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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 44, N. 1, pp. 58~64, Fabricatin f Li 2 ZrO 3 Membrane and Evaluatin n the Mechanical Prperties Befre and After CO 2 Separatin Sang Hyun Park, Shiw Lee,* Ji Haeng Yu,* Sang Kuk W,* and Kee Sung Lee Schl f Mechanical and Autmtive Engineering, Kkmin University, Seul , Krea *Energy Materials Research Center, Krea Institute f Energy Research, Daejen , Krea (Received Octber 23, 2006; Accepted Nvember 7, 2006) Li 2 ZrO 3 yk kn z» p sƒ xá *Á w*á *Á» w» œw» œ *w» l ( ; ) ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane as a candidate material fr high-temperature CO 2 separatin and evaluated mechanical prperty. Li 2 ZrO 3 pwder was synthesized by slid state reactin f Li 2 CO 3 and ZrO 2. Then we fabricated Li 2 ZrO 3 tape using tape casting methd. Dense Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane prepared by sintering at 1600 C fr 2 h after pressing Li 2 ZrO 3 tape using laminatin machine. Mechanical prperties befre and after CO 2 absrptin f fabricated Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane such as Hertzian indentatin, Vickers hardness and 3-pint bending testing were evaluated. Key wrds : Li 2 ZrO 3, Tape casting, CO 2 membrane, Hertzian indentatin, Laminatin 1. CO 2 ( yk ), CH 4 ( k), N 2 O( y ), HFCs ( yk ), PFCs( yk ), SF 6 ( yy) ùy w ùyƒ ƒ z w l ƒw ƒw. w ùyƒ ³ ƒ d w. ùyƒ w yw w» w ƒ y w š. yw w» (distillatin), (absrptin), (adsrptin), (extractin), þ(crygenic) (membrane) œ. kn (permselective membrane) w y w œ» œ w ƒ š œ w z. w œ ƒ Ÿ w s Crrespnding authr : Kee Sung Lee keeslee@kkmin.ac.kr Tel : Fax : , t, ƒ ƒ z w š. w œ j» 1-4)» ù»» w w y yw» w p ùkü w y š. ù 5) x y š,», yw w ûš ù w w» ww š. w» w» w ƒ w š, z š» w ƒ y w š. š y yk ƒ w w š Lithium w Li 2 ZrO 3 w. 6-10), tape casting w. 11,12) sƒw» w š yk» k x ww, k z xr ƒ l l e (tungsten carbide, WC) x w xr t w sƒw 58
2 Li 2 ZrO 3 yk kn z» p sƒ 59 Hertzian indentatin w sƒw, 13,14) xr w wš w w k xr q ¾ w ƒw q w, q w d w 3 sƒw. 15) w, f» x xr t w size crack ¼ d w ƒ» q w sƒ w š, 16) / /s e p trilayer xr w z Hertzian indentatin sƒw. 2. x 2.1. Tape Casting œ w Li 2 ZrO 3 Lithium Li 2 CO 3 (Aldrich) y 8 ml%-ysz(tsh) yww š w k yk w w» w Li 2 ZrO 3 w., Li 2 CO 3 8ml%-YSZ ƒ 1:1 e w z, ZrO 2 ball w 24 wwš sieving yww yw ù ƒ š 800~900 C w w w. Fig. 1» w» œ ùkü. š w w sƒw» w X- z»(rigaku C., Rint 2000 Ultima +, Japan) w, 2θ=10~80 z peak w. yww 24 ww z PVB(ply vinyl butyral, Aldrich) DBP(dibuthyl phthalate, Aldrich) ƒw z 24 Li 2 ZrO 3 slurry w. slurry tape casting machine(w l Inc. w ) w Li 2 ZrO 3 tape w., tape ³ w Ì w œ dctr blade 0.8 mm š w mtr speed 20 cm/min w. Li 2 ZrO 3 tape w j» z 5layer 10 layer dw z wq 80 C plateƒ e laminatin machine(w l Inc. w ) w Kgf/cm w 10 2 ƒ w Li 2 ZrO 3 x w. x w w ƒ» burn-ut w xr p { x w w» w g w. xr 1600 C w yk n xr w. Li 2 ZrO 3 w» w» œ Fig. 2 ùkü. w xr j w d w CO 2 k z Li 2 ZrO 3» p sƒ Li2 ZrO 3 k z» p sƒ ww» w w œ x r TGA e w k x ww., 800 C¾ ƒ w yk Fig. 1. Fabricatin prcess fr prductin f Li 2 ZrO 3 pwder. Fig. 2. Fabricatin prcess fr prductin f Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane. 44«1y(2007)
