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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 46, N. 6, pp. 662~667, DOI: /KCERS Fabricatin and Prperties f the SiC Candle Filter by Vacuum Extrusin and Ramming Prcess Myung-Kwan Shin, In-Sub Han, D-Wn Se, Seyung Kim, Sang-Kuk W, Seung-Wn Lee*, and Yung-Wk Kim** Reactin and Separatin Materials Research Center, Krea Institute f Energy Research (KIER), Daejen 05-4, Krea *Department f Nan Materials Engineering, Chungnam University, Daejen , Krea **Department f Materials Science Engineering, the University f Seul, Seul 10-74, Krea (Received Nvember 12, 2009; Revised Nvember 16, 2009; Accepted Nvember 17, 2009) œ x x œ w ky³ e vl p Áw Á Á½ Á Á *Á½ ** w» l * û w ù œw ** w œw ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT Prus SiC candle filter prefrms were fabricated by extrusin and ramming prcess. T fabricate SiC candle filter prefrm, cmmercially available 85 µm α-sic pwder and 44 µm mullite, CaCO pwder were used as the starting materials. The candle type prefrms were fabricated by vacuum extrusin and ramming prcess, and sintered at 1400 C 2 h in air atmsphere. The effect f frming methd n prsity, density, strength (flexural and cmpressive strength) and micrstructure was investigated. Als, crrsin test f the sintered candle filter specimens as frming methd was perfrmed at 600 C in IGCC syngas atmsphere. The sintered SiC filter which was frmed by ramming prcess has mre higher density and exhibit higher strength than extruded filter. Its maximum density and -pint bending strength were 2.00 g/cm and 45 MPa, respectively. Key wrds: SiC candle filter, IGCC, Prus SiC, Vacuum extrusin, Ramming 1. vl»ƒ l ƒ w ƒ w. 1) x ¾ w xk vlƒ š, e k (candle type), p k (tubular type), s q k (parallel flw type), e x v lƒ ƒ š. m e vl ƒ d w (PFBC, Pressurize Fluidized- Bed Cmbustin), kƒ y w (IGCC, Integrated cal Gasificatin Cmbined Cycle), kƒ y w (IGFC, Integrated cal Gasificatin Fuel cell Cmbined cycle) š ƒ š. 2-4) Crrespnding authr : In-Sub Han ishan@kier.re.kr Tel : Fax : IGCC w ƒ l PFBC { š ( 25» ) w». vl š, š y x PFBC e vl 2 0 MPa ü w» SiCƒ ƒ w e vl š. 5) SiC e vl w» w š ü y wš, vq w ³ w» w mw p yƒ ƒ w w. 6) SiC e vl» w d ky³ w j w w, š y w yƒ w. vq yƒ w ky³ œ»œ ù»œj» s w 662

2 66 Áw Á Á½ Á Á Á½ e z x w k. w w ª ky³ w š» w ³ w vl q w» w m w ü vl ƒ w. w š š e vl,»œ,» œ j» s» w w». œ ù»œ j» j w, ƒ yw û w ù, z vl» w. œ»œ j»ƒ vl z» w ù, ƒ ƒ». z, ƒ, vl» w j» w» w w» e vl w w ƒ. IGCCù CTL œ w» w œ SiC e vl w m» wš, vl x y œ (ramming) x œ (vacuum extrusin) x œ vl t w w z,» p w ƒ» ü ü sƒw. 2. x 2.1. w e vl w d SiC s³ 85 µm (F180 mesh) w, w w» w s³ 44 µm (-25 mesh) p (mullite) w. w» w k e (CaCO ) ƒw,» x CMC w, œ x MC YB12A ƒƒ ƒw. Table 