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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 45, N. 12, pp. 807~814, Fabricatin and Characterizatin f Cu-Ni-YSZ SOFC Andes fr Direct Utilizatin f Methane via Cu pulse plating En W Park*, Hwan Mn, Jng-Jin Lee, and Sang Hn Hyun Schl f Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Ynsei University, Seul , Krea *The Specialized Advanced Graduate f Hydrgen & Fuel Cell, Ynsei University, Seul , Krea (Received Nvember 12, 2008; Revised December 8, 2008; Accepted December 8, 2008) r w k w Cu-Ni-YSZ SOFC p sƒ *Á yá Áx z w œw * p y w ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT The Cu-Ni-YSZ cermet andes fr direct use f methane in slid xide fuel cells have been fabricated by electrplating Cu int the prus Ni-YSZ cermet ande. The unifrm distributin f Cu in the Ni-YSZ ande culd be btained via pulse electrplating in the aqueus slutin mixture f CuSO 4 5H 2 O and H 2 SO 4 fr 30 min with 0.05 A f average applied current. The pwer density (0.17 Wcm 2 ) f a single cell with a Cu-Ni-YSZ ande was shwn t be slightly lwer in methane at 700 C, cmpared with the pwer density (0.28 Wcm 2 ) f a single cell with a Ni-YSZ ande. Hwever, the perfrmance f the Ni-YSZ ande-supprted single cell was abruptly degraded ver 21 h because f carbn depsitin, whereas the Cu-Ni-YSZ ande-supprted single cell shwed the enhanced durability upt 52 h. Key Wrds : Slid xide fuel cells, Methane fuel, Carbn depsitin, Direct utilizatin, Pulse plating 1. š y (SOFC) w z š w l w w w» šƒ e ü ky ü y w š. 1) ù SOFC» Ni-YSZ w ü Ni k y w w w ky l C-C w g k ƒ k v x w x w. 2) š y (SOFC) ky z š k w» w w. 3,4) Crrespnding authr : Sang Hn Hyun prhsh@ynsei.ac.kr Tel : Fax : k ƒ Ni e w w» w Ni-YSZ cermet k w ù ƒw wš w ù, j z. w 5,6) Pervskite y w (ceramic mixed cnductr) û y z û» p w ww š š. 7) Cu cermet(cu-ysz, Ni-Cu-YSZ, Cu-CeO2-YSZ cermet) Cu C-C w û y w k e» ƒ g» w» w ƒ. 9,10) ù YSZ w (1300 ~ 1400 C)ƒ», û Cu(1085 C) Cu 2 O(1356 C) w œ w. x ¾ Cu cermet duble casting w YSZ l v w z, Cu salt œ YSZ ü en k 1000 C w 807
2 808 Á yá Áx z Table 1. Raw Materials Used fr Manufacturing Single Cell Cmpnents Surce Material Prduct cmpany Prduct Cmpnent Ande NiO J.T Baker, USA Nickelus Oxide Green Fine YSZ Tsh, Japan TZ-8Y Carse YSZ Unitec Ceramics, UK FYT H Carbn black Clumbian Chemical, USA Ravern 430 NiO J.T Baker, USA Nickelus Oxide Green Active layer YSZ Tsh, Japan TZ-8Y Electrlyte YSZ Tsh, Japan TZ-8Y Cathde LSM(La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 ) Praxiar, USA - YSZ Tsh, Japan TZ-8Y Slvent Tluene Dngyang, Krea - Ethanl Dngyang, Krea - Dispersant M1201 Ferr, USA - Binder slutin B74001 (Ferr) Ferr, USA - Table 2. Slurry Cmpsitins fr Tape-casting f Cell Cmpnents wt % Pwder Slvent Binder Dispersant cmpnent NiO Fine YSZ Carse YSZ Carbn black Tluene Ethanl slutin Ande Ande active layer Electrlyte w. ù» 11) œü gq 3 (TPB : Three Phase Bundary) ƒ gq Ì w». p Cu gq Ì s w l v ü ³ w w { ù» w œ w w. w Cu-YSZ cermet ky w»yw w y û» y ù w Ni-YSZ cermet w { û. w w w» w p w ceria(ceo 2 ) ƒw»yw y y j ù, w Cu û w w.» w ü Cu ƒw w ƒ ü.» w 14,15), w x ü ³ w w ù Cu w w ƒ. 14) l ve q- d- œ Ni-YSZ w z, r w ü»œ ³ w Cu w Cu w ky SOFC w œ w. w y k» sƒw. 2. x 2.1. x Ni-YSZ x w Table 1. œ NiO, YSZ, YSZ carbn black» d NiO YSZ š w YSZ w. l ve q š m, k wì 1 24 w z, ƒw 2 24 ƒ w. w ƒ 16) xl v Table 2 l l ve l(hansung Sys, Krea) w 25 µm,» d 15 µm, š w 10 µmƒ e qw. e q s p v w 2cm/s w, l w wz
3 r w k w Cu-Ni-YSZ SOFC p sƒ 809,» d, š w ƒƒ 6 mil, 4 mil, š 2mil w. l l v e q w œ Fig. 1. x YSZ w w w x l v 64» d xl v 2 w l v 1 ƒ d w, d ü yw» w / w d w. d v (Flw Autclave System Inc, USA) w 70 C w 3500 psi 20 ƒ w x w. x w d x œ» 1100 C¾ 48 k œ e z 5C g 1350 C 3 w. sƒ j k x ( 2.8 cm, Ì 1mm) l ve q- d- w» d sww x w (» d 20 µm, w 6µm) y 1cm 2 z ̃ 30 µmƒ LSM-YSZ œ» r p j v qw z 5C g 1150 C 3 w w. œ» r p 17) Table 1 LSM YSZ 50 : 50 š 8g p 4g α-terpinel 3g ƒw yw three-rll mill(exakt 35) w w. y SEM(Rint 2700, Rigaku C, Japan) w š,»œ Prsimeter(Aut Pre IV9520, Micrmeritics, USA) w d w r p sƒ Ni-YSZ ü Cu r w. Ni-YSZ ü p ³ w» w w w w NiO-YSZ w z 800 C» 3 y k Ni-YSZ 24 ü z w. w» w Fig. 2 œ e (Multi-Step rectifier, LNC-Pwer, Krea) w, Cu mesh(cpper gauze 20 mesh, Alfa Aesar, USA) w. ³ w PCB y (PCB900M, Rich Trad, Krea) w, CuSO 4 5H 2 O M/Lƒ š w. Fig. 3 r ƒ (Tn), Fig. 1. Experiment flw chart fr preparing ande supprted single cells. ƒ (Tff) (Ip) y j w z y d w w. /z y SEM š t ü ¾ Cu s» w depth prfile EDS mw 100 µm d. Cu-Ni-YSZ x w» w Ni-YSZ ƒ w 800 C» 3 y k 24 z ww, œ» en w» w œ» s w sƒ w Ni-YSZ Cu-Ni-YSZ x sƒ w w Fig. 4 sƒ e w q w. Pt Ni k k v 45«12y(2008)
4 810 Á yá Áx z Fig. 4. Single cell test equipment. Fig. 2. Cu-electrplating apparatus. Fig. 3. Pulse plating parameters defined n a current-time plt. ƒ» k œ ƒƒ gld mesh gld w, œ» k v ƒ» mesh w.» 3% w w k š œ»» œ» w, 200 cc/min, k 100 cc/min, š œ» 300 cc/min œ w. p Slatrn 1260 frequency analyzer (USA) Slatrn 1287 interface (USA) w d, k» Electrnic lader (3315D, Taiwan) w þ d y sƒ w. 0.6 ~ 0.7 V» w e w. 3. š 3.1. p sƒ w Ni-YSZ r w z»œ y d w ƒ Fig. 5 Fig. 6. Fig. 5 ƒ Cu ƒwš, 14) ƒ ƒ ƒw ƒw r ƒ w. w w s³ ƒ 0.05 A w r w w Cu ƒ. r s³ ƒ 0.05 A w 0.1 A 5ms ƒ w 5ms ƒ w ww ã w» 0.05 A w w Cu ƒw š. ƒ Cu»œü y w wz
