1, 008) š P1 k v ù p *, ** Á z*, ** * w yw ** w» w (008 5 ; ) ABSTRACT T direct the evlutin f nanstructure and immbilize γ-al catalyst, nancrystalline La-dped-Al pwder were prepared by the sl-gel prcess with additin f an amphiphilic blck cplymer template (plurnic P1:(ply(ethylenexide) 0 - ply(prpylenexide) 70 -ply(ethylenexide) 0 ). The dried gel is amrphus, whereas heating at temperature abve 700 C leads t the frmatin f nancrystalline γ and δ-al and these tw phases is kept until 1100 C. α-al starts t frm at 100 C with LaAl l1 O 18. The surface mrphlgy and crystal structure has been bserved by field emissin scanning electrn micrscpe (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffractin (XRD). Slid state Al MAS NMR indicates tw types f lcal envirnment, i.e. ctahedral and tetrahedral sites. The surface area and pre size was cmpared amng these pwders using the BET nitrgen adsrptin measurements. KeyG wrds : La-dped-Al, Amphiphilic blck cplymer, Al NMR 1. œ ³ w, w ù w y w. ù p w,, k, y w, yw, œ t w e. 1-) g ƒ w w w x p AlO(OH), γ, δ, θ α ù w. Schapera Ykkwa w γ-al α-al (γ, δ, θ ) (α ) y v w š w. 4-6) - ù w ù t s w, p γ-al v w œ ù. ) w t Crrespnding authr : Miewn Jung mwjung@sungshin.ac.kr Tel : Fax : š ww œ ƒ ³ w w w. γ-al ƒ w t y ù 900 C š y w». t y y š» w. w y ƒ zw» t w. š y j t w j» w Al k,, g ƒ j ƒ w. 4) w» w j» w w ù y ƒw œ w ù w w w w. 7) p v w y k. p k ƒ γ- Al w w, k y e w œ. 6) w» p w, j», t 97

2 정미원 이미회 98 면적 등에 영향을 주게 된다. 본 연구에서는 촉매 또는 촉매 담체로 사용되는 중간 상 알루미나 안정성을 향상시키고 다공성 분말을 만들기 위해 알루미나 전구체에 계면활성제인 P1 ply (ethylenexide) -ply(prpylenexide) ply(ethylenexide) 와 란타늄을 첨가시켜 실험을 진행하 였다. 합성 방법으로는 큰 비표면적을 가질 수 있고, 저 온에서 합성하기가 쉬우며, 순도를 높일 수 있는 졸-겔 방 법을 선택하였다. 소결 온도 변화에 따라 얻어진 분말의 결정구조와 Al의 배위수 및 중간상들의 국부적인 환경과 관련시켜 XRD (X-ray Diffractmeter)와 고체 상태의 Al MAS-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resnance)측정기로 분석하 였다. FE-SEM (Field-Emissin Scanning Electrn Micrscpy) 및 BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Surface Analyzer) 로 결정의 형태 및 다공성과 표면적을 관찰하였다 Fig. 1.. 실험 방법 Aluminum isprpxide (Aldrich, 99%) 10.1 g (0.05 ml) 를 증류수 45 ml (.5 ml)에 첨가 하여 85C에서 0분 동 안 환류 시킨 후 HNO 0.55 ml (0.008 ml)을 가하여 ph를.로 맞추었다. 이 용액을 80C에서 시간 동안 환 류 시킨 후 실온에서 4시간 교반시켜 불투명한 졸 용액 을 얻었다. P1을 첨가시킨 졸 용액을 합성 할 경우에는 ph를 조절한 다음 단계에서 5 wt%의 P1 (MW=5.800) 1.50 g을 이소프로판올 8.5 ml에 녹인 뒤 합성용액에 첨 가하였다. 