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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 46, N. 2, pp. 181~188, The Dping Effects f Intermediate Rare-earth Ins (Dy, Y and H) n BaTiO 3 Ceramics Kum-Jin Park, Chang-Hn Kim, Yung-Tae Kim, and Kang-Hen Hur* LCR Material Develpment Grup, Samsung Electr-Mechanics, Suwn , Krea *LCR Develpment Team, Samsung Electr-Mechanics, Suwn , Krea (Received Nvember 11, 2008; Revised December 24, 2008; Accepted December 30, 2008) BaTiO 3 ü m (Dy, Y, H) ƒ z Á½ zá½ káx x*» LCR *» LCR q ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT The electrical prperty and micrstructure in BaTiO 3 ceramics dped rare-earth ins with intermediate inic size (Dy, H, Y ) were investigated. Micrstructures have been characterized using scanning electrn micrscpy (SEM), transmissin electrn micrscpy (TEM) and X-ray diffractin (XRD). Incrpratin f rare-earth ins t BaTiO 3 ceramics depended n their inic radius sensitively. Cmpared t H and Y ins, Dy ins prvide BaTiO 3 ceramics with the high rate f densificatin and well-develped shell frmatin, due t their high slubility in the BaTiO 3 lattice, but the micrstructure f Dy dped BaTiO 3 ceramics is unstable at high temperature, because Dy ins culd nt play a rle f grain grwth inhibitin, leading t diffuse int BaTiO 3 lattice cntinuusly after cmpletin f densificatin during sintering. Cmparing electrical prperty and micrstructure, it is shwn that the reliability f capacitr imprved by high shell rati. KeyG wrds a Barium Titanate, MLCC, Cre-shell, Rare-earth xide, Incrpratin 1. MLCC d dyƒ š, d BaTiO 3 (BT) j» ƒ w. X5R/X7R MLCC» w p xw» w w j» cntrlw w, ƒƒ ƒ cre-shell ƒ w. Cre-shell ƒ ƒ BT t š, t ƒ w pseud-cubic shell š, ƒ ƒ š cre BT ùkü tetragnal w x. 1-3) Shell x dminant w w m, m w cre-shell x š, m ƒ Mg wì cre-shell x š. š 4) m ƒ (TCC) Crrespnding authr : Kum-Jin Park kumjin.park@samsung.cm Tel : Fax : (2404) y jš, (DF) û, lifetime ƒ j š, m w» p. 5,6) š 7-12) dpantƒ hst ey ƒ w factr in š. A B site lcal strain w š ƒ w, Mg 2+ j» B site ƒš, j j» A site. Dy, Y, H j» m site. 8,9,13) j» R A-site ƒ, R Ba 2+, v w š, B-site ƒ, R Ti 4+ j v ƒw. m 12) ùkù, A-site ey dnr wš, B-site ey acceptr w. Ba site : R 2 O 3 2R Ba + V Ba " + 3O O (1) Ti site : R 2 O 3 2R Ti ' + 2O O + V O MLCC ü y w» w y». û x (2) 181

