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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 46, N. 3, pp. 8~87, 009. DOI: /KCERS Optimizatin f Rd-shaped γ-lialo Particle Reinfrced MCFC Matrices by Aqueus Tape Casting Hyun-Jng Chi, Mi-Yung Shin, Sang-Hn Hyun, and Hee-Chun Lim* Schl f Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Cllege f Engineering, Ynsei University, Seul , Krea *KEPRI, Krea Electric Pwer Research Institute, Daejen , Krea (Received March 13, 009; Revised April 14, 009; Accepted April 0, 009) l v f q w γ-lialo y MCFC p œ y x Á Áx z Á * w œw *w œ ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT Rd-shaped particle reinfrced LiAlO matrices fr MCFC were fabricated by an aqueus tape-casting technique. The hydrlysis reactin and agglmeratin f γ-lialo particles in aqueus slurries were inhibited by additins f LiOH H O and glycerin t the aqueus γ-lialo slurry. The tape-casting, perfrmed using the aqueus slurry cntaining prtein albumin, was fast and led t an effective drying at casting temperature range f 60 ~ 65 C. The strength f the particle reinfrced matrix was imprved abut 4 times cmpared t that f matrix withut reinfrcement. Pre size distributin (0.1 ~ 0.4 µm) and prsity (50 ~ 60%) f the reinfrced matrices were determined t be apprpriate fr the MCFC matrix. The aqueus tape casting prcess is nt nly envirnmental-friendly but als efficient fr fabricating MCFC matrices cmpared t nn-aqueus tape casting. Key wrds a Mlten carbnate fuel cell, Aqueus tape casting, Ovalbumin, Rd-shaped gamma-lialo 1. k w p k w k w -» CO 3 m ƒ gas crssver wš» g w. w j ƒ» w p k ü ƒ w k wew»œj» (0.1 ~ 0.3 µm)»œ (50 ~ 60%) w» w w. x MCFC l k ƒ ù š LiAlO l v e q œ mw p Crrespnding authr : Sang-Hn Hyun prhsh@ynsei.ac.kr Tel : +8-T Fax : w wš. 1,) k w x» w p œ y š ƒ w œ 3) ywš w š œ ¼ w» w 65 C y valbumin binder w. w p j» w p y γ-lialo 4,5) ƒw p œ y wš w.. x.1. Tape casting γ-lialo p ƒ ù, œ ƒ p 3) 8

2 83 x Á Áx zá w xk w. MCFC p γ-lialo w ü (1) y j w ƒ ƒ w. LiAlO +H O LiOH + AlOOH (1) LiOH H O + Al(OH) 3 LiAlO +3H O () w w» w p γ-lialo γ-lialo (Cyprus Fte Mineral C.) HSA-10 (s³ j» µm, t 10 m /g) LSA-50 (s³ j» 50 µm, t 0.1 m /g) :1 yww w, (1) LiOH ƒ g LiAlO y d LiOH H O Al(OH) 3 1:1 ƒw () ƒ w wš, γ-lialo ƒ w w. w Table 1 ƒ ƒ binder w ƒw w kw, w l v e qw green