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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 44, N. 12, pp. 696~702, Synthesis and Characterizatin f LSGM Slid Electrlyte fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cell Yung-Hn Seng, Seung Hwan J, P. MuralidharanS and D Kyung Kim Department f Materials Science and Engineering, Krea Advanced Institute f Science and Technlgy (KAIST), Daejen , Krea (Received Nvember 7, 2007; Accepted Nvember 19, 2007) LSGM r e p w w p z Á yáp. MuralidharanÁ½ w w» œw ( ; ) ABSTRACT The family f (Sr,Mg)-dped LaGaO cmpunds, which exhibit high inic cnductivity at C ver a wide range f xygen partial pressure, appears t be prmising as the electrlyte fr intermediate temperature slid xide fuel cells. Cnventinal synthesis rutes f (Sr,Mg)-dped LaGaO cmpunds based n slid state reactin have sme prblems such as the frmatin f impurity phases, lng sintering time and Ga lss during high temperature sintering. Phase stability prblem especially, the frmatin f additinal phases at the grain bundary is detrimental t the electrical prperties f the electrlyte. Frm this pint f view, we fcused t synthesize single phase (Sr,Mg)-dped LaGaO electrlyte at the stage f pwder synthesis and t apply relatively lw heattreatment temperature using nvel synthesis rute based n cmbustin methd. The synthesized pwder and sintered bulk electrlytes were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR and SEM. AC impedance spectrscpy was used t characterize the electrical transprt prperties f the electrlyte with the cnsideratin f the cntributin f the bulk lattice and grain bundary t the ttal cnductivity. Finally, relatinship between synthesis cnditin and electrical prperties f the (Sr, Mg)-dped LaGaO electrlytes was discussed with the cnsideratin f phase analysis results. Key wrds : LSGM, Electrlyte, Synthesis, Sintering, AC impedance, Inic cnductivity 1. k - p (LaGaO )» š y (SOFC) w p (YSZ) w p» x š y š w ƒ š.» YSZ w SOFC l xw 1000 C š w» š p w w ù w wš l» ü w. y ƒ ƒ. YSZ w k - p w w 500~800 C ¾ û š w w w x š y xw». 1-) Crrespnding authr : Yung-Hn Seng eric_1999@kaist.ac.kr Tel : Fax : w p p v k - p w (LSGM) w ƒ š. LSGM w SOFC w» w w û» p ƒ e w w w. ¾ LSGM w w w» w š š ù, 1500 C ¼ z (LaSrGaO 4, LaSrGa O 7, La 4 Ga 2 O 9 ) r w p» w j. ù w w 4) j» LSGM w w w š w û e w r e p š š. LSGM w w re, 5) w, 6,7) œ, w ƒ 6,8) š š. w w š w ù w w x w» t» 696