1 ƒ» p w ùkü œ xœ w e vl x y Table 1. Raw Materials and Cmpsitins fr SiC Candle Filters Prefrms Materials Particle Size (µm) Cntent (wt%) Remarks SiC CHEKGRIT, China Mullite 44 5 Itchu Ceratech, Japan CaCO EP Grade 1 Duksan Chemical, Krea CMC AF2085 Krea CMC, Krea YB Binder 12A 12 Yuken, Japan Water e vl x y Table 1 ùkü d SiC m» w p -blade y» 1 yw w. 1 yw» CaCO ƒ yw ƒw 2 w yww w z, 24 g x w. x œ w vl x w z wš, yr œ (rammer)ƒ w w w ƒ l w ü 40 mm, 60 mm, ¼ 1,000 mm j» xw. wr œ x œ w œ x» yw œ w 60 mm, ü 40 mm j» x m w m w. x w x y vl 100 C» ü w w z,» w. 600 C¾ 1 C/min w x ü sw» k e z, 1400 C¾ C/min j w 2 w ww. 2.. p sƒ p x vl - d w s 5mm, Ì mm, ¼ 45 mm j» wš, ƒƒ ƒœ(beveling)w, O- ring d w p x O-ring s 10 mm ƒœw w. d 1kN x» (H10KS, Hunsfield, UK) w d w, 0.1 mm/min crss head speed d w. d r Archimedes»œ d w. q w x x (FE-SEM, S-4700, Hitachi, Japan) w, d SiC w š EDAX(7200-H, HORIBA, U.K.) w w. w d j» ƒœ r w ƒ» ü Table 2. Cmpsitin f the Simulated IGCC Syngas fr Crrsin Test Cmpsitin Cntents (vl%, ppm) CO 6~45% H 2 15~20% CO 2 5~9% N 2 0~40% H 2 S 250~450 ppm COS 50~100 ppm w wz

3 œ x x œ w ky³ e vl p 664 Fig. 1. Sintered density and prsity f the SiC candle filter as a frming methd. Fig. 2. Sintered density and prsity as a functin f rganic binder cntent in extruded candle filter. p sƒw» w w z, 600 C g y w. x w k w ƒ Table 2 ùkü.. š.1.»œ, vl x w ƒƒ w»œ Fig. 1 ùkü.» F180MR SiC 180 mesh (85 µm) wš mullite w x w vl w, F180ME F180MR w SiC w x w vl w. x e vl,»œ ƒƒ 1.97 g/cm, 26.%, x w vl ƒƒ 1.67 g/cm, 45.5% d x w vlƒ e w. w x x w» Fig.. -pint bending strength and O-ring strength f the sintered SiC candle filter as a frming methd. ƒ %ƒ ƒ, x 12%ƒ ƒ» k w»œ x x» q. w x x x w x ü œ 1m ¼ ƒ x ¾ x y w» x w x ƒ k» q. e vl»œ» ƒ e w Fig. 2 x,» ƒ 12 wt% 8wt% x w, ƒwš»œ w ƒƒ 1.71 g/cm 4.4%ƒ y w..2. O-ring e vl x e w r Fig.. x w e v l O-ring ƒƒ 45 MPa, 1 MPa ùký x vl 2. ƒ l ü e vl 600 C» k w, p k w vl ü ƒ œ» w r (back-pulse)ƒ» ƒw» /k w»œ wì 800~900 C» w» p vl» ü w w ƒ. w IGCCù 7) PFBC l H 2 S, CO, H 2, COS, H 2 O w wš» vl»œ» ƒ w w ƒ ù» w ü w. 8,9) 46«6y(2009)

4 신명관 한인섭 서두원 김세영 우상국 이승원 김영욱 665 Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Interface images between tw SiC particles in the sintered SiC candle filter as a frming methd: (a) ramming prcess and (b) extrusin prcess. Fracture surfaces f the sintered SiC candle filters as a frming methd: (a), (b) ramming prcess, (c), (d) extrusin prcess. 따라서 전술한 바와 같은 래밍성형에 의한 캔들 필터 소결체는 현재 PFBC나 IGCC 플랜트의 집진용으로 가장 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 SiC 캔들 필터 상용제품 (Schumacher, Dia-Schumalith 10-20, Germany)의 경우, 소결 밀도 1.9 g/cm, 기공율이 0~5%, O-ring 강도 20~0 MPa 임을 감안할 때, 본 연구에서 개발된 래밍성형에 의한 캔 들 필터의 경우에는 상용제품으로 적용이 가능한 캔들 필 터가 개발되었음을 알 수 있다. 