03-43(2)-10(김명진).fm
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1 57 w t œwz J Kr Inst Surf Eng Vl 43 N < > Ally 600» w Ni-P-Fe d ½ ½ * ½ ½yt w Study n Thermal Stability f Ni-P-Fe and Layers Electrplated n Ally 600 Myng Jin Kim Jung S Kim * Dng Jin Kim Hng Py Kim Krea Atmic Energy Research Institute Nuclear Materials Research Divisin Daejen Krea (Received February ; revised April ; accepted April ) Abstract In this study thermal stability f the mechanical prperties f and Ni-P-Fe layers electrplated n Ally 600 material was evaluated by measuring their micrhardness tensile strength and elngatin after heat treatment at 325 C and 400 C Accrding t the results there was n nticeable change in micrhardness f the tw electrdepsits befre and after heat treatment at the temperatures fr 30 days In the case f a electrdepsit ultimate tensile strength (UTS) slightly increases with heat treatment time while its elngatin decreases shwing gd thermal stability in the mechanical prperties at high temperature On the ther hand UTS and elngatin f Ni-P-Fe decrease with heat treatment time which is very unusual bservatin This result was attributed t the bad micrstructure f Ni-P-Fe having many defects in the depsit frmed early stage f an electrplating prcess and their redistributin t link t becme large nes during heat treatment Keywrds: Electrplating Ni-P-Fe Thermal stability Ally 600G 1»» Incnel ( Ally) 600 Ni-» w ü w ù ƒ ƒyw y w q wš p ƒ w wš w 2 m j j» j ³ w x ƒ»» x 12) x ƒ q w ù wš» * Crrespnding authr jskim6@kaerirekr w ó y w š j wš w» w»» w 1 d þƒ w t ƒ» ü t Ni-P w š 3)» ü w d x p w ww w yù û š š w w w» w w d w» w wƒ v w f» d 289 C~320 C
2 58 ½ /w t œwz 43 (2010) ù š š š 4) ƒ 320 C ³ w q f» d ƒ ƒ» p w w w ƒ» p w ƒ ù Ni w w» w v ƒ ü Ni w» p w Ni-P-Fe w» œ w 56) d w ü ³ p» p w w w ³ q w y w y w w»» ƒ š w w d» p w sƒ w» w w d» w ƒ 325 C x» p sƒw r w»» ƒ 400 C d w y w w r w y» p y w ³ wš w 2 x Ni w» f q p ww w t 1 w ùkü (cathde) Ally 600 w ü» w (ande prbe) t gq pk w ü» w» w p / w ande prbe ü w e w ande prbe mw gq w y j w ü w ü œ» œ» (air bubbling) w w ande prbe x e w ü š x 7)» 100 ma/cm 2 duty cycle 50% 60±1 C ww d r w 325 C 1~30 w š r 400 C 30 w z þƒ w» w þw d ƒ d Ì Vickers» (Akashi HM-124) w w 50 g d 10 w r 10z d w s³ w t w x(instrn 8872) r 325 C ƒ 3 d w š strain rate 1 mm/min x w r ³ 1 ùkü x z