5 펄스 도금법에 의한 메탄연료 직접 사용을 위한 Cu-Ni-YSZ SOFC 연료극 제조 및 특성평가 Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Weight variatin f the Cu/Ni-YSZ ande as a functin f plating time. Fig Micrstructures variatins f the Ni-YSZ andes with the electrplating time : (a) Ni-YSZ ande, (b) Cu-NiYSZ ande electrplated with 0.05 A fr 30 min, and (c) Cu-Ni-YSZ ande electrplated with 0.05 A fr 1 h. Variatin f prsity f Cu-Ni-YSZ ande as a functin f plating time. 산 되어 기공내부에서의 Cu 이온농도가 증가하게 되어 보다 효율적으로 도금이 이루어 질 수 있었다. Fig. 6은 도금시간에 따른 기공율 변화를 보여주는데, 인 가 전류에는 무관한 반면에 도금시간에 따라 직선적으로 감소하고 있어서 Fig. 5와 좋은 일치를 보여주고 있다. 또 한 1시간 도금 후에도 기공율이 감소하기는 하지만 연료 극에서 요구되는 40% 이상의 기공율을 유지하고 있음을 알 수 있다. Fig. 7은 도금 전/후 연료극의 미세구조를 SEM으로 관찰한 사진이다. 도금 전의 연료극은 기공이 균일하게 분포 되어 있는 것을 알 수 있고, 0.05 A의 평 균 인가전류 하에서 30분 동안 도금 하였을 때 도금하지 않은 경우 보다 기공의 크기가 작아지고 1시간의 경우 기 공이 막히는 것을 관찰할 수 있다. Fig. 8은 도금 후 연료 Fig. 8. Depth prfile f the Cu/Ni weight rati in andes depending n the plating time (Cncentratin f electrplating slutin : M/L CuSO4 H2O). 극 내외부의 Cu/Ni 무게비를 EDS로 분석한 결과이다. 도 금을 실시 하지 않고 24시간 동안 연료극을 도금액에 담 근 후의 Cu/Ni 무게비는 0.04를 나타내었고, 도금시간 30 분의 경우에 이전 연구에서의 직류전류 도금결과와 펄스 도금 결과를 비교하면 직류전류 도금 방식에 비해 펄스 도금을 했을 때 Cu/Ni의 무게비 내외부의 차이(직류전류 도금 :0.08, 펄스 도금 :0.01)가 적어서 펄스 도금의 경우 좀 더 균일한 조성의 연료극을 얻을 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 제 45 권 제 12호(2008)
6 812 Á yá Áx z Fig. 9. Perfrmance f the ande-supprted single cell at 700 C : (a) Ni-YSZ ande-supprted single cell and (b) Cu-Ni- YSZ ande-supprted single cell, perated in humidified H 2 (3% H 2 O) and CH 4 (3% H 2 O) w sƒ ƒ Fig. 9, (a) w Ni-YSZ w ( w Ni cell) š (b) Cu-Ni-YSZ w ( w Cu cell) w k w 700 C w I-V š. Ni cell 0.38 Wcm 2, k 0.28 Wcm 2 ùkü. Cu cell 0.19 Wcm 2, k» 0.17 Wcm 2. Cu cell û Cu w y w ù Ni t w. k k»yw w y z w k v w û q w» w ƒƒ û. w Cu-Ni- Fig. 10. Lng term durability f ande-supprted single cells at 700 C : (a) Ni-YSZ ande-supprted single cell and (b) Cu-Ni-YSZ ande-supprted single cell, perated in humidified CH 4 (3% H 2 O). YSZ k 0.25 Wcm 2 ùkü r w û Fig. 8 r ü Cu»». Fig. 10(a) w Ni cell k» sƒ. 0.6~0.7 V w» I-V 0.7 V z š w Ni cell z ƒ 0.3 Acm 2. Ni cell» w w x w z û z w š 21 z w wƒ û. Fig. 10(b) Cu cell k» sƒ. Cu cell z 0.1 Acm 2 Ni cell w w. Cu cell Ni cell 21 w 52 w wz