3 60 xá Á wá Á» w y w. k z» p sƒw» w xr. k z Li 2 ZrO 3» p sƒw» w, x»(instrn 5567, USA) w 3 x w. x x sƒ w w xr size mm w w ƒw 0.2 mm/min w. xr q w d w 3 w. (1) 3 w» w ùkü. σ max 3Fl = wh 2», σ max ùkü, F xr q w, l xr wš, w xr s, h xr., Hertzian indentatin w d w» w w ƒ ³ in situ (w, w ) d w w w. 13,14), Li 2 ZrO 3 Ì d 1mm ³ w ƒœw z n w s e p s w g. d w w w» w d Ì h d Ì d 1/100 Ì w. (2) w» w, Fig. 3 P c d w d w» w l ùkü. σ f P c = Bd 2 CE c lg E s Fig. 3. A schematic diagram f Hertzian indentatin fr bservatin f micr crack thrugh in-situ bservatin system. (1) (2)», P c ³ w w, σ f. B C, d gqd Ì, E c /E s xr Elastic Mismatch. x s e p e gqw B 2.50, C 2.84 w, d s e p k E s 2.35 GPa w. 13,14) e d gqd k E c q k» w d k 120 GPa w., f w Li 2 ZrO 3 q d w» w 2000 grid SiC paper ƒœ ww z 9 µm, 6 µm, 3 µm, 1 µm diamnd suspensin w t ƒœ w xr w. f H V (3) w w, q K IC (4) (5) w w. H V K IC P = a 2 = = T 0 P χ c 3 2 (kgf/mm 2 ) (3) (MPa m 1/2 ) (4)», χ Hardness Elastic Mdulus w w 2a, 2c x ³ ¼ ùkü. (5) χ w» w ùkü. E 1 2 χ ξ = H V», ξ ƒ x data w. x Li 2 ZrO w. 16) 3. š 3.1. Li 2 ZrO 3 p sƒ, 1:1 Li 2 CO 3 8ml%-YSZ e w z œ» 800~900 C g X- z» mw w Fig. 4 ùkü., 800 C g, Li 2 CO 3 8ml%-YSZ w š, ƒƒ (mnclinic) ZrO 2 Li 2 CO 3 ƒ w w (tetragnal) Li 2 ZrO 3 ƒ. š 900 C g, (tetragnal) Li 2 ZrO 3 ƒ 800 C g w yƒ. w š mw Li 2 ZrO 3 (5) w wz
4 Li2ZrO3 분리막의 제조와 이산화탄소 선택투과 전후의 기계적 특성 평가 Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Analytical result f crystal phase change thrugh XRD diffractmeter at reactin temperature f mixing pwder f Li2CO3 and 8YSZ pwder. 말의 제조 시 최적의 열처리 온도가 900C 이상에서 행 해야함을 알았다. 제조된 분말을 tape casting법을 이용하여 Li2ZrO3 tape 을 제조하였으며 제조된 tape를 laminatin machine을 이 용하여 가압 성형을 행한 후 1600 C의 온도에서 소결하 여 소결체를 얻었다. 각각의 소결체의 소결밀도는 Fig. 5 에 나타내었다. Fig. 5의 결과를 보면 400 Kgf/cm2의 성형압에서 제작된 시험편이 200 Kgf/cm2의 성형압에서 제작된 시험편에 비 해 상대밀도가 높음을 알 수가 있다. 이는 성형압에 따른 영향이 크게 작용하여 성형체 제작 시 성형압이 중요한 변수로 작용함을 알았다. 반면 400 Kgf/cm2의 성형압 하 에 제조된 분리막의 경우 전반적으로 높은 소결밀도를 보 이나 최초 1 layer의 단층 분리막을 소결했을 경우와 5 layer 로 다층 분리막을 소결했을 경우, 적층수가 증가할수록 소 결밀도가 다소 감소하는 것을 볼 수가 있다. 그러나 5 layer Fig Results f sintering density due t frming pressure and the number f laminated layer f Li2ZrO3 membrane. 와 10 layer와 비교할 때, 뚜렷한 소결밀도의 차이를 보이 지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 위 결과로부터 1 layer에서 5 layer까지의 밀도 차이는 적층수의 영향으로 인해 발생 한 결과라 판단되며 적층수가 적은 시스템의 경우 적층 수 및 성형압에 따른 변수가 모두 중요하게 작용함으로 두 변수가 모두 고려된 설계가 이루어져야 함을 알았다. 반면 5 layer와 10 layer까지는 소결밀도 차이가 미미함으 로 적층수에 의한 영향은 크게 작용하지 않으므로 적층 수에 의한 영향은 무시해도 전체 시스템을 설계하는데 큰 문제를 야기하지 않는다는 것을 알았다. 