q x (Scanning Electrn Micrscpe (SEM) JEOL 6240) w d w Ally 600 t w y w» w X-ray z»(x-ray Diffractin(XRD) Rigaku D/MAX-3C) d w Cu-K α w 2 ~ kv 15 ma ww w w d r w X Ÿ»(Energy Dispersive X- ray Spectrscpe EDX)ƒ n x (Transmissin Electrn Micrscpe(TEM) JEOL JEM-2100F) SEM w w SEM w r z nitric acid 30 ml + glacial acetic acid 100 ml + distilled water 10 ml Fig 1 Tensile test specimen Table 1 Electrlyte cmpsitin fr Ni-P-Fe and electrplating slutin Nickel sulfamate Bric acid Phsphrus acid Irn (II) sulfamate Brane dimethylamine cmplex Amidsulfuric acid 139 ml/l 065 ml/l 0007 ml/l ml/l 4 g/l Ni-P-Fe 139 ml/l 065 ml/l ml/l ml/l - 4 g/l
3 김명진 외 한국표면공학회 / 5초간 에칭(etching)하였다 TEM 관찰의 경우 도금 층의 위 아래 두 표면부분에서 FIB(Fcused In Beam)로 시편을 채취하여 사용하였다 3 결과 및 고찰 미세조직과 성장방향 Ally 600 재료표면에 도금한 및 Ni-P-Fe 의 두 도금층에 대한 화학조성을 분석한 결과 NiP-B의 경우 P가 03 wt% B가 004 wt% Ni-P-Fe 는 P가 03 wt% Fe가 02 wt%로 합금원소가 소량 함유되어 있는 것으로 검출되었다 이 두 도금시편 에 대한 325 C 열처리 전후의 SEM 미세조직을 그 림 2에 나타내었다 이 미세조직에서 도금층의 성 장방향은 오른쪽에서 왼쪽으로 오른쪽 면이 모재인 Ally 600과 접촉하고 있던 면이다 이 그림에서 보 면 시편의 경우 전 두께방향으로 대체적으 로 균질하고 치밀한 모습을 보이고 있다 그림 2(a) (b) 사진의 오른쪽 부분에 가로방향으로 균열과 같 은 검은 선들이 보이는데 이것들은 시편연마 시 생 긴 이물질인 것으로 확인되었다 반면에 Ni-P-Fe의 경우에는 그림 2(d) (e)에서 보는 것처럼 전기도금 초기와 후기부분의 미세조직이 불균질하게 나타났 다 초기 도금층은 에칭 시 부식이 불균질하게 많 이 일어났으며 집합조직(texture)이 선명하게 보인 다 집합조직의 우선방향이 표면부분과 표면 아래 부분이 서로 직교하는 것처럼 상이한 것으로 관찰 (2010) 되고 있으며 초기 도금층의 미세조직은 치밀하지 못하고 결함들이 많이 존재하는 것같이 관찰되고 있다 하지만 Ni-P-Fe 도금층의 후기 성장부분에서 는 도금층과 유사하게 부식이 균질하게 상 대적으로 적게 일어난 것으로 보이며 초기 도금층 에서 관찰되던 집합조직이나 결함들은 관찰되지 않 고 있다 이처럼 Ni-P-Fe 도금층에서 도금 초기부 분(Ally 600 substrate와 접합부분)과 후기부분(도 금액과 접촉한 부분)의 미세조직이 다른 것은 도금 초기와 후기에 도금층 성장속도(또는 전류효율)이 다르기 때문인 것으로 생각된다 실제로 도 금층에 비하여 초기 전류효율이 상대적으로 높아 성장속도가 빨랐다 이러한 도금층의 빠른 성장으 로 미세조직이 치밀하지 못하고 결함이 많이 형성 된 것으로 유추할 수 있다 한편 각 도금시편을 325 C에서 30일간 열처리한 후 미세조직을 SEM으로 관찰한 결과도 그림 2(c) 및 (f)에 나타내었다 두 도금시편 모두 열처리한 후에 pitting과 같은 결함이 약간 증가한 것으로 관 찰되었다 특히 Ni-P-Fe의 경우 초기 도금층 부분 에서 열처리 후에 집합조직이 사라지고 에칭에 의 하여 부식된 부분의 형상이 사각 형태에서 원형으 로 바뀐 것을 알 수 있는데 이러한 현상은 열처리 시 원자들의 재배치에 의한 것으로 생각된다 이와 같이 열처리를 하면 원자들의 재배치가 일어나게 되는데 도금층의 우선 성장방향도 열처리에 의하 여 바뀌는지 알아보기 위하여 열처리 전후의 도금 Fig 2 SEM micrgraphs shwing crss-sectinal micrstructures f electrplated and Ni-P-Fe depsits after etching (a) and (b) and (c) befre and after heat treatment at 325C respectively (d) and (e) and (f) Ni-P-Fe befre and after heat treatment at 325C respectively