2 w p w š z w w w y w w. w w» w p w w» w w w p LSGM w w. p w w w x w ³ w v š w. w LSGM w» š w û e wš w» p LSGM w w. wr š w LSGM w w wš ƒƒ p, p» p w. 2. x 2.1. w p w w LSGM w w. Sr Mg v š š wù 20 ml% kw. 9,1) La(NO ) 6H 2 0, Ga(NO ) xh 2 0, Sr(NO ) 2, Mg(NO ) 2 6H 2 O (Aldrich Chemical C. U.S.A, 99.9%) e wš M w. w C H 4 (OH)(COOH) H 2 O (Oriental Chemical Ind. C.) 0.09 M p w z 0 w yww. p yw w 1:1.8 š w. (HNO -Junsei Chemical C. Japan) 6mL y ƒw. 90 C wš k 125 C 48 w vƒ f š w xk ùkü. w z Heating Mantle 250 C ƒ w w w w z 2-PrOH (Junsei Chemical C. Japan), g w Ì 12 w. 80 C 24 w. t w» w w ³ y w» w w ww. w ywš y» ww» w 800 C 10 w w z 2-PrOH 24 w 80 C 24 w. w z LSGM r e p w w p mm mx l w ƒ x wš 200 MPa CIP(Cld Isstatic Press) w x w. xw r 5 C/min, 100, 150, 1400, 1450 C w 10 ƒƒ w. p w w LSGM p w» w š w LSGM w w. La 2 O, Ga 2 O, SrCO, MgO (Aldrich Chemical C. U.S.A, 99.9%) w 2-PrOH (Junsei Chemical C. Japan) g w 24 w. 80 C 24 w z w w w x w z w w p w LSGM j» x w» w x (SEM/EDS, Philips XL0) w w w» w TGA/DSC (SDT600Q, SETARAM92-18, France) w. œ»» 5C/min 1400 C¾ w. w w x y w X z (XRD, Rigaku D/MAX-IIIC) w. j» w d w š, t 1µm w w z e w z x w w. p w š w w w w LSGM w» p Impedance/gain-phase analyzer (Slatrn 1260, UK) w w. j w z Ag gqw z Ag sheet Pt w œ» 600 C w w z œ» ƒƒ 250 ~ 600 C, 1 Hz-10 MHz w.. š.1. w p Fig. 1 p w w LSGM SEM ùkü. w ³ew x ƒ j»ƒ ƒw. Fig. 2 TGA/DSC w LSGM w w. 125 C 225 C vjƒ ùkûš, 275 C, 475 C 675 C vjƒ. 125 C 44«12y(2007)
3 성영훈 조승환 P. Muralidharan 김도경 698 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. SEM images f LSGM pwders by citric acid prcess: as-synthesized (a), calcined at (b) 400C, (c) 800C, and (d) 1100C. Thermal analysis f LSGM pwders synthesized by citric acid prcess. 의 흡열 피크와 8%의 질량 감소는 중합체 매트릭스 구 조에 함유되었던 수분의 기화에 기인한 것이며 275 C의 강한 발열 피크와 약 54%에 가까운 질량감소는 분말 표 면에 잔류하던 중합체 매트릭스와 질화물의 분해에 따른 결과이며 475 C의 강한 발열 피크는 연소 합성 이후에도 완전히 사라지지 않은 중합체와 유기물등의 분해에 의한 것이다. 이 온도는 일반적인 고분자 중합체의 완전연소 온도와 일치한다. 675 C의 발열 피크는 탄산염과 나머지 모든 유기물의 분해에 따른 것이다. 이후의 C 범위에서는 비정질상이 페로브스카이트 상의 결정질로 바 뀌는 상변화를 일으키는데 800 C부터 질량감소곡선의 기 울기가 매우 완만하고 곡선의 기울기가 바뀌는 점으로 보 한국세라믹학회지 Fig.. FT-IR analysis f LSGM pwders synthesized by (a) citric acid prcess, (b) slid state reactin. 아 상변이가 이루어졌음을 알 수 있었다. Fig. 은 두가지 방법으로 합성한 LSGM분말의 온도별 열처리 조건에 따른 FT-IR 스펙트럼을 나타내고 있다. 시 트르산 연소합성법의 분말에서는 cm 에서 -OH 가 검출되며 2990 cm 에서 시트레이트 이온이 나타났고 카르복실레이트 양이온(COO )이 cm 에서 나타 났으며 CO 은 cm, cm, 800 cm 에서 검출되었다 과 cm 에서는 카르 2