란탄이 첨가된 AlO 졸 용액의 합성 시에는 Lanthanum(III) nitrate (Alfa Aesar, 99.99%) 1.08 g (0.005 ml)을 초기 에 같이 첨가시켜 합성하였다. 안정한 졸 용액에서 용매 를 증발 시킨 뒤 150 C의 진공 오븐에서 4시간 동안 건 조시켜 겔 분말을 얻었다. 건조된 겔 분말을 분쇄한 후 X-ray diffractin patterns f (a) AlO-nn, (b) AlO-P1, (c) La-AlO, and (d) La-AlO-P1 at varius temperatures. (L, b, α, θ, δ and γ indicate LaAl11O18, bhemite, α-, θ-, δ- and γ-alo.) 한국세라믹학회지

3 고분자 P1와 란탄이 도핑된 알루미나의 특성 연구 승온 속도를 5 C/min으로 하여 400에서 1400 C까지 00 C 간격으로 1시간 동안 열처리 하였다. 각각의 온도에서 구조의 변화를 관찰하기 위하여 X-선 회절 분석기(X-ray diffractmeter, Bruker D8 Fcus)를 사 용하였고, 검출기는 LynxEye로 CuKα, 40 kv, 40 ma에서, 주사범위는 θ =10~80 에서, scan step은 0.0 그리고 scan time은 0. s의 조건에서 수행하였다. 결과의 상 분석 은 토파즈.1을 이용하여 파울리 피팅을 하였고 R (Rweighted pattern) 값은 8.0 이하로 정확도가 크게 얻어졌 다. 분말의 분포, 입자 형태 등은 주사 전자 현미경(FieldEmissin Scanning Electrn Micrscpe, Hitachi S48000)으로 가속전압 0.5~0 kv에서 측정하였다. 표면적 및 기공 크기를 알아보기 위하여 비표면적분석기(BrunauerEmmett-Teller Surface Analyzer, Micrmeritics ASAP010)로 측정하였다. Al의 국부적 환경과 배위 구조를 살 펴 보기위하여 고체 상태에서 Al MAS-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resnance, Varian NMR 500 MHz) 스펙트라로 라모어 진동수 MHz인 T의 자기장에서 회전 속도 9~15 khz로 측정하였다. 스펙트라는 외부 표준물질 로 6배위 Al 자리인 α-al O 를 구입하여 사용하였다. wp Fig 결과 및 고찰 첨가제에 따른 Al O 분말의 결정 구조를 분석하기 위 하여 400에서 100 C까지 열처리한 분말을 X-선 회절분 석기로 측정하여 Fig. 1에 나타내었다. Al O 는 AlO(OH) 형태의 알루미늄 수산화물의 보헤마이트(b) 구조에서 상 전이가 일어남에 따라 γ, δ, θ 그리고 α의 결정상을 갖게 되는데, 열처리 온도에 따라 보헤마이트에서 α로 비가역 인 상전이가 일어난다. 보헤마이트에서 α까지의 상전이 온도는 150에서 100 C 정도로 다양한데 이는 합성방법, 결정의 정도, 열처리 온도 및 존재하는 각종 이온에 의해 Slid state Al MAS-NMR spectra f (a) AlO-nn, (b) AlO-P1, (c) La-AlO, and (d) La-AlO-P1 at varius temperatures. 제 45 권 제 5호(008)

4 00 Á z j w. 6) ƒ w š w w Al -nn š ƒ k Al -P1 Fig. 1(a) (b), 150 C w x x p (PDF:8-84) ùkù, 400 C γ (PDF: ) vjƒ w C¾ γ δ (PDF:46-115) œ w, 1100 C w (a) δ θ (PDF:-1009) š α (PDF:46-11) ù P1 ƒ k (b) δ θ. 100 w (a) α ù P1 ƒw (b) ƒ δ θ û. k ƒw La-Al (c) La-Al -P1 (d), C γ δ k ƒ j (a)ù (c) w ùk ù. 100 C w (c) (d) γ š δ wì k Al w ¼ k y LaAl 11 O 18 (L:PDF: -0699) ƒ ùkù. L œ P6/mmc a=5.56 Å c=. Å. yw 8) 100 C z š š, La-Al -P1 (d) 100 C L ù Al α δ w, vj» (b)ù (c) w. k ƒ k (c) 1400 C α wì ùkù» wù, k P1 ƒ k (d) ƒ 1400 C α x. k ƒ j 700 C¾ γ, 900 C δ ù, k ƒ j ƒ 1100 C¾ γ w. vj wš w ù l j»».» w k P1 š ƒ j γ δ θ š α Fig.. Diagrams f (a) the lcal crdinatin envirnments, (b) average pre diameter, and (c) surface area curves f the alumina pwders as a functin f heating temperature. w wz

