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1 J. of the Korean Sensors Society Vol. 19, No. 2 (2010) pp ( p ½ Á Á Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of 0.96( lead-free ceramics Mi-Ro Kim, Seok-Jin Yoon, and Ji-Won Choi Abstract 0.96( lead free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized to enhance the piezoelectric properties of (Na,K. The systhesis and sintering method were the conventional solid state reaction method and general sintering method in air atmosphere. The polymorphic phase transition(ppt) was observed at all composition(0 x 0.05) when (Ba (1-x) were added in the (. As Sr concentration was increased, grain size, dielectric loss(tanδ) and mechanical quality factor(q m ) were decreased and piezoelectric constant(d 33 ) and electromechanical coupling factor(k p ) were increased within a limited value. The optimized piezoelectric and properties, d 33, k p, Q m, and tand, of 0.96( were 139 pc/n, 0.31 %, 95, 0.04 at the composition of x=0.04. Key Words : piezoelectric properties, lead-free, NKN, BST 1. Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT) x ƒ w p ƒ q,», d l, vl, l š [1-4]. ù, w PZT Pbƒ 60 wt% sw» y, d ƒ š. RoHS ³ w Pb sww w ƒ y w š [5,6]. x l l x, x, r e px, BaTiO 3x š [7-9]. (Bi,Na (BNT) w ƒ ù, w w» l(korea Institute of Science and Technology) Corresponding author : jwchoi@kist.re.kr (Received : January 8, 2010, Revised : March 9, 2010 Accepted : March 24, 2010) ƒ 200 w w p ƒ ù ƒ 300 o C w û ùküš. r e p ƒ (Na,K (NKN) 80~100 û ƒ ù (420 o C) p ùküš x w j ƒ y w š [10,11]. ù NKN 1140 o C w e {» w w w w» ƒ š. û (Na,K ƒ j» w Hot proessing, Hot forging, RTGG(reactive template grain growth), SPS(spark plasma sintering), ƒ mw š w ƒ š [13,14], w r œ wš x yw ƒ š ƒ w ƒ š. wù (Na,K š g 155
2 90 ½ Á Á w p w w t š [15,16]. NKN BaTiO 3 š g y w, SrTiO 3 š g û y w. BaTiO 3, û ƒ ùkü SrTiO 3 r e p w NKN š g 0.96( (Ba (1-x) y yw w p w j š w. 2. x 2.1. r x x š r w. 0.96( K 2 CO 3 (99.9 %), Na 2 CO 3 (99.5 %), Nb 2 O 5 (99.9 %), BaCO 3 (99 %), SrCO 3 (99.9 %), TiO 2 (99.8 %) w, x=0, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 mol y. yw 10-4 g¾ s w, k g w 24 yw w. yw w 100 o C 24 w z, ù ƒ š 950 o C 3 w w. w q 72 yw,, w z, PVA 5 wt% ƒwš 150 mesh w, 18 mm x w 100 MPa ƒw xw. x r 600 o C 2 burn-out w š, 1075 o C 2 w. r» p d w» w Ì 1mm w, Ag sw 650 o C 15 w. x r 120 o C g 1 DC 3.5 kv/mm ƒw w d r ƒƒ SEM(S-3000H, hitachi, japan) XRD(Dy 983, philips, netherlands) mw w. w, Impedance Analyzer(agilent 4294), œ œ q œ w d w»» w (k P )» t (Q m ) w š, d 33 meter(channel product Fig. 1. Bulk density of 0.96( as a function of molar ratio of Ba and Sr. Fig. 2. XRD patterns of 0.96( as a function of molar ratio of Ba and Sr: (a) NKN, (b) x=0, (c) x=0.03, (d) x=0.04, (e) x=0.05. DT-3300) d w. 3. š Fig. 1 Ba Sr 0.96( ) NbO 3 r ù kü. Sr sw 4.28 g/cm 2 ƒ, 5 mol%ƒ š 4.24 g/cm 2 yƒ. ù, BST š g NKN j w y w. Fig. 2 X z 2 w, y wz 19«2y,
3 0.96(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.04(Ba(1-x)Srx)TiO3 Fig. 3. SEM images 0.96(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.04(Ba(1-x)Srx) TiO3 as a function of molar ratio of Ba and Sr: (a) x=0, (b) x=0.03, (c) x=0.04, (d) x=0.05. 함에 따라 회절 피크의 이동 없이 페로브스 카이트 구 조의 NKN-BST 단일상을 나타 나타내는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. NKN만의 X선 회절(a)와 BST가 고용된 피 크들을 비교해보면 (002)와 (200) 피크의 변화를 확인 할 수 있다. 