3 Development of Long-term Storage Method in Fruit Nursery Stock
. 1997. 12. 29 : : :
. (Development of Long-term Storage Method in Fruit Nursery Stock). 1. O O O (5 8 ) 2.,. 1,. 3-4 (5-8 ) - 1 -
, 1.,.. 6 1995 1997. 1... 1, 2 ( ), ( ), ( ) 1 1995 3 1996 2,, -5, 0, 5, - 2 -
,,.. 2, 3 ( ), ( ), ( ) 1 1996 3 1997 2,, -5, 0, 5,,,. 2. PE film, PE film, Wax PE film.. 1, 2 ( ), ( ), ( ) 1 1995 3 1996 2 PE film, PE film, wax PE film,,,.. 2, 3 ( ), ( ), ( ) 1 1996-3 -
3 1997 2 PE film, PE film, wax PE film,,,. 3. (5-8 ) 1... 1, 2 ( ), ( ), ( ) 1 5, 6, 7, 8,,,,.. 2, 3 ( ), ( ), ( ) 1 5, 6, 7, 8,,,,. - 4 -
. 1.. 0, +5-5. +5., 0 +5 +5. 0. -5 +5. 0, -5 +5. +5., 0 +5. +5 0., 0.., -5 5 0, 5 0-5 -
...,, PE film PE., PE film. PE film Wax PE film,.,, PE film.. PE film,., PE film. Wax. - 6 -
. (4 ) 5 6, 8 60-75%, 7. 7 0 20%.,.. 80%,. 6,7 5,8.,, 5,6 65% 7,8 20%. 6 7,8. 7 8 0-10 -20. 7 1,., 6 0-5 -10-15 -20., 0-5 -10-15 -20 0-10 -20. 5 6 0-10 -20. 0-5 -10-15 -20. - 7 -
2. 3 6,.. - 8 -
SUMMARY Difficulty in estimating the demands for fruit tree nursery stocks repeatedly has resulted in their over-production or shortage. The surplus nursery stocks due to over-production, in particular, have caused nursery stock producers serious to suffer serious economic losses. This study, therefore, was carried out to develop storage method for the surplus nursery stocks and thereby to construct an on-demand supply system in nursery stocks. To determine the optimal storage temperature, nursery stocks of 6 fruit trees were stored at -5, 0 and 5 before planting in May, June, July, and August. Their growth patterns were measured in October and summarized as follows; 1. Apple 'Fuji' nursery stock stored at 0 showed the highest survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting, but at 5 storage, its survival rate was less than 20%. 2. For Japanese pear 'Niitaka', the survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting were higher at 0 and 5 storage than at -5 storage. 3. The survival rate and growth after planting in grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock appeared to be higher at 0 storage than at 5 and -5 storage. 4. The survival rate and growth after planting in peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock were the highest at 0 storage. The storage at 5 caused a part of nursery stocks to budbreak during storage. 5. The storage at 0 and 5 had higher survival rate and growth after - 9 -
planting in persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock than did the storage at -5. The budbreak of nursery stock during storage was not found at 5 storage unlike the peach nursery stock. 6. For kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock, the storage temperature appeared to be 0 because of the high survival rate and growth. To develop the optimal packing method, the nursery stocks of 6 fruit trees were packed with 3 different methods: polyethylene film bag packing (PE); polyethylene film bag packing after spraying nursery stocks with benlate (PE + Benlate); polyethylene film bag packing after spraying nursery stocks with wax (PE + Wax). After storing at 0 until April, the packed nursery stocks were planted and their survival rate and growth were measured in October. The result were summarized as follows; 1. In apple 'Fuji', the spray of benlate and wax increased the survival rate of nursery stock after planting in comparison with PE, but had no effect on the number of newly developed shoot. The spray of benlate appeared to be effective on the growth of nursery stock after planting. 2. In Japanese pear 'Niitaka', the survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting were increased with the spray of either benlate or wax. In addition, the spray of benlate was closely related to the increased number of the newly developed shoot. 3. In grape 'Sheridan', the wax spray increased the survival rate of nursery stocks after planting compared with PE, whereas the benlate spray decreased - 10 -
the survival rate and growth. 4. In peach 'Yumyoung', the benlate spray showed the best growth of nursery stock after plating of all packing methods with considerably high survival rate and growth. 5. In persimmon 'Fuyu', all packing methods including PE had the considerable survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting. The benlate spray increased somewhat the growth of them. 6. In kiwifruit 'Hayward', PE showed the highest survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting. To develop the supplemental planting method during growing season, the nursery stocks of 6 fruit trees were stored at 0 from March for planting in Apri, May, June, July and August, respectively. The nursery stocks planted after stepwise heating were measured on survival rate and growth. The obtained results were summarized as follows; 1. In apple 'Fuji', the survival rate and growth of nursery stock after planting decreased with delay of planting time. In particular, the planting without heating in July showed the lowest survival rate (<20%). Heating treatment had no effect on the growth after planting. 2. In Japanese pear 'Niitaka', all planting times showed the high survival rate of nursery stock after planting (>80%), without differences among planting times. The growth after planting appeared to be higher with the planting in June than in April, May and August. 3. In grape 'Sheridan', the planting in April, May and June showed about 65% - 11 -
of the survival rate of nursery stock after planting, but planting in July and August below 20%. The growth after planting was also related with planting time in a same manner. 4. In peach 'Yumyoung', the survival rate of nursery stocks after planting appeared to be considerably high in all planting times and heating treatment except for the planting in July without heating and the planting in August with 0-10 -20 stepwise heating treatment. The planting after July showed unfavorable growth after planting. 5. In persimmon 'Fuyu', the highest survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting were ontained with the planting in June without heating and with 0-5 -10-15 -20 stepwise heating. 6. In kiwifruit 'Hayward', the planting in May and June with 0-10 -20 stepwise heating showed good survival rate and growth of nursery stocks after planting. The 0-5 -10-15 -20 stepwise heating caused the nursery stocks to budbreak during the heating treatment. - 12 -
CONTENTS 1. Introduction ------------------------------------------------------- 22. Objective and Range ---------------------------------------------------- 22. Necessity of development ---------------------------------------------- 23. Performance --------------------------------------------------------------- 27 2. Establishment of optimum storage temperature of fruit seedlings. --------------------------------------------------- 29. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------- 29. Materials and Method --------------------------------------------------- 29. Result ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31. Performance --------------------------------------------------------------- 56 3. Development of storage methods of fruit seedlings. --- 57. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------- 57. Materials and Method --------------------------------------------------- 57. Result ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 58. Performance --------------------------------------------------------------- 82-13 -
