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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 46, N., pp. 0~5, 009. DOI: /KCERS Effects f the Re-xidatin Temperature and Time n the PTC Prperties f -dped BaTiO Yng-Keun ChungG and Sung-Churl Chi Divisin f Materials Science Engineering, Hanyang University, Seul 1-791, Krea (Received March 7, 009; Accepted May 11, 009) ƒw BaTiO y PTC p y Á w w œw (009 7 ; ) ABSTRACT We investigated the effects f the re-xidatin temperature and time n the psitive temperature cefficient (PTC) f resistivity characteristics f -dped BaTiO sintered at 100 ~160 C fr h in a reducing atmsphere (% H /N ), fllwed by re-xidizatin prcesses in air, in which re-xidizatin temperature and time were 600~1000 C and 1~ 10 h, respectively. The result reveals that dped (Ba,Ca)TiO ceramics fired in a reducing atmsphere exhibit lw PTC characteristics, whereas the sample re-xidized at 800 C fr 1 h in air exhibit prnunced PTC characteristics. The rm-temperature resistivity and jumping characteristics f resistivity (ρ max / ρ 5 C) decrease with cntents. The PTC characteristics with rexidizatin time at 800 C have imprved abut ~ rders f magnitude whereas differed accrding t the sintering temperature. The 0.7 at% -dped (Ba,Ca)TiO samples reveal the best PTC characteristics in the present range f frmula and prcesses. Key wrds : BaTiO, PTC thermistr, O cntents, Reduced atmsphere, Re-xidizatin 1. (dnr) vw BaTiO» w PTC l(thermistr) Curie w w y. 1-) PTC p x w Heywang pj (duble Schttky barrier) w w, w 1) w w. w w, w p w l k w. 1,-6) ρ =ρ 0 exp(eφ / kt)=ρ 0 exp(e N s /εr ε 0 N d kt) = ρ 0 exp[an s (1/ε a T)] (1)» ρ = ƒ w(resistivity), ρ 0 =, eφ =, k =, ε = w, N s = l k (acceptr state density), N d = (dnr density), ε r = d, ε 0 = Crrespnding authr : Sung-churl Chi chi0505@hanyang.ac.kr Tel : Fax : œ, A=e r/4e 0 k (s³ w ; r = s³ ), ε r =ε r r/b (» ; b (=N s /N d )=œvd Ì).» ε a (A) Ì(t) r (C p ) d w w (ε a = C p t/a). (1) w ln ρ vs. 1/(ε a T)»» l (Ba,Ca)TiO s³ s³ l k w. wr PTC p y» w k. 7,8), ¼ w ƒ w w. y 9) BaTiO 1150 C y l k y w š l k cm ƒ w šwš. y 5) BaTiO ü w w ü š þƒ yw» š. 7,10) BaTiO O ƒw + Ba eyw w + w ƒw 4+ + Ti e 0

2 정용근 최성철 1 Fig. 1. Micrstructures f -dped (Ba,Ca)TiO ceramics with sintering temperature. cntent is (a) 0.5, (b) 0.7, and (c) 1.0 at% at 100C. 환하여 억셉터 이온으로 작용하여 PTC 특성을 향상시킨 다. 또한 Ca 원자는 계에 과잉으로 첨가되었을 때 극 소량의 Ca 이온은 Ti 자리로 치환되어 억셉터 이온으 로 작용함에 따라 PTC 특성을 개선시킨다. SiO 는 BaTiO 와 160 C에서 공정액상을 형성하여 보다 낮은 온 도에서 소결을 가능할 뿐 아니라 도너의 첨가량을 충분 히 넓혀주며 BaTiO 의 상온 비저항을 함께 낮추는 역할 을 한다. 