5 고분자 P1와 란탄이 도핑된 알루미나의 특성 연구 가 느려진다. 또한 소결 과정에서 γ 상이 소멸하면서 이상의 고온에서는 6배위인 L화합물의 결정화가 뚜렷하게 나타난다. 란탄의 도핑은 γ-al O 에서 α-al O 로의 상전이 온도를 상승시켜 중간상의 열적 안정성은 증 가시키며, 핵을 형성하는 활성화 에너지는 높이고 핵의 자리수는 감소시킴으로써 상전이 속도를 늦추어 준다고 알려져 있다. 150에서 1400 C까지 열처리한 Al O 분말에 대하여 배 위수와 Al 주변의 국부적 환경을 조사하기 위하여 Al MAS-NMR 스펙트라로 관찰하여 Fig. 에 나타내었다. 기 준 물질로는 6배위 단일상인 α-al O 를 구입하여 외부기 준물질로 사용 하였고 0 ppm에서 단일 피크가 보였다. 일 반적으로 Al-O의 배위에 의해 ± 0~10 ppm에서는 6배위 (AlO ), ±40~80 ppm에서는 4배위(AlO )의 Al 피크들이 나 타나며, 중간상들 구조인 A B O 의 스피넬 구조에서 Al 에 부족한 수만큼의 OH기가 존재하게 되면 약간 고 자장 방향으로 이동된다고 알려져있다. Fig. 의 Al O nn과 Al O -P1 분말들인 (a)와 (b)의 스펙트라에서 보 면, 150 C에서 관찰되는 5 ppm 근처의 강한 피크는 보 헤마이트의 6배위에 의한 것이다. 이 피크와 함께 400에 서부터 1100 C까지 열처리 한 분말에서는 고자장 위치인 55 ppm 근처에서 4배위에 의한 피크가 약하게 나타난다. 약한 피크는 면심 입방구조를 지닌 중간상의 존재에 의 해 이 피크가 나타나는데, 4배위와 6배위 피크의 세기는 1:으로서 6배위 환경의 피크가 강하게 나타난다. 나머지 피크들은 스피닝 사이드 밴드(Spinning Side Band)로 SSB 로 표기하였다 C로 열처리한 후에는 4배위 피크가 약하게 보이다가 100 C에서는 상전이가 일어나 α 상의 100 C 6) ,9) Fig Al O 에 의한 6배위의 피크만이 0 ppm에서 강하게 관찰 된다. Fig. 의 (c)와 (d)는 란탄 및 란탄과 P1를 첨가한 분말들의 결과로 1100 C까지도 중간상들이 존재하므로 0 과 56 ppm 근처에서 두 종류의 피크가 관찰되며, 100와 1400 C에서 열처리한 후에도 중간상들에 의한 피크들이 나타난다. 0 ppm 근처의 6배위 환경의 피크들은 란탄에 의한 사중극자의 영향도 있지만 다양한 상과 함께 L화합 물이 존재하므로 피크들이 겹쳐 보이며 그 모양도 넓다. XRD 결과와 관련시켜 보면 란탄을 첨가한 La-Al O 와 La-Al O -P1에서는 상전이 온도가 높아져 다양한 중간 상이 1400 C에서도 존재하였는데, NMR 결과도 고온에서 중간상들에 의한 4와 6배위 피크가 동시에 존재하였고 4 배위에 의한 기여도도 높았다. 열처리 온도 변화에 따른 두 가지 배위 환경의 변화를 Fig. (a)에서 볼 수 있다. XRD 결과에서와 같이 란탄의 첨가는 Al O 를 안정화시켜 중간상들이 높은 온도에서도 존재하므로 두 종류의 Al 환경이 NMR 스펙트라에서도 관찰된다. 700 C에서는 4배위/6배위 비율이 가장 높은 변 곡점이 관찰되며 이는 중간상인 γ과 δ 상의 존재 비율이 높기 때문이다. 4배위 Al 환경의 비율은 란탄이 첨가된 La-Al O 와 La-Al O -P1에서 상대적으로 높고, 700 C 이상에서는 기울기가 완만히 감소하여 1400 C에서도 이 피크들이 관찰되며 비율 또한 높다. 특히 P1가 동시에 첨가된 La-Al O -P1 경우에 비율이 가장 높았는데 L화 합물과 여러 상의 Al O 가 고온에서도 존재하기 때문이다. Fig. (b)와 (c)는 각각의 분말을 700, 1100 그리고 100 C에서 열처리하여 기공지름과 표면적의 변화를 관 찰한 결과이다. 나노 크기의 결정은 표면적을 크게 하는 FE-SEM micrgraphs f the (a) Al O -nn, (b) Al O -P1, (c) La-Al O and (d) La-Al O -P1 pwders btained at 100 C., 제 45 권 제 5호(008)