sheet mylar film k p w y gš y Fig. 1 w... LiAlO p l v e q w ü»sƒ sw», l v e q w yw j» w cld trap w œrv w ksœ. ks ƒ v j ü û ƒ ksƒ š, w ƒ û w». w, w» ƒ t x ks ƒ š ƒw ks» 35 ~ 40 C k z t»sƒ l w ks w. ks e 4 mm/s 800 µm w Ì l v e qwš 65 C g. Table 1. Cmpsitins and Characteristics f Aqueus γ-lialo Slurry and Green Sheet fr MCFC Matrices γ-lialo HSA 10 Slid (g) LSA 50 LiOH H O Slvent (cc) Binder/ Dispersant (g) Plasticizer (cc) Plyethylene Al Water NH 4O (OH) 3 H OvalbuminGlycerin Glycle Dibuthyl phathalte #600 #0,000 (ú: Best, : Gd, ÿ : Acceptable, : Nn-acceptable) Triethlene glycle Defrmer (cc) Dehydran Slurry Prperties Crack free Green sheet ø ø ÿ ø ø ø ø ø ø ÿ ø ÿ ø ø ÿ ø ø ø ø ÿ ÿ ø ÿ ÿ ÿ ø ú ú ø ú ø ø Flexib -ility Adhesiv -eness w wz

3 l v f q w γ-lialo y MCFC p œ y 84 Fig. 1. Flw chart fr prducing γ-lialo matrices via tapecasting f the aqueus slurry with prtein. Table. Cmpsitins f Rd-shaped β /γ-particles Material LiOH H O γ-al O 3 NaOH H O Cntent (wt%) LiOH H O:γ-Al O 3 :NaOH=7:1:8 (mlar rati) 30 wt% f ttal slid.3. γ-lialo y LiAlO p Tape casting w w p ̃ š p ƒ 650 C ƒ ƒ w. w p j» w p γ-lialo 4,5) ƒw p w. w p z w» w Table 3 ùkü ƒƒ LiAlO 10, 0, 30, 40% ƒw p w.» p œ w w w ƒ ƒw. ƒ w l v k p ƒ Table 3. Cmpsitins f Rd-shaped Particle Reinfrced LiAlO Matrices Material Cntent (wt%) HSA 10 Slid w yw š w ƒ p w l v e q w..4. p w LiAlO p t ü y w xk w» w l v e q w green sheet 650 C w, LiAlO w j k SEM(Hitachi S-700, Japan) w. w p»œj»»œ s Mercury Prsimeter(Autpre 90 V3.01, Micrmeritics, USA) w d w, w p y w» w w w XRD(Mdel Rint 700, Rigaku c., Tky, Japan) d / w p w. l v e q w LiAlO p ƒ y d / w» w Ê x»(mdel 117, Instrn, USA) w 3 Ê d x w q w w w. σ 3PL = bd (3) σ[g f /mm ] 3 Ê, P[g f ] q w, L[mm] span, b[mm] r s, š d[mm] r Ì. 3. š 3.1. HSA-10 LSA-50 :1 yww γ-lialo yww œ» y j 3 ü, ü œ ƒ w. w Table 1 15 w 1 w kƒ. ƒ Slvent Binder/ dispersant Plasticizer γ-lialo Rd- Al(OH) 3 LiOH H O Water NH 4 OH Ovalbumin Glycerin Triethylene LSA 50 glycl Shaped (3) Defamer Dehydran «3y(009)