그러나 압출성형에 의한 캔들 필터의 경우에는 무기바인더의 첨가량을 더 감소시 켜 기공율을 5% 수준으로 낮추어 밀도와 강도를 향상 시켜야 상용화가 가능한 집진필터 소재가 개발될 수 있 음을 확인할 수 있었다. 미세구조 및 입계상 성분분석 래밍성형과 진공 압출성형에 의한 캔들 필터 소결체의 파단면 미세구조는 Fig. 4에 나타내었다. (a)와 (b)의 래밍 성형에 의한 캔들 필터 소결체가 (c)와 (d)의 압출성형 소 결체에 비해 SiC 입자간에 상대적으로 조밀하게 결합하고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 (b)와 (d)의 고배율 ( 500) 사진을 관찰하면 래밍성형에 의한 소결체인 (b)의 경우가 SiC 입자간 결합하고 있던 부분들이 강도 측정 시 파괴 되어 끊어진 부분 (검은색 화살표 표시)들이 많이 존재함 으로써 압출성형 소결체에 비해 높은 결합강도를 유지하 게 되었음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 Fig. 5 (a), (b)에서 지지층 내의 SiC 입자간 결합 형태 사진을 보면 무기바인더로 첨가된 뮬라이트-탄산칼 슘 조제에 의한 결정상으로 예측되는 neck가 잘 형성되 어 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 Fig. 6에서 성 형방법이 다른 이들 캔들 필터 소결체의 파단면의 neck 부분에 대해 EDAX line scanning에 의한 성분분석 결과 를 보면 (a)의 래밍성형 소결체의 경우, Si at.%, Al Fig 한국세라믹학회지 EDAX line scanning images f the interface between SiC particles in the sintered SiC candle filter matrix as a frming methd: (a) ramming prcess and (b) extrusin prcess at.%, O at.%, Ca 2.1 at.%가 검출됨으로써 mullite-caco 소결조제로 이루어진 공융액상에 의한 결 정상이 SiC 입자들을 결합시키고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 모사 합성가스 내에서의 부식 후 강도 변화 진공 압출성형과 래밍성형에 의한 캔들 필터 소결시편 을 모사 석탄연소 합성가스 분위기 내에서 600 C, 960시간 부식실험한 후 점 굽힘강도 변화를 측정한 결과를 Fig. 7 에 나타내었다. 래밍성형에 의한 소결체의 경우 부식 후 12% 증가한 강도 값을 나타내었으며, 압출성형 소결체의 경우 부식 후 9% 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있었다. 한편 960시간 부식 후 표면에 대한 SEM 사진을 비교 해 보면 Fig. 8에 나타낸 바와 같이 래밍성형 소결체와 압출성형 소결체 간에 다소 차이를 보이고 있다. 즉, 래 밍공정에 의한 소결체는 산화층 또는 합성가스와의 반응 생성물로 예측되는 상들이 지지층 SiC 입자 표면을 덮고 있는 상태를 나타내고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 일반적으로 IGCC 또는 PFBC 시스템 내에서 캔들 필 터가 집진/탈진을 위해 장시간 노출시킬 경우, 점토결합 탄화규소 캔들 필터 (Dia Schumalith, FT20, Germany)에 서는 일차적으로 무기결합재인 점토의 결정화와 융합이 진행되고, 탄화규소 입자들의 산화가 진행되어 결정화된 실리카, 비정질 실리카, 뮬라이트화된 알루미노실리케이 트 등이 표면에 형성되는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 한편 뮬 라이트 결합 알루미나 캔들 필터 (Crs P-100A-1, U.S.).4.

5 진공 압출성형 및 래밍성형 공정에 의한 탄화규소 캔들 필터 제조 및 특성 666 단되며, 이러한 현상은 부식 초기에 강도를 증가시키는 요인으로 작용하고 있음을 예측할 수 있었다. 4. 결 론 출발원료를 사용하여 뮬라이트를 비점토계 무기결 합재로 선정한 후, 래밍성형과 진공 압출성형 공정으로 캔 들 필터를 형상화 하고, 이를 소결하여 특성을 평가한 결 과, 래밍성형 소결체의 경우, 소결밀도와 기공율이 각각 1.9 g/cm 과 26.%, 압출성형의 경우에는 각각 1.67 g/cm 과 45.5%로 측정되었다. 성형방법에 따른 점-굽힘강도와 Oring 압축강도를 측정한 결과, 래밍성형에 의한 캔들 필터 의 경우, 굽힘강도 45 MPa, 압축강도 1 MPa을 나타냄으 로써 압출성형 필터값의 2배 이상이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 소결밀도, 기공율 및 강도 측정 결과를 종합한 결과, 래 밍성형 공정에 의한 캔들 필터 소결체의 경우, 기존 점토 계 무기결합재를 사용한 제품의 수준을 상회하는 특성을 보임으로 써 상용제품으로 적용 가능한 기술을 확립할 수 있었다. 한편 성형방법을 달리한 캔들 필터 소결체에 대한 파 단면 미세구조 분석 결과, mullite-caco 무기결합재의 공 융액상 형으로 인한 지지층 SiC 입자간 결합을 확인할 수 있었으며, 래밍성형 캔들 필터의 경우에 입자간 결합부분 의 파괴가 두드러지는 조직을 보이고 있어 이러한 요인 이 상대적으로 높은 강도 값을 나타낸 요인으로 판단되었다. 