4 60 ½ /w t œwz 43 (2010) Fig 3 XRD patterns shwing the textures f and Ni-P-Fe depsit surfaces (a) Beginning and (b) final plating surfaces f befre heat treatment (c) (e) beginning and (d) (f) final plating surfaces f Ni-P-Fe befre and after heat treatment respectively r w» d t d t XRD d w 3 XRD d w w d w ùkü Ni-P-Fe d» d w ù w w w (200) ùküš» d w (111) sw ù w w w x š Ni w d w ew 56) w r 325 C 30 w w yƒ Ni-P-Fe d d w w z w (111) ë6š (200) w ùkû z e ùkù xk w» d w w yƒ d d Ì w ³ wš e w ù Ni-P-Fe d»x d z»x d w üs e z SEM w Ì w» z» y š w Ni-P-Fe d w» z» d
5 김명진 외 한국표면공학회 / 43 (2010) Fig 4 TEM micrgraphs shwing micrstructures n electrlyte side-surfaces f and Ni-P-Fe depsits (a) Asplated (b) after heat treated at 325C fr 10 days and (c) fr 30 days (d) As-plated Ni-P-Fe (e) Ni-P-Fe after heat treated at 325C fr 10 days and (c) fr 30 days 동일한 결정학적 방향으로 거의 변함없이 성장하였다 도금층의 열처리에 따른 미세조직 변화를 좀 더 세밀히 관찰하기 위하여 TEM을 이용하여 두 도금 층의 전해용액과 접한 부분(최종 도금부분)의 표면 부위 미세조직을 관찰하여 그 결과를 그림 4에 나 타내었다 이 그림에서 보면 열처리 시간의 변화에 따른 결정립자의 성장이나 석출물의 생성 등의 미 세조직 상의 변화는 거의 없는 것으로 관찰되었다 특히 장기간의 열처리에 의한 석출물의 생성유무를 파악하기 위하여 이미지를 10만배 이상 확대하여 관찰하였으나 뚜렷한 석출물의 형태는 관찰할 수 없었다 이것은 도금층 내에 포함되어 있는 P Fe 및 B의 량이 너무 소량이기 때문에 본 연구에서 채 택한 열처리 온도와 시간 범위에서는 석출물이 생 기지 않고 용체화(slid slutin) 상태로 존재하는 것으로 생각된다 온도에 따른 경도값 Ally 600 모재(substrate) 위에 전기도금한 Ni-PB 및 Ni-P-Fe 층에 대하여 325 C와 400 C에서 열 처리 전후의 시편에 대한 상온에서의 경도를 측정 한 결과를 그림 5에 나타내었다 이 표에서 보면 본 연구에서 채택한 열처리 온도와 시간의 변화에 따라 도금층 경도 값의 변화가 거의 없음을 알 수 있다 이러한 현상은 원자력발전소 가동온도 부근 에서뿐만 아니라 그보다 높은 온도인 400 C에서도 Ni-P-Fe 및 도금층의 경도에는 큰 변화가 없는 것으로 보아 열적 안정성을 유지하고 있는 것 32 Fig 5 Micrhardness variatin f Ni-P-Fe and electrplated layers with the heat treatment temperature and time 을 의미한다 즉 앞에서 열처리 시간에 따라 미세 조직을 관찰한 결과와도 일치하는 것이다 이러한 관찰은 순수 니켈의 결정립 성장이 일어나는 온도 가 289 C~320 C인 것 과는 달리 높은 온도에서 장 시간 열처리하여도 경도에 변화가 없는 것은 두 가 지 원인을 생각할 수 있는데 첫째 첨가된 소량 합 금원소에 의한 고용경화(slid slutin hardening) 효 과에 의한 미세조직 변화억제 즉 결정립 성장억제 와 두번째 소량 첨가한 합금원소가 Ni 화합물(예 NiP 등)을 형성하여 결정립 성장을 억제하고 또한 이러한 미세 화합물(석출물) 분포에 따른 석출물 분 산경화(precipitate dispersin hardening) 효과이다 4) 8) 9)