4 Fig. 4. XRD patterns f LSGM pwders synthesized by (a) citric acid prcess, (b) slid state reactin. w š 186 cm wš. 400 C z r p e» w ñ» w. 400 C TGA/DSC ew. ƒ CO 2 OH 2 ƒ w š 800 C z LSGM r e p w w p 699 š 62 cm y TGA/DSC ew. š w 1100 C z FTIR r p y 62 cm ùkùš p 800 C z» ƒ š w ùkù y ew ùký TGA/DSC ewš. X- mw w w. Fig. 4 p, š w 400 C, 800 C, 1100 C w ùkù x ùküš. p w w w z x k vjƒ ùkûš ƒ 400 C w p w w v jƒ ùkù» w. 800 C z p w swwš ù LSGM vjƒ w ùkù» w. 800 C t w» š x v w ƒ w. ƒ LSGM vj w ùkù, vj wš. š w w 1100 C p w, w 1100 C w y š ù LaSrGa O p ƒƒ w LSGM 100, 150, 1400, 1450 C 10 w. Sr Mg ƒƒ 20 ml% v LSGM g/cm, ƒ.912 Å š š š, v ƒ ƒw rthrhmbic-rhmbhedralcubic š. w 12) w 100 C p w, š 96%, 87.4% š 1450 C w 96 ~ 98% ƒ. p p w 100 C 1450 C w š mw p w e w» z w. Fig. 5 ƒ w y ùküš. p w 1250 C w ù ƒ 100 C LSGM r e p 44«12y(2007)
5 성영훈 조승환 P. Muralidharan 김도경 700 Fig. 6. Micrstructures f LSGM sample sintered at 100C (a, b) by citric acid prcess (c) MgO segregated at grain bundaries f sintered LSGM sample by citric acid prcess, 1450C by (d,e) slid state reactin. 여전히 강하게 나타났으며 LaSrGa O 상은 비교적 높은 녹는점(~1600 C)을 갖고 있어 1450 C 이상의 소결 온도 에도 안정적인 이차상으로 존재하게 된다. 이점에 비 추어 볼 때 이차상의 형성은 합성방법에 따라 다른양상 을 띠고 있음을 알 수 있다. Fig. 6은 두 가지의 합성법으로 합성된 분말을 100, 1450 C에서 소결한 소결체의 미세구조 사진을 보여 주고 있다. 시트르산 연소합성법으로 합성된 분말의 소결 시 결정립 크기는 1-2 µm이고, 고상법으로 합성한 분말의 소 결시 결정립 크기는 7-15 µm로 조대한 결정립 구조를 나 타내었다. 미세구조 사진에서 볼 수 있듯이 시트르산 연소합성법 으로 합성된 분말의 소결 시 입계내에서 LSGM 상의 결 정립과 다른 어두운 색을 띄는 결정립이 관찰되었다. 이 결정립을 EDS 조성분석을 통해 MgO임을 확인할 수 있 었다. Fig. 6(c)는 SEM을 통하여 본 MgO의 이미지이며 이러한 MgO 상의 분리현상은 조성의 불안정으로 생성되 는 현상으로 소결시 분말의 Ga과 Mg의 비가 부분적으로 이론 값과는 달리 Mg의 비율이 높아짐에 따라 발생될 수 있는 문제점이다. Mg의 비율이 적게 되면 LaSrGa O 이 ) Fig. 5. XRD patterns f sintered LSGM pwders synthesized by (a) citric acid prcess (b) slid state reactin. 이 만들어졌다. 시트르산 연소합성법을 통하여 만든 LSGM 은 1250 C의 소결온도까지는 LaSrGaO 상이 가장 주된 이차상이라고 할 수 있고, 이에 반해 고상합성법에서는 시트르산 연소합성법에 비해 같은 소결온도에서도 이차 상이 상대적으로 많이 나타났으며 1450 C의 소결온도에 서도 이차상인 LaSrGaO 와 LaSrGa O 두 가지 이차상이 4 4 한국세라믹학회지 7 7
6 LSGM r e p w w p ùkü. Fig. 7. Bulk electrical cnductivity f LSGM electrlytes prepared frm pwder synthesized by citric acid prcess (CAP), slid state reactin(ssr) C š ü û» w k. Mg LaSrGa O 7 š LaSrGaO C û w ü y w š w» w j š LSGM ƒ š š š Mg 9) Ga š w 0 ml% MgOƒ ü ƒ 40 ml%ƒ X š š. X MgOƒ 9) wš MgO. w MgO» w e w yw x, w z w ƒ v w...» ƒ w ƒƒ w w 100 C 1450 C w r v (slatrn 1260) w v d wš l j w w w w. ùkü Arrhenius plt Fig. L σ = RA» L: r Ì, R: j w, š A: r. p w w w r ƒ 100 C 1450 C w» ƒ ƒw w. ƒ w ü r w» w ùkù p 1450 C w r 500 C w š w w LSGM w w». š ƒ r x š activatin energy w ùkû, p w w z 100 C w r» ƒ š w 1450 C r» ùküš mw p w š w w w. w» š LSGM w» w, w p ùküš l p w LSGM w w w œ y w. 4. p w š w LSGM wš» p w. w œ p w mw w w LSGM 800 C» w w š j»ƒ. w š w w w p w w w LSGM 100 C 97% r e p w p. p w š LSGM w» p w p w ƒ š w». Acknwledgment w» y w. 44«12y(2007)