6 0 Á z, t j š ƒ k La-Al -P1 Al -P1 700 C w t 8 1 m /g š,»œ nm P1 ƒ k ƒ Al -nn (16 m /g, 4. nm) La-Al (187 m /g, 4. nm) t f. w 1100 C¾ w š α Al Lyw y t w (Fig. (c)).» g P1 ƒ ƒ w w w -» wš x w ƒ g œ ù x w w t ƒ ƒ. 7) ƒ wì t ƒq y w yƒ ù w» š ƒ t ƒ». Fig. 4 (a), (b), (c) š (d) ƒƒ Al 100 C w z FE-SEM w 100,000 w. P1 ƒ k (b) (d) ƒ j (a) (c) xk wù š ƒ w š œ w. œ ü w x w P1» w. La P1 ƒ w w t»œ y. 4.» š P1» k ƒ g w w Al y t w. k P1 ƒ k ù ƒ 1100 C¾ γ δ w 1400 C LaAl 11 O 18 α š w. Al MAS-NMR 400 C 1100 C¾ w Al - nn Al -P1 γ, δ, θ w 4 6 vj 100 C α 6 vj. k P1 ƒ j 1400 C¾ w w 4 6 vj. ƒ zw w j»ƒ f š w. REFERENCES 1. C. Busquet, C. Elissalde, C. Aymnier, M. Magline, F. Cansell, and J. M. Heintz, Tuning Al Crystallinity under Supercritical Fluid Cnditins: Effect n Sintering, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 8 [1] -8 (008).. A. Raveh, Z. K. Tsameret, and E. Grssman, Surface Characterizatin f Thin Layers f Aluminium Oxide, Surf. Cat. Technl., 88 [1-] (1997).. J. A. Wang, X. Bkhimi, A. Mrales, and O. Nvar, Aluminum Lcal Envirnment and Defects in the Crystalline Structure f Sl-Gel Alumina Catalyst, J. Phys. Chem., B10 [] 99-0 (1999). 4. H. Schapera, E. B.M. Desburga, and L. L. Van Reijen, The Influence f Lanthanume Oxide n the Thermal Stability f Gamma Alumina Catalyst Supprts, Appl. Catal., 7 [] 11-0 (198). 5. T. Ykkawa and O. J. Kleppa, A Calrimetric Study f the Transfrmatin f Sme Metastable Mdificatins f Alumina t α-alumina, J. Phys. Chem., 68 [11] (1964). 6. A. Vázquez, T. López, R. Gómez, X. Bkhimi, A. Mrales, and O. Nvar, X-Ray Diffractin, FTIR, and NMR Characterizatin f Sl-Gel Alumina Dped with Lanthanum and Cerium, J. Slid State Chem., 18 [] (1997). 7. H. Yun, K. Miyazawa, I. Hnma, H. Zhu, and M. Kuwabara, Synthesis f Semicrystallized Mesprus TiO Thin Films using Triblck Cplymer Templates, Mat. Sci Eng., C [4] (00). 8. L. A. O Dell, S. L. P. Savin, A. V. Chadqick, and M. E. Smith, A Al MAS NMR Study f Sl-Gel Prduced Alumina: Identificatin f NMR Parameters f the θ-al Transitin Alumina Phase, Sild State NMR., 1 [4] (007). 9. D. Muller, W. Gessner, H. J. Behrens, and G. Scheler, Determinatin f the Aluminium Crdinatin in Aluminium-xygen Cmpunds by Slid-state High-reslutin Al NMR, Chem. Phys. Lett., 79 [1] 59-6 (1981). w wz

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