7 펄스 도금법에 의한 메탄연료 직접 사용을 위한 Cu-Ni-YSZ SOFC 연료극 제조 및 특성평가 뛰어나 장기 안정성 특성을 보였는데, 이는 메탄 연료 분 해 시 생성되는 탄소에 대해 도금에 의한 Cu가 피독 방 지 효과를 보인 것으로 판단된다. 초기 전압 강하는 Ni 표면에서 메탄의 분해반응이 빠 르게 일어나서 탄소의 피독량이 증가되고 그로 인해 삼 상계면의 감소와 가스투과률의 감소로 인해 연료전지의 전기화학반응 속도가 급격히 떨어져서 나타난 현상으로 보인다. 이후 전해질을 통과한 산소 이온이 탄소의 산화 반응 및 삼상계면의 전기화학 반응에 동시에 참여하여 계 속적인 산소 이온 공급 및 산화로 인한 탄소 탈착 등의 두 가지 상호 반응이 동시에 일어나서 완만한 전압의 회 복이 일어나는 것으로 판단된다. 이 두 반응이 상호 연관 이 되는 이유는 탄소가 산화되려면 산소 이온을 소모하 게 되고 따라서 상대적으로 부족한 산소이온이 연료극의 전기화학반응에 참여하므로 적은 전자가 생성되고 이것 은 공기극에서 적은 산소 이온을 생성시켜 다시 연료극 으로 공급되기 때문이다. 따라서 최소량으로 탄소가 흡착 이 되고 따라서 탄소 산화 반응이 전기화학반응보다 상 대적으로 적은 산소 이온을 소모하는 것이 이상적인 탄 화수소용 SOFC로 알려져 있다. Ni cell은 초기 많은 탄소 피독으로 인해 두 반응의 균형을 깨져 버리고 많은 양의 산소 이온을 탄소 가스화에 소모하여 낮은 성능을 보이 는 것이다. 그러나 시간이 지나면 탄소의 산화 반응으로 탄소의 피독량이 서서히 감소가 되어 초기보다는 낮지만 일정 수준의 전압으로 회복되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 하지 만 21시간 이후에는 탄소 침적에 의한 피독 현상으로 전 지가 파괴되어 회복이 불가능하였다. 메탄연료를 사용 시 21시간 운전 후 연료극 면을 관찰했을 때 Fig. 11(a)에서 와 같이 연료가스가 주입되는 부분에 탄소 침적이 일어 나서 단전지가 파괴된 것을 관찰 할 수 있다. Fig. 11(b) 은 연료극에서 탄소가 침적 되어 있는 부분의 SEM 사진 으로 일반적으로 알려진 것과 같이 Ni 상에 탄소가 나 노 크기로 성장 침적된 것을 알 수 있다. 탄소의 피독으 로 연료극의 미세구조가 파괴되고 Ni의 촉매 특성이 저 하 된 것을 알 수 있다. 19) 813 Cu cell의 경우는 연료극의 Ni 상 위에 도금된 Cu의 탄 소 피독 방지 효과로 인해 탄소 침적이 최소화 되고 삼 상계면에서는 전해질을 통과한 산소 이온 중 적은 양이 탄소의 산화 반응에 참여하게 되고 Ni cell에 비해 상대 적으로 많은 양의 산소이온이 연료극 반응에 참여하여 된 다. 또한 전기화학 반응으로 생성된 수증기가 메탄의 내 부 개질 반응 및 메탄 분해 반응으로 생성된 탄소의 탈 착 반응에 참여하여 Ni cell보다 장기 안정상이 뛰어난 것 으로 나타났다. 18) 4. 결 론 연료극에서의 탄소피독 현상을 억제하여 탄화수소계 연 료를 직접 사용할 수 있는 Cu-Ni-YSZ 연료극 지지형 SOFC 단전지를 Ni-YSZ 연료극 지지형 단전지에 Cu를 펄 스 도금(Pulse plating) 함으로써 성공적으로 제조 할 수 있었다. CuSO 5H O의 농도가 M/L인 도금 용액을 이용하여 평균 전류 0.05 A 하에서 전류인가/비인가 시간 5 ms/5 ms로 30분간 펄스 도금하였을 때 연료극 표면과 기공내부에 비교적 균일한 Cu/Ni 무게비가 0.19 정도인 Cu-Ni-YSZ 연료극을 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제작 한 Cu-Ni-YSZ 연료극(기능층 포함) 지지형 YSZ 전해질 층에 LSM-YSZ 공기극을 코팅한 단전지의 메탄을 연료 로 한 700 C에서의 초기 단전지 성능(0.17 Wcm )은 NiYSZ 계 연료극 지지형 단전지에 비해 낮은 값을 보여 주 었으나, Cu 전기도금에 의한 탄소피독 방지효과에 의해 훨씬 향상된 장기 안정성을 보여 주었다 Acknwledgment 본 연구는 서울시 산학연 협력사업(CS070157)의 지원 으로 수행되었으며, 이에 감사 드립니다. REFERENCES 1. A. Lashtabeg and S. J. Skinner, Slid Oxide Fuel Cells-a Challenge fr Materials Chemists?, J. Mater. Chem., (2006). 2. S. Yn, J. Han, S. W. Nam, T. Hn, and S. Hng, Imprvement f Ande Perfrmance by Surface Mdificatin fr Slid Oxide Fuel Cell Running n Hydrcarbn Fuel, J. Pwer Surces, 30-6 (2004). 3. A. Weber, B. Sauer, C. Muller, D. Herbstritt, and E. IversTiffee, Oxidatin f H, CO and Methane in SOFCs with Ni/YSZ-cermet Andes, Slid State Inics, (2002). 4. J. Kh, Y. Y, J. Park, and H. Lim, Carbn Depsitin and Cell Perfrmance f Ni-YSZ Ande Supprt SOFC with Methane Fuel, Slid State Inics, (2002). 5. H. He, Y. Huang, Vhs J. M., and Grte R. J., Char Fig. 11. Image f the ande side f the Ni-YSZ andesupprted single cell after perated in CH (3% H O) at 700 C fr 21 h : (a) Optical image and (b) SEM image f depsited carbn 제 45 권 제 12호(2008)