2 182 Á½ zá½ káx x Table. 1. Cmpsitin f Specimens Specimen BaTiO 3 Dy 2 O 3 Y 2 O 3 H 2 O 3 MgO BaCO 3 SiO 2 Dy Dy Y Y H H Ref œœ w ƒ x. BT ü accpeptr incrpratin w œœ x w, w z w x. btƒ w» w acceptr ƒ w. 14), œ œ resistance degradatin ƒ yw. Acceptr dnr w electrnic defect» w acceptr dnr yw»ƒ. ù ey ƒ w m 15,16) ƒ ww A B site k ƒ, acceptr dnr ³x š, MLCC ƒw. Dy, Y, H j» m ƒ MLCC» p w jš, w k š w. w j» m 5,6) BT ü incrpratin w š š š, 5,6) Dy, H, Y j»ƒ w» BT ü Dy, H, Y w ƒ w ùkù š šw. 17) w j» ey m dping BT w ³ wš, dping š w. m (Dy, H, Y) Mg BT ƒw r wš ƒƒ w z r w. w» p š m ƒ e w» p w. 2. x Cre-shell x w t ƒ rareearth (Re) Mg kw y r w. 300 nm BT( yw) w š, ƒ Dy 2 O 3 (Shinetsu, UU-HP type), MgO (Ube Materials, 500A), BaCO 3 (Sakai, BW-KHR20), SiO 2 (AEROSIL) pwder w. e slurry slvent SE-3 (Ethanl:Tluene=68:32), BYK-103(40% ), binder BM-2(S/R=5. DOP=30%) w. ƒ Table 1 e ( 120 g) w z 500 ml Nalgene š, 3 mm zircnia ball 800 g slvent (48 g) (0.93 g) wì yww Rd mill»» 150 rpm 5h yw w. z binder (60.96 g) š 15 h yw w. yw slurry dctr blade w xw z wš, w green K2 w. K2 r 1%»w C 2h w z, 1000 C 3h y w w. q w» w archimedes methd w bulk densityd w š, disk t scanning electrn micrscpe (SEM ; JSM 6700F, JEOL) w. SEM image grain size d w grain size s w. m w, m y TEM, XRD w w. TEM (TecnaiG2 F20 S-Twin /FEI) cre-shell w. tripd plishing plishingw z in milling(ggatan PIPS)w W w ƒ w TEM r w. BF STEM mde image z w. BF image ƒƒ w cre-shell w š, STEM mde EDS w w. Cre-shell grain w shell Ì w w. BF, STEM EDS w grain bundary shell z grain grain bundary¾ grain width w d wš, w w shell width d w. w grain d w grain widths s³ grain radius w. XRD (Rigaku, RiNT 2200HF) 2θ=20 ~140, 0.01 step, 4 step d w pattern, w strain w. Strain XRD pattern intensityƒ wš peak w ù peak ƒ ƒ w FWHM(full widths at half-maximun) d w peak (100, 111, 200, 202, 222, 400) kw FWHM wš, Hall-Williamsn plt w»»ƒ strain w w. w Hall-Williamsn (3). 18) (β 1/2 csθ/λ) 2 = (0.89/d) 2 +16η(sinθ/λ) 2 (3)» β 1/2 w bradening w true FWHM, instrumental bradening š w w wz

3 BaTiO 3 세라믹 내 희토류(Dy, Y, H) ding 효과 183 Fig. 1. Bulk density f specimens as a functin f firing temperature. 은 측정치에서 jade prgram을 이용하여 prfile fitting을 하 여 계산하였다. d는 결정립 크기이며, η는 strain이다. In-Ga ally를 전극으로 사용하여 시편의 양면에 고르게 도포하여 전기적 특성을 조사하였다. 용량(capacitance)과 DF(Dissipatin factr; 손실계수)는 Agilent 4284A precisin LCR meter를 이용하여 1 Vrms, 1 Khz 조건으로 측정하였 다. IR(절연저항)은 Agilent 4339B를 이용하여 250 v, 5 ma, 60 s 조건에서 측정하였다. MLCC 시편은 다음과 같은 프로세스로 준비하였다. BT 에 Dy와 Y을 같은 량을 각각 첨가한 후 MgO, SiO, 2 등의 첨가제를 첨가하고, slvent에 유기 바인더 및 분산제와 분말을 혼합하여 슬러리를 만들었다. Dctr blade 방법으로 그린 시트를 제작한 후 내부전극 형성을 위하여 Ni paste를 프린트하였다. 수 백장의 green sheet를 쌓은 후 압력을 가하고 잘라서 green chip을 제작하였다. 제작된 칩 의 binder를 열처리를 통하여 제거한 후 환원 분위기에서 1200 C 내외로 유전체 grain이 치밀화되는 최적의 온도로 소성하였다. 소성된 칩 양쪽에 Cu 외부전극 도포한 후 소 성하였다. MLCC 시편에 대한 고온 저항은 AMI-50-C와 SH-221 BaCO 3 Fig. 2. Scanning electrn micrgraphs f the surfaces f rare-earth dped BT specimens ; (a) Dy1 specimen sintered at 1222 C, (b) Dy4 at 1341 C, (c) H4 at 1341 C, (d) Ref at 1284 C. 제 46 권 제 2호(2009)