특별히 입계 억셉터 상태밀도를 증가시켜 PTC 특성을 향상시키는 Mn의 첨가는 각 조성마다 첨가량 의 차이는 있지만 대략 0.1 at% 이하로 첨가하며, 상온 비저항을 낮추면서 저항-온도 특성에서 저항 변화율을 향 상시킬 목적으로 적정량을 첨가하는 연구가 계속되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 함량을 달리한 (Ba,Ca)TiO 조성을 이용하여 SiO 와 Mn O 를 소정량 첨가하여 환원 분위기 소결 및 재산화 온도와 시간이 PTC 특성에 어떠한 영향 을 미치는지에 대하여 연구하였다. 7,11) ) 1-14) 14) 15) Japan)으로 관찰하여 선형 교차법으로 평균입경을 구하였 다. 소결 및 재산화 처리한 칩은 In-Ga 합금으로 전극 처리 후 단자법으로 상온에서 50 C까지 C/min로 가 열하면서 저항-온도 특성(410, Keithley, USA)을 측정하 였다. 재료의 ln ρ vs. 1/(ε T) 특성은 impedance/gain phase analyzer (4194A, Hewlett-Packard, USA)를 사용하 여 온도를 상온에서 50 C까지 변화를 주면서 자체 d.c. 전압으로 1 V 인가한 상태에서 1 khz에서의 정전용량을 측정하여 분석하였다. 소결체의 입계 및 입내 비저항에 대해서는 impedance/gain phase analyzer (494A, Agilent, USA)를 이용하여 40~110 MHz 범위에서 복소 임피던스 를 측정하여 분석하였다. 16) a 실험 방법 (Ba Ca ) TiO + x O (x=0.5, 0.7, 1.0 at%) + at% SiO at% Mn O () 원료 혼합은 조성별로 소정량 칭량한 후 5 mmf의 YSZ 볼과 각종 유기물을 매체로 4시간 습식 볼믹싱(ball mixing) 을 수행하여 슬러리로 제작한 후 닥터 블레이드(dctr blade)법으로 40 µm의 후막 시트(sheet)를 제작하였다. 제작 된 후막 시트는 다층으로 적층한 후 mm 크 기의 칩(chip)으로 절단하고 절단칩은 1차 탈바인더 공정 을 거친 후 %H /N 의 환원 분위기(산소 분압 ~10 MPa)에서 100~160 C로 시간 가열하여 소결체를 제작 하였다. 환원 소결된 칩은 600~1000 C에서 1~10시간 공 기 중에서 가열하여 재산화 처리하였다. 소결된 칩의 미세구조는 FE-SEM(JSM-6700F, Jel, 한국세라믹학회지 결과 및 고찰 Fig. 1에는 함량을 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 at% 첨가한 (Ba Ca ) TiO (Si,Mn) 시편을 100 C에서 시간 환원 분 위기에서 소결한 시편의 미세구조를 나타내었다. Fig. 1과 같이 입자의 평균입경은 선형 교차법으로 계 산한 결과 함량이 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 at%로 증가할수록 각 각.5,., 1.5 µm로 입성장은 억제되었다. 도너와 함께 어떤 억셉터가 재료 내에 함께 존재할 경우와 SiO 의 첨 본 실험에서는 Ba TiO (삼성정밀화학)와 고순도화학 제품의 CaTiO (99%up), BaCO (99%up), O (99.9%), SiO (99.99%), Mn O (99.9%)의 원료분말을 사용하여 식 ()와 같은 조합비로 혼합 제조하여 출발 조성으로 하였다.. 4. 가에 의해서 도너의 임계 도핑 한계치를 보다 높일 수 있 다. 본 조성은 억셉터로 작용하는 Mn이 0.04 at% 첨가 되어 있고 SiO 도.0 at% 첨가된 계로서 첨가량이 증 가할수록 (Ba,Ca)TiO 의 입자크기는 감소하는 경향을 나 타내었으며, 상온 비저항은 지수적으로 감소하였다(Table 1 참고). Fig. 에는 함량을 각각 (a) 0.5, (b) 0.7, (c) 1.0 at% 달리한 조성을 100~160 C에서 시간 환원 소결한 후 공기 중에서 800 C 1시간 열처리한 시편에 대한 저항온도 특성을 나타낸 것이다. 동일 소결 온도에서 함 량이 증가할수록, 동일 조성에서는 소결 온도가 높아질수 록 계의 상온 저항 및 저항 변화율은 낮아졌다. 함량 이 증가할수록 계의 도너 농도가 증가하여 PTC 특성이 떨어지는 것으로 사료되며, 소결 온도가 높아질수록 밀도,1),6,1,17)

3 ƒw BaTiO y PTC p y Table 1. Resistivity and Jumping Rati f 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 at% -dped (Ba,Ca)TiO Samples Rexidized at 800 C fr 1 h in Air Sintering Resistivityρ 5 C (Ωcm) 0.5% 0.7% 1.0% Jumping rati Lg(ρ max /ρ 5 C) 0.5% 0.7% 1.0% Rexidizatin Assintered 100 C C C 800 C Fig.. Resistance-temperature characteristics f 0.7 at% dped (Ba,Ca)TiO samples sintered in reducing atmsphere at 100 C fr h and rexidized at varius temperatures (600 ~ 1000 C) fr 1 h in