실제 분리막 제 작 시 1 layer의 경우 두께가 매우 얇아서 열처리 시 유기 물의 burn ut에 의한 뒤틀림에 의해 균일한 형상의 분리 막을 제조하는데 어려움이 있어서 burn ut의 영향에 의 한 뒤틀림의 영향을 최소한으로 하기위해 본 실험에서는 적층수를 증가시키면서 소결체를 제조하였다. 그 결과, 5 layer로 적층시킨 경우에는 열처리 시 유기물의 영향으로 인한 뒤틀림 현상은 많이 없어졌으나 소결 시 수축으로 인해 휨 현상은 여전히 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 반면 10 SEM image f fabricated Li2ZrO3 membrane at the frcing pressure f (a) 200 Kgf/cm2 and (b) 400 Kgf/cm2. 제 44 권 제 1호(2007)
5 62 xá Á wá Á» Fig. 7. TGA analysis f Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane at 650~800 C. layer d k 5layer w { x ³ w sk w w w. xr q k z q SEM w Fig. 6 ùkü. x e w y w. (a) w w xr 70% w w, (b) w w xr 90% w w Li 2 ZrO 3» p sƒ x 10 layer d 400 Kgf/cm 2 w xw z 1600 C w xr w p sƒ ww. p sƒ w k x ww w Fig. 7 ùkü. y 0C 650 C¾» k z 650 C l yk 800 C ¾ g w x. (a) 1 j w k. 650 C 690 C¾ ƒ ƒw yk w ƒ ù 690 C w y w.» 744 C gibbs w w yk ƒ k w.,» gibbs w w w. š (b) 10z 10) yk k ww ùkü. k x w w š. ³e e ƒ š wš ùkü. Fig. 8 k x w» xr w 3 Fig. 8. Results f bending strength f fabricated Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane at 10 layer, pressures f 400 Kgf/cm 2 and sintering at 1600 C. sƒw v., 28 xr w d l ù l 2 û ù l 2 wš 24 w ty w. k x» xr e w w k z xr 3 x ww» Fig. 3 (2) w sƒw. d sƒ w w w» d w. 17) k xr w 3 w k z xr w w w k z 3 wš w. k xr 3 s³ 45.7 MPa, s³ MPa ƒ w wz
6 Li 2 ZrO 3 yk kn z» p sƒ 63 Fig. 9. Results f cntact strength f Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane befre and after CO 2 absrptin. ù y w. š k z MPa. k z xr w w 53.4 MPa w.» š Li 2 ZrO 3 yk n x z» ƒ ww, x mw y w 18)» ƒ w x w š w» wš y. yk» e w mw yk ƒ n» w e. š Figs (3) (5)¾ w f q ùkü. f w sƒ Fig. 10 Fig. 10. Results f Vickers hardness f Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane befre and after CO 2 absrptin. Fig. 11. Results f fracture tughness f Li 2 ZrO 3 membrane befre and after CO 2 absrptin. k xr s³ 3.17 GPa. ù ƒ 2~4 GPa ƒ x s(t r ) j y w. tape casting tape dw w w ³ w wù» Li 2 ZrO 3 w wš tape ƒ w ü œ x ƒ w œ ³ w ƒ x ùkù. CO 2 k z 3.88 GPa. w k xr ƒ x s(t r ) j y w. w x k z xr ƒ w w y w. w q k ù zù j ùkù Fig. 11 ùkü. 4. yk kn w Li 2 CO 3 (Aldrich) 8ml%- YSZ(Tsh) w CO 2 Li 2 ZrO 3 w. tape casting w e w w., x m w e w x y w, j w d mw ƒ 90% x y w e w y w. yk n z» p sƒw» w 3 x sƒ w sƒw n 47.5 MPa n z 53.4 MPa w. š yk k 44«1y(2007)
7 64 xá Á wá Á» w e w ù x q, š yk n» w e. w f x» mw q d w n z ƒƒ 3.17 GPa, 3.88 GPa n z q n z 2.5 MPa m 1/2. w n z» p n w w ùk ü. ¾ x 10z e k x CO 2 ƒ n j ³ x k x mw sƒƒ ww w, xr mw sƒ w w. Acknwledgment w» w ü w,. REFERENCES 1. M. M. Dal-Cin, F. McLellan, C. N. Striez, C. M. Tam, T. A. Tweddle, and A. Kumar, Membrane Perfrmance with a Pulp Mill Effluent: Relative Cntributins f Fuling Mechanisms, J. Membr. Sci., 120 [2] (1996). 