4 184 Á½ zá½ káx x Fig. 3. Mean grain size f rare-earth dped BT specimens (Dy1, Dy4, Y1, Y4, H1 and H4) sintered at varius temperatures. IR meter (Micr Instrument) w d w, 150 C DC 1Vr 4.5 Vr(1 Vr=6.3 V)¾ step vltage. 3. š Fig. 1 ùkü. m (Re) 1ml ƒw r 4ml ƒw r w e yƒ û. m w, Dy ƒw e yƒ ƒ š, H, Y, SEM y w. m Mg grain bundary û BT necking j. 19,20) š m ƒ BT lattice dping ƒ, v w œ w š, m w BT lattice ü š š. Dyƒ 21,22) BT ƒ f Dyƒ BT lattice ü Ba Ti eyw, ƒ û ƒ v w» z ƒ û ùkù ƒ. Fig. 2 e y w r SEM š. m ƒ w Ref r micrmeter ùk û. Dy ƒw r Dy1 Dy4 ù kûš, Y H ƒw r ùkù. Fig. 3 m ƒw r grain size SEM d w ùkü. Y H ƒw r grain size yƒ, Dy ƒw e yƒ z x ùkû. Dy1 s w š, grain sizeƒ f. Dy C¾ grain size yƒ ƒ ƒ ƒw grain sizeƒ ƒw w. XRD w raw pwder Dy4 r, Y4 r batch w r residual strain w. Fig. 4 Hall-walliamsn plt,»»ƒ strain w w, raw pwder strain ù, r z strain raw pwder ùkû. BT w strain t. ù m, Mg ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ BT ü ƒ defect wš lattice strain w strain raw pwder. 23) Dy r e yƒ 1259 C¾ strain ƒw ƒ w strain w Fig. 4. Hall-Walliamsn plts fr the dielectric pwders frm (a) Dy4 and (b) Y4 samples sintered at varius temperatures. w wz

5 BaTiO 3 세라믹 내 희토류(Dy, Y, H) ding 효과 185 Fig. 5. XRD patterns f rare-earth dped BT ceramics as a functin f firing temperature ; (a) Dy1, (b) Dy4, (c) Y4, and (d) H4 specimens. 였고, 입성장이 나타나는 1315 C 이상에서는 감소폭이 크 게 나타났다. 반면 Y 시편의 경우 치밀화가 완료되는 1315 C까지 strain이 증가하다가 유지되었다. Strain이 존재 할 경우 입성장이 잘 일어나지 않고, 열에너지에 의하여 strain 해소되면 입성장이 나타난다고 보고된 바 있다. Dy 시편의 경우 치밀화 완료 후 계속적으로 높은 열에너 지를 주게 되면 strain이 풀리면서 Figs. 2, 3에서 나타나 듯이 입성장이 나타나는 것으로 보인다. Fig. 5에 Dy1 및 Dy4, Y4, H4의 소성 온도에 따른 (224) (422) XRD pattern을 나타내었다. 희토류를 첨가한 시편은 열처리 후에 XRD pattern이 pseud-cubic으로 나타 났다. 이는 첨가제 도핑에 의한 shell 형성으로 인한 것으 로 보인다. Y과 H을 첨가한 시편의 경우 치밀화 완료 후 소성 온도가 증가함에 따라 XRD 패턴의 변화가 별로 없 었다. 그러나 Dy를 첨가한 경우, Y 또는 H와 달리 치밀 화 완료 온도보다 높은 온도에서 소성한 시편의 (224)(422) peak은 2 theta가 낮은 쪽으로 shift하였다. 이는 치밀화 완 료 온도보다 높은 열에너지를 줄 경우 격자 구조가 크게 변화함을 의미한다. Fig. 6에 각 시편의 소성 온도에 따른 격자 부피를 나타내었는데, Dy4, Y4, H4 시편 모두 소성 온도가 증가함에 따라 격자 부피가 증가하는 경향이 나타 24) 났다. 희토류 이온은 주로 가로 존재하는데, A site로 치 환은 희토류 이온을 낮은 원자가로 이끌고, B site로 치환 은 희토류 이온을 높은 원자가로 이끈다. 그런데, 온도가 증가함에 따라 이온은 높은 원자가 쪽으로 가는 성향이 있다고 한다. 그리하여 소성 온도가 증가함에 따라 희토 류 이온의 B site로 치환이 증가하게 되고, 이에 따라 격 자 부피도 증가하게 되는 것으로 생각된다. Dy4, H4, Y4 순으로 치밀화가 완료됨을 확인하였고(Fig. 1), SEM을 통 하여 Dy4, H4, Y4 시편은 각각 1259, 1284, 1315 C에서 소성한 시편의 경우 치밀화가 완료되었음을 확인하였다. 희토류가 BT내로 diffusin되는 속도는 Dy, H, Y 순으로 빠를 것으로 예상되며, diffusin 속도의 차이가 있으므로 치밀화가 완료된 시점에서의 격자부피를 비교하고자 한다. Fig. 6에 나타나듯이, 각 시편의 치밀화 완료 시점에서 격자 부피는 H 시편과 Y 시편은 차이가 별로 나지 않았 지만, Dy 시편의 경우는 격자 부피가 Y 시편이나 H 시 편에 비하여 작음을 알 수 있다. Dy in이 Y 나 H in보다 약간 크기 때문, 각 in의 A/B site로 치환된 양이 같다면 Dy를 첨가할 경우 Y나 H을 첨가할 경우에 비하 여 격자부피가 미세하게 더 커야 하나, 오히려 더 작았다. 그러므로 Dy를 첨가할 경우 치밀화 완료까지는 A-site로 7) 제 46 권 제 2호(2009)