4 최현종 신미영 현상훈 임희천 85 Fig.. Crystallizatin f α-lialo: (a) LiAlO matrix (additin f rd-shaped γ-lialo particles) using an aqueus tape-casting, (b) LiAlO matrix using an aqueus tape-casting, and (c) LiAlO matrix (additin f γ-lialo fiber) using rganic slvent (tluene). 조성의 슬러리 안정성을 비교한 결과, 수계 슬러리의 초 기 응집반응을 억제하는 물질은 실험 전에 예측한 바와 같이 LiOH 이고, 슬러리에 장기 안정성을 부여하는 물질 은 glycerine 으로 판명되었으며 두 가지 물질 모두 첨가 하여야만 슬러리가 안정하게 유지 되었다. 특히, plasticizer 의 한 종류인 glycerine은 green sheet에 유연성 및 tape으 로써의 강도를 부여함과 동시에 수계 슬러리의 점도를 증 가시킴으로써 슬러리 안정성을 증가시킨 것으로 판단되 었다. 또한 green sheet의 건조시간 단축을 위해 binder로 사용한 단백질 valbumin은 수계 슬러리 내에서 초기에는 강한 응집현상을 보여 분산이 불가능해 보였으나, 볼밀링 과정에서 ~3시간 안에 자연적으로 해교되어 슬러리의 점 도를 낮추고 분산성을 크게 향상시키는 효과가 있었다. Plasticizer의 한 종류인 glycerine을 사용함으로써 green sheet에 유연성 및 tape으로써의 강도를 부여함과 동시에 수계 슬러리의 점도를 증가시킴으로써 안정성을 증가시 킬 것으로 판단하였다. 3.. 수계 γ-lialo 매트릭스의 특성 테이프 캐스팅으로 성형한 green sheet를 650 C에서 열 처리 하여 상을 분석해 보았다. LiAlO 입자는 합성 공정 에 따라 α /β /γ-lialo 의 동질이형 중 조건 및 합성 온 도에서 안정한 형태로 상을 형성하게 된다. 봉상입자를 첨가한 수계 LiAlO 매트릭스와 수계 LiAlO 매트릭스, 그 리고 tluene을 용매로 사용한 비 수계 매트릭스의 XRD 분석 결과를 Fig. 에 나타내었다. 비수계 매트릭스의 경 한국세라믹학회지 Fig. 3. Fig. 4. XRD patterns f aqueus LiAlO matrices heat-treated at different temperatures. SEM micrgraphs f rd-shaped particle reinfrced γlialo matrices heat treated at 650C fr varius dwelling times : (a) 1 h and (b) 4 h. 우 합성된 매트릭스가 순수한 γ-lialo 로 합성된 것과 달 리 수계 테이프 캐스팅 공정으로 제조한 매트릭스는 αlialo 와 γ-lialo 가 동시에 합성되었다. α-lialo 상의 합성 시점을 알아보기 위해 열처리 온도를 조절 하여 분 석한 결과 450 C에서 α-lialo 입자가 합성된다는 것을 알 수 있었다(Fig. 3). 이미 출판 된 바가 있는 연구 논문 에 의하면, MCFC 작동환경에서 LiAlO 입자의 동질이형 중 α-lialo 입자의 안정성이 가장 우수한 것으로 밝혀 지고 있으므로, γ-lialo 입자의 α-lialo 상으로의 전이 는 매트릭스의 장기 안정성을 더욱 개선시키는 긍정적 효 과가 될 것으로 판단된다 봉상 입자 강화 매트릭스의 상 및 미세구조 특성 봉상 γ-lialo 입자를 첨가한 매트릭스의 경우 Fig. 4의 SEM 사진을 통해 확인할 수 있듯이 650 C에서 4시간 6)

5 수계 테이프 케스팅 법에 의한 봉상 γ LiAlO 입자 강화 MCFC 매트릭스 제조 공정의 최적화 - Fig. 5. Fig SEM micrgraphs f 40% rd-shaped particle reinfrced γ-lialo matrices heat treated at 650C fr 4 h: (a) fracture surface, (b) tp surface, and (c) bttm surface fr matrix. Flexural strength vs rd-shaped particle cntent fr the matrix. 열처리하는 동안 첨가한 봉상 γ-lialo 입자 및 매트릭스 미세구조의 변화는 발견할 수 없었다. 매트릭스 내 봉상 입자가 테이프 캐스팅 시 배향성이 생기는 경우 균일한 강도 증진 효과를 얻을 수 없게 될 뿐만 아니라 실제 작 동 중에 전지의 성능저하를 일으킬 수 있는데, 미세구조 를 관찰한 결과 제조한 수계 매트릭스의 경우 Fig. 5와 같이 윗면과 아랫면의 차이가 거의 없고 봉상입자가 배 향성을 가지지 않아 균일한 강도증진 효과를 기대할 수 있었다. 봉상 입자 강화 매트릭스의 기공분포 및 기계적 강도 매트릭스는 green sheet를 650 C에서 하소하여 물성을 측정하고 그 두께가 얇아 매트릭스 강도 측정에 어려움이 있다. 비수계 매트릭스의 경우 ~3장을 가열 가압 적층하 거나, bar형태의 펠렛을 제조하여 강도를 측정하는 방법 이 있으나, 수계 매트릭스는 건조 시 경화되는 단백질 바 인더의 특성 상 적층이 불가능하여 측정할 수 있는 강도 ) Fig. 7. Pre size distributin f rd-shaped particle added LiAlO matrix synthesized by aqueus tape casting. 