8 814 Á yá Áx z acterizatin f YSZ-YST Cmpsites fr SOFC Andes, Slid State Inics, (2004). 6. S. McIntsh and R. J. Grte, Direct Hydrcarbn Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, Chem. Rev., (2004). 7. S. McIntsh, J. M. Vhs, and R. J. Grte, Rle f Hydrcarbn Depsits in the Enhanced Perfrmance f Direct-xidatin SOFCs, J. Electrchem. Sc., 150 A (2003). 8. R. J. Grte, S. Park, J. M. Vhs, and C. Wang, Andes fr Direct Oxidatin f Dry Hydrcarbns in a Slid-xide Fuel Cells, Adv. Mater., 12 [19] (2000). 9. S. An, C. Lu, W. L. Wrrel, R. J. Grte, and J. M. Vhs, Characterizatin f Cu-CeO 2 Direct Hydrcarbn Andes in a Slid Oxide Fuel Cell with Lanthanum Gallate Electrlyte, Slid State Inics, (2004). 10. R. J. Grte, H. Kim, and J. M. Vhs, Nvel SOFC Andes fr the Direct Electrchemical Oxidatin f Hydrcarbn, J. Pwer Surces, (2002). 11. C. Lu, S. An, W. L. Wrrell, J. M. Vhs, and R. J. Grte, Develpment f Intermediate-temperature Slid Oxide Fuel Cells fr Direct Utilizatin f Hydrcarbn Fuels, Slid State Inics, (2004). 12. H. He, J. M. Vhs, and R. J. Grte, Carbnaceus Depsits in Direct Utilizatin SOFC Ande, J. Pwer Surces, 144 [1] (2005). 13. H. Kim, C. Lu. W. L. Wrrell, J. M. Vhs, and R. J. Grte, Cu-Ni Cermet Andes fr Direct Oxidatin f Methane in Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Electrchem. Sc., 149 [3] A (2002). 14. E. W. Park, H. M, M. S. Park, and S. H. Hyun, Fabricatin and Characterizatin f Cu-Ni-YSZ SOFC Andes fr Direct use f Methane via Cu-electrplating, Inter. J. Hydr Energy, Submitted. 15. S. Jung, M. D. Grss, R. J. Grte, and J. M. Vhs, Electrdepsitin f Cu int a Highly Prus Ni/YSZ Cermet, J. Electrchem. Sc., 153 A (2006). 16. H. M, S. D. Kim, S. H. Hyun, and H. S. Kim, Develpment f IT-SOFC Uint Cells with Ande-supprted thin Electrlytes Via Tape Casting and C-firing, Inter. J. Hydr Energy, (2008). 17. S. D. Kim, H. M, S. H. Hyun, J. Mn, J. Kim, and H. W. Lee. J, Nan-cmpsite Materials fr High-perfrmance and Durability f Slid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Pwer Surces, (2006). 18. K. Ke, A. Gunji, H. Mri, S. Tsuchida, H. Takahashi, K. Ukai, Y. Mizutani, H. Sumi, M. Ykyama, and K. Waki, Effect f Oxide n Carbn Depsitin Behavir f CH 4 Fuel n Ni/ScSZ Cermet Ande in High Temperature SOFCs, Slid State Inics, (2006). 19. T. Takeguchi, Y. Kani, T. Yan, R. Kikuchi, K. Eguchi, K. Tsujimt, Y. Uchida, A. Uen, K. Omshiki, and M. Aizawa, Study n Steam Refrming f CH 4 and C 2 Hydrcarbns and Carbn Depsitin n Ni-YSZ Cermets, J. Pwer Surces, (2002). w wz
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