6 박금진 김창훈 김영태 허강헌 186 비하여 차이가 미미하기는 하지만 약간 크기 때문 A-site 로 치환이 더 용이하기 때문으로 생각된다. 그런데, Dy 시 편의 경우 입성장이 나타나는 1315 C에서 격자 부피가 크 게 증가하였다. 반면, Y과 H을 첨가한 시편은 치밀화 완 료된 후 격자부피가 별로 변화하지 않았다. Dy를 첨가할 경우, 높은 소성온도에서 치밀화 완료 후에 Dy가 BT 격 자 내로 diffusin이 계속 되며, 치밀화 완료 전에는 Dy가 Y 또는 H에 비하여 A-site로 치환되는 반면, 치밀화 완 료 후에는 B-site 치환이 급격하게 늘어나게 되고, 이에 따 라 shell 영역의 격자 부피는 증가하게 되며, shell 영역에 존재하는 Ti 가 grain bundary로 나오게 되어 grain bundary는 Ti excess 상태가 되는 것으로 생각된다. Grain bundary에 존재하는 Ti 은 eutectic 액상 형성을 용이하 게 하며, 이에 따라 입성장을 야기하는 것으로 알려져 있 다. 소성 온도가 증가함에 따라 B site로 치환이 증가 하게 되는데, A site 치환이 용이한 Dy가 Y 또는 H에 비 하여 고온에서 B site 치환도 더 크게 나타나는 것으로 보 인다. 이에 따라 A site로 치환이 잘 일어날수록 B site로 의 치환도 동반적으로 증가하는 것으로 생각된다 Fig. 6. Lattice vlume fr rare-earth (Dy, Y, H) dped BT ceramics as a functin f firing temperature ; indicate that densificatin is cmpleted. 의 치환된 양이 Y, H을 첨가할 경우보다 많아 격자부피 가 비교적 작으며, 이는 Dy 의 in 반경이 Y 나 H 에 25,26) Fig. 7. (a) TEM bright field image, (b) STEM image, and (c) EDS line prfile fr a typical cre-shell grain in Y4 specimens sintered at 1315 C. 한국세라믹학회지

7 BaTiO 3 ü m (Dy, Y, H) ding z 187 Fig. 8. Plts f shell width-t-grain radius rati measured frm TEM analysis. m cre-shell x» w 1284 C w Dy H r 1315 C w Y r w TEM w. Y r 1284 C e yƒ w r kw w. w r cre-shell ƒ. Fig C w Y4 r cre-shell grain w TEM BF image STEM image, line prfile ùkü. Line prfile, shell cre m y w y w. TEM w shell rati d w Fig. 8 ùkü. Cre-shell grain ww» eƒ, m» w ƒ w. Dy r shell rati s³ shell rati r ƒ ƒ j ùkû. ù cre-shell grain shell w ƒ ùkû. Fig. 8 shell shell width 0 ùkü, Dy4 r 3.2% H4 ( 11.6%), Y4 ( 10.3%) r w û y w. H4 Y4 r shell rati shell rati r, shell w w ùkû. TEM mw Dy4 r shell ratiƒ Y4 H4 r w, Dyƒ BT ü diffusin w» ƒ, XRD y w. Dy Y ml ƒw z ̃ 1µm 10 µf, mm j» MLCC e w. ƒ 10 MLCC e w 125 C 1Vr 6Vr¾ (1 Vr=6.3 V) vltage step w Fig. 9. Elelctrical resistivities at high temperature (125 C) versus time f MLCC chips dped Dy r Y by applying vltage step f DC 1Vr (1 Vr = 6.3 V) up t 4.5 Vr. The time perid fr each step was 30 min. š IR d w Fig. 9 ùkü. Y ƒw r Dy ƒw r w w y. TEM y w Dy ƒw r Y ƒw r w shell Ëš cre-shell grain shell» ƒ. Active layerƒ MLCC IR y œœ. DC bias field stress w w œœ w 27). œœ w grain w grain bundary w. š IR yƒ» w activatin energy cre shell ù grain bundaryƒ j. grain sizeƒ grain bundaryƒ w IR y x ù. Shell ƒƒ IR y k š. Shell 28) cre, shell cre x grain bundary ƒ j z ƒ ƒ. shell ƒ IR y j ƒ. shell ³ w x, œœ, IR yƒ ƒ. 4. BT Ti Ba ey j» m ƒw y w. Y H w Dy f BT ü incrpratin» 46«2y(2009)