의 범위가 너무 낮다. 실제적으로 현재 보유 장비로 측정 이 불가능하거나 오차가 너무 크기 때문에 각각의 매트릭 스를 1000 C로 열처리 하여 강도를 측정 비교하였다. 일 반적으로 테이프 캐스팅 공정을 거친 sheet는 열처리 시 휨 현상이 일어나기 때문에 매트릭스의 휨방지를 위해 알 루미나 판으로 위 아랫면을 눌러서 열처리하였다. Fig. 6 에 나타난 것처럼 봉상입자의 함량이 높아질수록 매트릭 스의 강도가 점점 증가하여 봉상입자 첨가에 의한 강화효 과를 확인할 수 있었고 봉상을 40% 첨가한 매트릭스의 강 도는 673 g /mm 로 기본 수계 매트릭스의 강도 160 g /mm 에 비해 약 4배 의 강도 증진 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 봉상을 40% 첨가한 매트릭스는 0.~0.4 µm의 기공 분포와 (Fig. 7) 58%의 기공률을 가지어 MCFC 용 매트릭 스로서 적합한 물성을 나타내었다. f f 제 46 권 제 3호(009)

6 87 x Á Áx zá 4. w y l v e q MCFC γ-lialo p w. 1) l v e q γ-lialo w x LiOH H O glycerine ƒw z w z w w. ) w ƒw w γ-lialo 0.8 mm blade 4mm/s blade tape casting w ̃ 400~450 µm 50% green sheet w. 3) γ-lialo valbumin ƒw l v e q w 60 ~ 65 C x l vƒ w yw, œ ¼ j w. 4) l v e q œ w p XRD p w α-lialo 450 C l γ-lialo y w, p MCFC p»œ j» (0.1 ~ 0.3 µm) s š. 5) γ-lialo p γ-lialo w w y p ( ) x γ-lialo 40 wt% ƒw. 6) l v e q w y p w f ƒw, γ-lialo 40% ƒw p (673 g f /mm )» p (160 g f /mm ) w 4 z. w 40% ƒw p»œ s»œ ƒƒ MCFC p ww 0.1 ~ 0.4 µm 58%. Acknwledgment 009 w 1 w,. REFERENCES 1. R.A. Ribeir, G.G. Silva, and N.D.S. Mhallem, The Influences f Heat Treatment n the Structural Prperties f Lithium Aluminates, J. Physics and Chemistry f SlidsS (001).. A.J. Appleby and F.R. Fulkes, Fuel Cell Handbk ; pp , Van Nstrand Reinhld, New Yrk, J. Y. Ch, S. H. Hyun, and S. A. Hng, Fabricatin and Characterizatin f γ-lialo Matrices Using an Aqueus Tape-Casting Prcess, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 84 [5] (001). 4. S.D. Kim, S.H. Hyun, T.H. Lim, and S.A. Hng, Effective Fabricatin Methd f Rd-shaped γ-lialo Particles fr Mlten Carbnate Fuel Cell Matrices, J. Pwer Surces, (004). 5. S.H. Hyun, S.C. Ch, J.Y. Ch, D.H. K, and S.A. Hng, Reinfrcement f Mlten Carbnate Fuel Cell Matrices by Adding Rd-shaped γ-lialo Particles, J. Materials Science, (001) 6. S.D. Kim, S.H. Hyun, M.Y. Shin, T.H. Lim, S.A. Hng, and H.C. Lim, Phase and Micrstructure Stabilities f LiAlO in Mlten Li/Na Carbnate fr Mlten Carbnate Fuel Cells, J. Pwer Surces, (005) 7. J-J Lee, H-J Chi, S-H Hyun, and H-C Im, Characteristics f Aluminum-reinfrced γ-lialo Matrices fr Mlten Carbnate Fuel Cells, J. Pwer Surces, (008). w wz

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