air. Fig.. Resistance-temperature characteristics f samples sintered in reducing atmsphere and rexidized at 800 C fr 1 h in air. cntent is (a) 0.5, (b) 0.7, and (c) 1.0 at%. ƒ y z ƒ j ùkù» q. w- p ) w w d ƒ w ƒw w l k ƒ û».,) Table 1 Fig. w w w y tyw. y w» 100 C y w r w wì ùkü. Fig. 0.7 at% ƒw w 100 C y w z œ» y w- p y ùkü. y r w 58 Ωcm, w y 1.7 û y» NTC p ùkü ƒ ù. 6-8) y» w y ùkù BaTiO ƒ w œ œ w l x w» q. 7,10) p w ù œ 46«y(009)

4 Á Fig. 4. Plts f ln vs. 1/ε a T fr rexidized 0.7 at% -dped (Ba,Ca)TiO. Table. Calculated Acceptr-state Densities (N s ), which are Drawn in Fig. 4. Re-xidizatin Temp. Re-xidizatin Temp. Slpe (K) Ns (cm - ) 600 C C C » ùkú q.,4) y ƒ w w y ƒƒ 116 (600 C) ~ 51 Ωcm (1000 C).7 (600 C) ~.7 (1000 C) ƒw, 900 C PTC p j. y ƒ w ƒ yw w y l k ƒ j». 5,6,9) x PTC p w» w ƒ w y 800 C z q. Fig at% ƒw r œ» y 1 z 50 C¾ C/min w d w ln ρ vs. 1/ε a T p ùkü, Table ln ρ vs. 1/ ε a T»» l l k (N s ) w ùkü. y ƒ l k -.97 ~ cm. PTC p l k j w» y w w.,7,9) ln ρ vs. 1/ε a T y ƒ w w y l k ƒ (Fig. š). Fig. 5. (a) cmplex impedance and (b) resistivity f 0.7 at% -dped (Ba,Ca)TiO samples with re-xidizatin temperatures. PTC l l k ~10 1~14 cm - ƒ œ w ùkù š š. 4-6) Fig C y r y w r w (a) v (b) ü w y ùkü. Fig. 5(a) y ƒ v f w, Fig. 5(b) w w ü w w ùkü y ƒ ü w ƒw y ü w 59%, 4 w. y» (Ba,Ca)TiO r y œ» y yw w w w 4 ƒw ü j w. w w ƒ yw w l y w y w wz

5 ƒw BaTiO y PTC p y 4 PTC p 100 C r 800 C 1 w ƒ w ùkù s³. µm w y q. w ƒ 140 C ƒ y z ƒ ùkù. 4. w (0.5, 0.7, 1.0 at%) w (Ba 0.9 Ca 0.1 ) TiO (Si,Mn) w y y PTC p y w š w. w w y» wš y w r PTC p w, 100 C ûš»œ r PTC p, w w y (ρ max /ρ 5 C) w û. 0.7 at% ƒw PTC p ƒ w ùkû ( w 111 Ωcm, w y.6), y ƒ l k ƒ w y r 4 ƒw ü w 59% ƒw. w w y ~, 900 C j w. ƒ r 800 C y PTC p 1~10 w w ùkü, ƒ y w. Fig. 6. (a) Resistivity and (b) jumping characteristics f 0.7 at% -dped (Ba,Ca)TiO samples with different rexidizatin time at 800 C in air. ƒ w w y wì ƒw ew. 5,6) Fig at% ƒw w z 800 C œ» y (a) w (b) w y ùkü. w ƒ 100~160 C û, y ¼ ƒ ƒw w w (Fig. 6(a)). w w y 100 C r y 1.6 ƒ ¼ û w, 140 C 160 C r y z ƒ 1 w û ùkû (Fig. 6(b)). PTC l y ƒw l k ƒ ƒw, w š pj y k. x y REFERENCES 1. W. Heywang, Resistivity Anmaly in Dped Barium Titanate, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 47 [10] (1964).. G. H. Jnker, e Aspects f Semicnducting Barium Titanate, Slid-State Electrn., 7 [1] (1964).. L. Hzer, Semicnductr Ceramics-Grain Bundary Effects, pp , Ellis Hrwd, New Yrk, M. Kuwabara, Determinatin f the Ptential Barrier Height in Barium Titanate Ceramics, Slid State Electrn., 7 [11] 99-5 (1984). 