8 188 Á½ zá½ káx x, Dy ƒw BT ceramic e y ƒ š, shell x. Shell x š, shell, cre ú y û, Dy ƒw. ù Dy ƒw r š ƒ w. Dy Y, H w e yƒ ¾ A site ey ƒ, e y z B site ey w ƒw. Dy ƒw r e y z x ùkû, Dy B site ey ƒ». Y H e y z BT ü ƒ š, x ùkù. Acknwledgment SEM image» LCR Ì š, TEM» w Ì. REFERENCE 1. C. A.. Randall, S. F. Wang, D. Laubscher, J. P. DughertyS and W. Huebner, Structure Prperty Relatinships in Creshell Bati 3 -lif Ceramics, J. Mater. Res., (1993). 2. S. H. Yn, J. H. Lee, D. Y. Kim, and N. M. Hwang, Creshell Structure f Acceptr-rich, Carse Barium Titanate Grains, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (2002). 3. Y. Fujikawa, Y. UmedaS and F. Yamane, Analysis n the Sintering Prcess f X7R MLCC Materials, J. Jpn. Sc. Pwder Pwder Metallurgy, (2004). 4. C. H. Kim, K. J. Park, Y. J. Yn, M. H. Hng, J. O. HngS and K. H. Hur, Rle f Yttrium and Magnesium in the Frmatin f Cre-shell Structure f BaTiO 3 Grains in MLCC, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (2008). 5. Y. Sakabe, Y. Hamaji, H. SanS and N. Wada, Effects f Rare-earth Oxides n the Reliability f X7R Dielectrics, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., (2002). 6. H. Sait, Chazn, H. KishiS and N. Yamaka, X7R Multilayer Ceramic Capacitrs with Nickel Electrdes, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., (2001). 7. Y. Tsur, T. D. DunbarS and C. A. Randall, Crystal and Defect Chemistry f Rare-earth Catins in BaTiO 3, J. Electrceram., (2001). 8. G. V. Lewis and C. R. A. Catlw, Cmputer Mdeling f Barium Titanate, Radiat. Effects, (1983). 9. G. V. Lewis, and C. R. A. Catlw Deffect Studies f Dped and Undped Barium Titanate Using Cmputer Simulatin Techniques, J. Phys. Chem. Sl., (1986). 10. Y. Tsur, A. Hitmi I. ScrymgeurS and C. A. Randall, Site Occupancy f Rare-earth Catins in BaTiO 3, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., (2001). 11. H. Kishi, Y. MizunS and H. Chazn, Base-metal Electrde-multilayer Ceramics Capacitrs : Past, Present and Future Perspectives, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys (2003). 12. H. Kishi, N. Khzu, J. Sugin, H. Ohsat, Y. Iguchi, and T. Okuda, The Effect f Rare-earth (La, Sm, Dy, H and Er) and Mg n the Micrstructure in BaTiO 3, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (1999). 13. R. D. Shannn, Revised Effective Inic Radii and Systematic Studies f Interatmic Distances in Halides and Chalcgenides, Acta Crystallgr., A (1976). 