7 702 zá yáp. MuralidharanÁ½ REFERENCES 1. B. C. H. Steele, Materials fr Fuel-cell Technlgies, Nature., (2001). 2. B. C. H. Steele, Appraisal f CeGdO Electrlytes fr IT- SOFC Operatin at 500 C, Slid State Inics., (2000).. Ishihara, T., H. Matsuda, and Y. Takita, Dped LaGaO Pervskite-Type Oxide as a New Oxide Inic Cnductr, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 116 [9] (1994). 4. Djurad, E. and M. Labeau, Secnd Phases in Dped Lanthanum Gallate Pervskites, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 18 [10] (1998). 5. Schulz, O. and M. Martin, Preparatin and Characterisatin f La 1-x Sr x Ga 1-y Mg y O -(x+y)/2 fr the Investigatin f Catin Diffusin Prcesses, Slid State Inics., 15 [1-4] (2000). 6. L Cng, L., et al., Synthesis and Characterizatin f IT-electrlyte with Pervskite Structure La 0.8 Sr 0.2 Ga 0.85 Mg 0.15 O -d by Glycine-nitrate Cmbustin Methd, J. Allys Cmpd., 48 [1-2] 25-1 (200). 7. Min Shi, Ning Liu, Yudng Xu, Yupeng Yuan, P. Majewski, and F.Aldinger, Synthesis and Characterizatin f Sr-and Mg- Dped LaGaO by Using Glycine Nitrate Cmbustin Methd, J. Allys Cmpd., (2006). 8. Rambabu, B., et al., Innvative Prcessing f Dense LSGM Electrlytes fr IT-SOFC s, J. Pwer Surces, 159 [1] 21-8 (2006). 9. Huang, K.Q., R.S. Tichy, and J.B. Gdenugh, Superir Pervskite Oxide-in Cnductr; Strntium- and Magnesium-dped LaGaO : I, Phase Relatinships and Electrical Prperties, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 81 [10] (1998). 10. Huang, K.Q., R.S. Tichy, and J.B. Gdenugh, Superir Pervskite Oxide-in Cnductr; Strntium- and Magnesium-dped LaGaO : II, ac Impedance Spectrscpy, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 81 [10] (1998). 11. Huang, K.Q., R. Tichy, and J.B. Gdenugh, Superir Pervskite Oxide-in Cnductr; Strntium- and Magnesium-dped LaGaO : III, Perfrmance Tests f Single Ceramic Fuel Cells, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 81 [10] (1998). 12. Glavatskikh, T.Y., et al., Synthesis, Structure, Micrstructure, and Electrical Cnductivity f (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg)O -delta Oxide-in-cnducting Ceramics, Inrg. Mater., 7 [6] (2001). 1. Grelv, V.P., et al., The Effect f Dping and Prcessing Cnditins n Prperties f La 1-x Sr x Ga 1-y Mg y O -a, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 21 [1] (2001). 14. Li, Z.C., et al., Synthesis and Characterizatin f La 0.85 Sr 0.15 Ga 0.85 Mg 0.15 O -d Electrlyte by Steric Entrapment Synthesis Methd, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 26 [12] (2006). 15. O. Cinar, O. Berkem, and A. G. Mehmet, X-ray Single Phase LSGM at 150 C, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 27 [2-] (2007). w wz
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