5. I. C. H and S. L. Fu, Effect f Rexidatin n the Grain- Bundary Acceptr-State Density f Reduced BaTiO Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 75 [] 78-0 (199). 6. S. K. J and Y. H. Han, Effects f Rexidatin Prcess n Psitive Temperature Cefficient f Resistance Prperties f -dped Ba 0.85 Ca 0.15 TiO, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 46 [A] (007). 7. H. Niimi, T. Ishikawa, K. Mihara, Y. Sakabe, and M. Kuwabara, Effects f Ba/Ti Rati n Psitive Temperature Cefficient f Resistivity Characteristics f Dnr-Dped BaTiO Fired in Reducing Atmsphere, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 46 [] (007). 46«y(009)

6 5 Á 8. H. Niimi, K. Mihara, Y. Sakabe, and M. Kuwabara, Influence f Ba/Ti Rati n the Psitive Temperature Cefficient f Resistivity Characteristics f Ca-dped Semicnducting BaTiO Fired in Reducing Atmsphere and Rexidized in Air, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 90 [6] (007). 9. H. M. Al-Allak, G. J. Russell, and J. Wds, The Effect f Annealing n the Characteristics f Semicnducting BaTiO Psitive Temperature Cefficient f Resistance Devices, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 0 [1] (1987). 10. N.-H. Chan and D. M. yth, Defect Chemistry f Dnr- Dped BaTiO, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 67 [4] (1984). 11. T. Murakami, T. Miyashita, M. Nakahara, and E. Sekine, Effect f Rare-Earth Ins n Electrical Cnductivity f BaTiO Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 56 [6] (197). 1. D. E. Rase and R. Ry, Phase Equilibria in the System BaTiO -SiO, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 8 [11] (1955). 1. P. Blanchart, J. F. Baumard, and P. Abelard, Effects f Yttrium Dping n the Grain and Grain-Bundary Resistivities f BaTiO fr Psitive Temperature Cefficient Thermistrs, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 75 [5] (199). 14. H. Ueka, The Dping Effects f Transitin Elements n the PTC Anmaly f Semicnductive Ferrelectric Ceramics, Ferrelectrics, 7 [1] 51-5 (1974). 15. P. Bmlai, N. Sirikulrat, A. Brwn, E. Cndliffe, and S. J. Milne, Cmpsitinal Analysis and Electrical Prperties f Sb, Mn-dped Barium Strntium Titanate PTCR Ceramics with TiO and SiO Sintering Additives, J. Mater. Sci., 4 [6] (007). 16. J. C. Wurst and J. A. Nelsn, Lineal Intercept Technique fr Measuring Grain Size in Tw-Phase Plycrystalline Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 55 [] 109 (197). 17. C. J. Peng and H. Y. Lu, Cmpensatin Effect in Semicnducting Barium Titanate, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 71 [1] C44-C46 (1988). w wz

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