이는 (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3에 (Ba0.95Sr0.05)TiO3의 양을 변화 시켜 고용시킨 본 연구그룹의 보고[17]에서 알 수 있듯이 순수한 NKN은 orthorhombic 구조를 가지고 있으며 BST의 고용량이 0.03~0.05 mol일때 orthorhombic과 tetragonal 구조가 공존하는 polymorphic phase transition (PPT) 영역을 가지므로 본 연구에서 BST의 고용량이 0.04 mol로 PPT 영역에 있으므로 Sr의 조성이 0~ 0.05 mol의 범위에서 변화했지만 모두 PPT 영역에 있 는 것을 알 수 있다. Fig. 3은 Sr의 고용량에 따른 0.96(Na0.5K0.5) NbO30.04(Ba(1-x)Srx)TiO3의 분말을 1075 oc에서 2시간 동안 소결한 시편의 미세구조를 관찰 한 것이다. Sr의 고용 량이 증가함에 따라 입자의 크기가 감소함을 알 수 있 으며 이는 SrTiO3의 소결온도가 BaTiO3에 비해 다소 높기 때문에 나타나는 현상으로 판단된다. Fig. 4는 Sr의 고용량에 따른 0.96(Na0.5K0.5)NbO30.04(Ba(1-x)Srx)TiO3 세라믹스의 유전손실을 나타낸 것 이다. Sr의 고용량이 증가함에 따라 유전손실이 서서히 감소했는데, 이는 상유전체인 SrTiO3가 강유전체인 BaTiO3에 비해 낮은 유전손실 값을 갖기 때문에 Sr의 고용량이 증가함에 따라 유전손실이 감소한 것으로 판 단된다. Fig. 5는 Sr의 고용량에 따른 0.96(Na0.5K0.5) NbO30.04(Ba(1-x)Srx)TiO3의 전기기계 결합계수 (kp)와 기계 무연 세라믹스의 유전 및 압전 특성 Fig. 4. Fig Dielectric loss of 0.96(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.04(Ba(1-x) Srx)TiO3 as a function of molar ratio of Ba and Sr. kp and Qm of 0.96(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-0.04(Ba(1-x)Srx) TiO3 as a function of molar ratio of Ba and Sr. 적 품질계수(Qm)을 나타낸 것이다. 전기기계결합계수 의 경우 Sr이 고용되지 않은 경우 약 24 %의 값을 가 졌으며 Sr의 고용량이 증가됨에 따라 향상된 값을 갖 는 것을 알 수 었고 0.04 mol에서 최대값인 약 31 %를 갖는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으나 0.04 mol 이상 고용되 면 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 기계적 품질계수의 경 우 전기기계 결합계수와 반대의 경향을 나타내고 있으 며 Sr이 고용되지 않았을 때 최대값인 156을 나타내었 으며, Sr의 고용량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것을 확 인 할 수 있었다. Fig. 6은 Sr 고용에 따른 0.96(Na0.5K0.5) NbO (Ba(1-x)Srx)TiO3의 압전상수(d33) 값을 나타낸 것이다. d33의 경우 전기기계 결합계수와 일치하는 특성을 나타 내었다. Sr이 고용되지 않은 경우 108 pc/n의 값을 나 타내었고 Sr의 고용량이 증가함에 따라 d33값 역시 증 가하는 것을 알 수 있었고, Fig. 2에 나타냈듯이 PPT 157 J. Kor. Sensors Soc., Vol. 19, No. 2, 2010
4 92 ½ Á Á Fig. 6. Piezoelectric constant of 0.96( ) NbO (Ba (1-x) as a function of molar ratio of Ba and Sr. 4mol% 139 pc/n y w 4mol% š w. w BST š g NKN (80~100 pc/n) w y w ( ) TiO 3 (x=0, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) š w w, Sr š ƒ r, p w NKN BST š g p w y w. w Sr š ƒw,»» w ƒw š w y w, 0.04 mol 139 pc/n,»» w 0.31 %,» t 95, w w»»» w w. š x [1] W. R. Cook and J. Jaffe, Piezoelectric Ceramics, Academic Press, New York, p.135, [2] E. Jaffe, R. S. Roth, and S. Marzullo, Piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate-lead titanate solid-solution ceramics, J. Appl. Phys, vol. 25, pp , [3] ³, x, ½,,,, j» s 0.01 Pb(Mg 1/2 W 1/2 )O Pb (Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O PbTiO PbZrO 3 z p, wz, 17«, 6y, pp , [4], y, ½w,, Ÿ, d l PSN-PZT p e MnO 2 z, wz, 16«, 2y, pp , [5] R. E. Jaeger and L. Egerton, Hot pressing of potassium-sodium niobate ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 45, pp , [6] G. H. Haertling, Properties of hot-pressed ferroelectric alkali niobate ceramics, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 50, pp , [7] k,, w ƒ BaTiO 3 k P œ p e w, w wz, 23«, 6y, pp , [8] L. B. Kong, J. Ma, W. ZhuS and O. K. Tan, Preparation of Bi 4 Ti 13 O 12 ceramics via a high energy ball milling process, Mater. Lett., vol. 51, pp , [9] Z. Chen and J. Hu, Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of Li x (K ) 1-x Nb 0.86 Ta 0.1 Sb 0.04 O 3 lead-free ceramics, Trans. Meter. Soc., vol. 18, pp , [10] H. Du, F. Tang, Z. Li, W. Zhou, S. Qu, and Z. Pie, Effect of poling condition on piezoelectric properties of ( ceramics, T. N. Meter. Soc., vol. 16, pp , [11] H. Birol, D. Damjanovic, and N. Setter, Preparation and characterization of ( ceramics, J. Euro. Cera. Soc., Vol. 25, Iss. 10, pp , [12] S. H. Park, C. W. Ahn, S. Nahm, and J. S. Song, Microstructrue and piezoelectric properties of ZnO-added ( ceramics, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol 43, no. 8B, pp. L , [13] R. Wang, R. Xie, T. Sekiya, and Y. Shimoyo, Fabrication and characterization of potassium sodium niobate piezoelectric ceramics by spark plasma sintering method, Materials Research Bulletin, vol. 39, pp , [14] Y. Saito, H. Takao, T. Tani, T. Nonoyama, K. Takatori T. Homma T. Nagaya, and M. Nakamura, wz 19«2y,
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