6 62 ½ /w t œwz 43 (2010) Fig 6 Variatins f (a) ultimate tensile strength and (b) elngatin values f electrplated and Ni-P-Fe heat treated with different time at 325 C Tensile tests were dne at 25 C and 325 C ƒ Ni yw w z w TEM y w ƒ ÿw š TEM w» y w w w š y(slid slutin hardening) z w y w wr 5 d 6 d d P w wù B w Fe d ƒ Ni-P-Fe d j ùkû eyx w Fe Ni j» w B e x w Ni e w Ni x» 10) C w r 325 C xw w ù 325 C j ƒ ù r ƒ 325 C j ùkùš x ƒw ƒ wš ƒw wš xw r 325 C xw r w w x ¼ zz ƒ ùkù ƒ ƒ w w Ni-P-Fe 325 C x w r ƒ w w w w x ùkû w Ni-P-Fe» d ƒ w üs w w w w s w ü ƒ w w x z x (SEM) w q ( 7) 7 w d w Ni-P-Fe r q x ( 7(a) (b)) d w p» d q w w x w» d ü w w w» w w ƒ w s ww w Ni-P-Fe d z p y Ni-P-Fe d z» q j w d z q j yƒ Ì ³ w t r q w w r t q x 7(c) ùkü r 325 C 10 w d w» p w ùkû Ni-
7 김명진 외 한국표면공학회 / 43 (2010) Fig 7 SEM micrgraphs shwing the fracture surface mrphlgies f Ni-P-Fe and electrdepsits after tensile tests (a) Ni-P-Fe as plated and (b) heat treated at 325Cfr 30 days and (c) heat treated at 325C fr 10 days 도금층의 경우 도금층 제조 시 초기 도금층 성장속도가 너무 빨라 도금층 내부가 치밀하지 못 하고 결함이 존재하는 미세조직을 가지고 있었기 때문에 열처리에 의해 기계적 특성이 악화되었다 도금층 성장속도를 감소시켜 미세조직을 치 밀하고 결함이 존재하지 않는 도금층을 제조하여 열적 안정성 평가를 다시 수행할 예정이다 P-Fe 후 기 본 연구는 교육과학부에서 주관하는 원자력중장 기계획사업의 지원으로 이뤄졌습니다 참고문헌 Ni-P-Fe 4 결 론 도금층을 및 에서 일 동안 열처리하여 도금층 두께의 중간부분에서 경도를 측정한 결과 열처리에 따른 경도값의 변화 는 거의 없었다 인장시험을 한 결과 의 경우에는 열처리 기간에 따라 최대인장강도가 소폭 증가하는 정상적 인 특성을 보여 열적 안정성이 우수한 것으로 나타 났다 하지만 의 경우에는 열처리 기간에 따 라 최대 인장강도가 감소하였고 연신율 또한 감소 하였는데 이것은 도금층 제조 시 초기 도금층에서 형성된 미세조직의 불량 때문인 것으로 유추되었다 및 도금층의 성장 우선방향이 모 두 면이었으나 성장 초기에는 미약한 면 도 일부 나타났다 하지만 열처리를 하면 도금층에서는 우선방향에 거의 영향이 없어나 도금층의 후기 성장한 부분 도금용액과 접촉 한 부위 의 주 우선방향이 에서 로 바뀌 었다 Ni-P-Fe 325 C 400 C 30 Ni-P-Fe Ni-P-Fe (200) (111) Ni- P-Fe ( ) (200) (111) 1 P M Sctt Crrsin 56 (2000) H P Kim S S Hwang D J Kim J S Kim Y S Kim M K Jung Stress Crrsin Cracking f a Kri 1 Retired Steam Generatr Tube EUROCORR2004 Nice France G Palumb F Gnzalez A M Brennenstuhl U Erb W Shmayda P C Lichtenberger Nanstructured Materials 9 (1997) M da Silva C Wille U Klement P Chi T AlKassa Mater Sci Eng A (2007) 31 5 D J Kim Y M Rh M H Se J S Kim Surf Cat Technl 192 (2005) 88 6 D J Kim M J Kim J S Kim H P Kim Surf Cat Technl 202 (2008) J S Kim KAERI Assessment f Crrsin Characteristics and Develpment f Remedial Technlgy in Nuclear Materials KAERI/RR-2514/ 2004 (2004) 8 A M Alfantazi U Erb Mater Sci Eng A 212 (1996) M H Se J S Kim W S Hwang D J Kim S S Hwang B S Chun Surf Cat Technl 176(2) (2004) K Krishnaveni T S N Sankara Narayanan S K Seshadri Surf Cat Technl 190 (2005) 115 et al
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