성형공정에 따른 캔들 필터 소결체 시편에 대해 모사 IGCC 합성가스 분위기 내에서 960시간 부식실험을 수행 한 결과, 래밍성형 필터의 경우 강도가 증가하고, 압출성 형 필터는 다소 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있었다. SiC Fig. 7. -Pint bending strength change f the SiC candle filter after crrsin test at 600 C, 960 h in simulated IGCC syngas atmsphere. Fig. 8. FE-SEM images f the surfaces after crrsin test at 600 C, 960 h in simulated IGCC syngas atmsphere. (a) As received - F180MR, (b) After crrded - F180MR, (c) As received - F180ME, and (d) After crrded F180ME. 의 경우에서는 기공의 벽을 따라 광범위한 뮬라이트화가 진행되어 아노싸이트 (anrthite) 등의 입자들이 형성되어 SiC 입자들 표면으로 확산된다고 보고하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 뮬라이트를 무기결합재로 사용 하였기 때문에 위에서 언급한 연구자의 결과중에서 뮬라 이트를 무기결합재로 사용한 알루미나질 캔들 필터에서 와 같은 현상이 지배적으로 발생한 것으로 판단된다. 또 한 래밍성형 소결체에서 이러한 현상이 상대적으로 광범 위하게 나타난 이유는 압출성형 소결체에 비해 상대적으 로 지지층 SiC 입자들 간에 결합이 강하게 된 상태에서 합성가스와의 반응에 의한 silica-enriched 결정상들이 SiC 입자들 표면을 따라 빠르게 생성되기 때문인 것으로 판 Acknwledgments 본 논문은 지식경제부 에너지 자원기술개발사업 에너 지융복합시스템 프로젝트의 일환으로 진행되었으며, 이에 감사드립니다. REFERENCES 6) 1. Y. Ohzawa, K. Nmura, and K. Sugiyama, Relatin between Prsity and Pre Size r Pressure Drp f Fibrus SiC Filter Prepared frm Carbnized Cellulse-Pwder Prefrms, Mater. Sci and Eng., A255-8 (1998). 2. J. Stringer and A. J. Leitch, Ceramic Candle Filter Perfrmance at the Gremethpre (UK) Pressurized Fluidized Bed Cmbustir, J. Eng. Gas Turb. Pwer-T ASME, (1992).. S. Hajek and W. Peukert, Experimental Investigatins with Ceramic High-temperature Filter Media, Filtratin & Separatin, 4 [1] 29-7 (1996). 제 46 권 제 6호(2009)

6 667 Áw Á Á½ Á Á Á½ 4. M. Chaudhuri, S. R. Verma, and A. Gupta, Perfrmance Evaluatin f Ceramic Filter Candles, J. Envirn. Eng., (1994). 5. R. R. Judkins, D. P. Stintn, and J. H. DeVan, A Review f the Efficacy f Silicn Carbide Ht Gas Filters in Cal Gasificatin and Pressurized Fluidized Bed Cmbustin Envirnments, Transactins f the ASME, (1996). 6. M. A. Alvin, Filter Cmpnent Assessment - Ceramic Candles, pp. 8-24, Final Reprt, DOE/NETL Cntract N. DE-AC21-94MC1147, R. A. Newby, T. E. Lippert and M. A. Alvin, G. J. Burck, and Z. N. Sanjana, Status f Westinghuse Ht Gas Filters fr Cal and Bimass Pwer System, J. Eng. Gas Turb. Pwer-T ASME, (1999). 8. R. Westerheide, J. Adler, A. Walch, W. Vlker, H. Buhl, and D. Fister, High Temperature Gas Cleaning, pp , Vl. II, A. Dittler, G. Hemmer, and G. Kasper, (Ed.), Institut fur Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Mechanik der Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany, P. Pastila, V. Helanti, A. P. Nikkila, and T. Mantyla, Envirnmental Effects n Micrstructure and Strength f SiCbased Ht Gas Filters, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 21 [9] (2001). w wz

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