14. S. H. Yn, M. H. Hng, J. O. Hng, Y. T. Kim, and K. H. Hur, Effect f Acceptr (Mg) Cncentratin n the Electrical Resistance at Rm and High (200 C) Temperatures f Acceptr (Mg)-Dped BaTiO 3 Ceramics, J. Appl. Phys., (2007). 15. K. Sasaki and J. Maier, Lw-temperature Defect Chemistry f Oxides. I. General Aspects and Numerical Calculatins, J. Appl. Phys., (1999). 16. S. H. Yn and H. Kim, Effect f Dnr (Nb) Cncentratin n the Bulk Electrical Resistivity f Nb-dped Barium Titanate, J. Appl. Phys., (2002). 17. D. Makvec, Z. Samardzija, and M. Drfenik, Slid Slubility f Hlmium, Yttrium, Dysprsium in BaTiO 3, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (2004). 18. B. D. Cullity, Elements f X-ray Diffractin, pp , Ed. by M. Chen, Addisn-Wesley, Lndn, H. Y. Lu and M. H. Lin, Charge Cmpensatin Mechanism in Yttria-dped Barium Titanate, Ceram. Int., (2005). 20. K. Andrei, H. Tmya, K. Hirshi, and O. Hitshi, Effect f H/Mg Rati n Frmatin Cre-shell Structure in BaTiO 3 and n Dielectric Prperties f BaTiO 3 Ceramics, Jpn, J. Appl. Phys., (2002). 21. M. Drfenik, Oxygen Partial Pressure and Grain Grwth in Dnr-dped BaTiO 3, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (1987). 22. J. K. Lee and K. S. Hng, Revisit t the Origin f Grain Grwth Anmaly in Yttria-dped Barium Titanate, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (2001). 23. C.H. Kim, K.J. Park, Y.J.Yn, D.S. Sinn, Y. T. Kim, and K.H. Hur, Effects f Milling Cnditin n the Frmatin f Cre-shell Structure in BaTiO 3 Grains, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., 28 [13] (2008). 24. Y. K. Vayunandana Reddy, D. Mergel, S. Reuter, V. Buck, and M. Sulkwski, Structural and Optical Prperties f BaTiO 3 Thin Films Prepared by Radi-frequency Magnetrn Sputtering at Varius Substrate Temperatures, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., (2006). 25. J. K. Lee, K. S. Hng, and J. W. Jang, Rles f Ba/Ti Ratis in the Dielectric Prperties f BaTiO 3 Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., (2001). 26. Y. S. Y, J. J. Kim, and D. Y. Kim, Effects f Heating Rate n the Micrstructural Evlutin During Sintering f BaTiO 3 Ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Sc., 70 C (1987). 27. H. Chazn and H. Kishi dc-electrical Degradatin f the BT-Based Material fr Multilayer Ceramic Capacitr with Ni internal Electrde : Impedance Analysis and Micrstructure, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., (2001). 28. Y. Mizun, T. Hagiwara, H. Chazn, and H. Kishi, Effect f Milling Prcess n Cre-shell Micrstructure and Electrical Prperties fr BaTiO 3 -based Ni-MLCC, J. Eur. Ceram. Sc., (2001). w wz

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