2. J. N. Kuruzvich and P. R. Piergivanni, Yeast Cell Micrfiltratin: Optimizatin f Backwashing fr Delicate Membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 112 [2] (1996). 3. N. Nabi, P. Aimar, and M. Meireles, Ultrafiltratin f an Olive Oil Emulsin Stabilized by an Aninic Surfactant, J. Membr. Sci., 166 [2] (2000). 4. P. Stefanvich, H. W. T. Matthew, M. Tner, R. G. Tmpkins, and M. L. Yarmush, Extracrpreal Plasma Perfusin f Cultured Hepatcytes: Effect f Intermittent Perfusin n Hepatcyte Functin and Mrphlgy, J. Surg. Res., (1996). 5. K. K. Chan and A. M. Brwnstein, Ceramic Membranes- Grwth Prspects and Opprtunities, Am. Ceram. Sc. Bull., 70 [4] (1991). 6. K. Nakagawa and T. Ohashi, A Nvel Methd f CO 2 Capture frm High-Temperature Gases, J. Electrchem. Sc., 45 [4] (1998). 7. B. N. Nair, T. Yamaguchi, H. Kawamura, S. I. Naka, and K. Nakagawa, Prcessing f Lithium Zircnate fr Applicatins in Carbn Dixide Separatin: Structure and Prperties f the Pwders, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 87 [1] (2004). 8. J. Ida, R. Xing, and Y. S. Lin, Synthesis and CO 2 Srptin Prperties f Pure and Mdified Lithium Zircnate, Sep. Purif. Technl., (2004). 9. J. Ida and Y. S. Lin, Mechanism f High-Temperature CO 2 Srptin n Lithium Zircnate, Envirn. Sci. Technl., (2003). 10. S. K. W, S. Lee, and J. H. Yu, Carbn Dixide Srptin Prperties and Sntering Vehavir f Lithium Zircnate Prepared by Sild-State Reactin(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 45 [5] (2006). 11. R. Greenwd, E. Rncari, and C. Galassi, Preparatin f Cncentrated Aqueus Alumina Suspensins fr Tape Casting, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (1997). 12. B. J. Brisce, G. L. Biund, and N. Özkan, Drying Kinetics f Water-Based Ceramic Suspensins fr Tape Casting, Ceram. Int., 24 [5] (1998). 13. K. S. Lee, Y. W. Rhee, D. H. Blackburn, and B. R. Lawn, Cracking f Brittle Catings Adhesively Bnded t Substrates f Unlike Mdulus, J. Mater. Res., 15 [8] (2000). 14. J. H. Kim, P. Miranda, D. K. Kim, and B. R. Lawn, Effect f an Adhesive Interlayer n the Fracture f a Brittle Cating n a Supprting Substrate, J. Mater. Res., 18 [1] (2003). 15. N. E. Dwling, Mechanical Behavir f Materials, pp , Prentice Hall, G. R. Anstis, P. Chantikul, B. R. Lawn, and D. B. Marshall, A Critical Evaluatin f Indentatin Techniques fr Measuring Fracture Tughness: I, Direct Crack Measurements, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 64 [9] (1981). 17. J. H. Ha, J. H. Kim, and D. K. Kim, Strength and Reliability f Prus Ceramics Measured by Sphere Indentatin n Bilayer Structure(in Krean), J. Kr. Ceram. Sc., 41 [7] (2004). 18. J. Hedlund, J. Sterte, M. Anthnis, A. J. Bns, B. Carstensen, N. Crcran, D. Cx, H. Deckman, W. D. Gijnst, P. P. de Mr, F. Lai, J. McHenry, W. Mrtier, J. Reins, and J. Peters, High-Flux MFI Membranes, Micrprus and Mesprus Materials, (2002). w wz
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