4. Development of supplemental planting method of fruit seedlings at growth seasons. --------------------------------- 83. Introduction ---------------------------------------------------------------- 83. Materials and Method --------------------------------------------------- 83. Result ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 85. Performance --------------------------------------------------------------- 112 5. Summary in Korean ------------------------------------------- 113 6. References --------------------------------------------------------- 117 7. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------- 119-14 -
1 ---------------------------------------------------- 22 1 ---------------------------- 22 2 ------------------------------------- 22 3 --------------------------------------------------- 27 2 ------------------------------------ 29 1 -------------------------------------------- 29 2 -------------------------------------------- 29 3 -------------------------------------------- 31 4 -------------------------------------------- 56 3 ------------------------------------------- 57 1 -------------------------------------------- 57 2 -------------------------------------------- 57 3 -------------------------------------------- 58 4 -------------------------------------------- 82-15 -
4 --------------------------- 83 1 ------------------------------------------ 83 2 ------------------------------------------ 83 3 ------------------------------------------ 85 4 ----------------------------------------- 112 5 ------------------------------------------------------- 113 6 --------------------------------------------- 117 ----------------------------------------------------- 119-16 -
List of Tables Table 1. Production and supply of fruit nursery stock yearly. ------------------------- 23 Table 2. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. ----------- 50 Table 3. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. ---- 51 Table 4. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. --- 52 Table 5. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. -- 50 Table 6. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. ----------- 50 Table 7. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. ------ 50 Table 8. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. ---------------------- 50 Table 9. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. ---------------------- 50 Table 10. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. ---------------------- 50 Table 11. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. ---------------------- 50 Table 12. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit - 17 -
nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. ---------------------- 50 Table 13. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. ---------------------- 50 Table 14. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. --------------------------------- 50 Table 15. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. --------------------------------- 50 Table 16. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. --------------------------------- 50 Table 17. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. --------------------------------- 50 Table 18. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. --------------------------------- 50 Table 19. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. --------------------------------- 50-18 -
List of Figures Fig. 1. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature. ---------- 32 Fig. 2. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Fig. 3. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature. ------- 35 Fig. 4. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 36 Fig. 5. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature. ---- 38 Fig. 6. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 39 Fig. 7. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 41 Fig. 8. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Fig. 9. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature. -- 44 Fig. 10. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Fig. 11. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature. 47 Fig. 12. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 48 Fig. 13. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method. -------------- 59 Fig. 14. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 Fig. 15. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage method. ----------- 62 Fig. 16. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock - 19 -
by storage method. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 63 Fig. 17. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method. -------- 65 Fig. 18. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Fig. 19. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method. ----- 68 Fig. 20. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 Fig. 21. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method. ----- 70 Fig. 22. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 71 Fig. 23. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method. ---- 73 Fig. 24. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 Fig. 25. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 86 Fig. 26. Final growth of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 87 Fig. 27. Final shoot number of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 Fig. 28. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 89 Fig. 29. Final growth of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 Fig. 30. Final shoot number of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 91-20 -
Fig. 31. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 93 Fig. 32. Final growth of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 94 Fig. 33. Final shoot number of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 Fig. 34. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 Fig. 35. Final growth of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 97 Fig. 36. Final shoot number of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 98 Fig. 37. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 99 Fig. 38. Final growth of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 Fig. 39. Final shoot number of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101 Fig. 40. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 102 Fig. 41. Final growth of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 103 Fig. 42. Final shoot number of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 104-21 -
1 1. WTO.. 1,. (5-8 ) 10%. 1.,,.. - 22 -
2. 1.. O. O UR,. O 1 1990 600 400 500 100 200. O 1,. Table 1. Production and supply of fruit nursery stock yearly. <Unit:Trees> 1990 1991 1992 1993 Production 6,439,000 6,040,400 6,142,400 6,531,200 Supply 5,506,000 4,097,400 4,086,500 5,700,000 Surplus (%) 933,000 (14.5) 1,943,000 (32.2) 2,055,900 (33.5) 831,200 (12.7) Association of Korea Fruit nursery stock - 23 -
O 3-4 (5-8 ), 1. O,,.. (1) O. O. O.. (2) O. O. O. (3) O (5 8 ). O. - 24 -
2.. O. O O. O 1. O 1. O.. O. O. O. - 25 -
3. O. O. O. O 1. O. O 1. 4. O. O. O. - 26 -
3. 1.. O. O. O (5-8 ).. O. O,. O 5 8,,. - 27 -
2.. 1... ( )..,. - 28 -
2 1..,.. 2. 1 1995 3 1996 10 ( ), ( ), ( ) 3, 2 1996 3 1997 10 ( ), ( ), ( ) 3. 6 3 1 30-5, 0, +5. 1000 0.05mm Polyethylene(PE) film. - 29 -
1 3 5, 25 1 0.5m.. 10,. Dry Oven,. N 500mg (98% H2SO4) 7mL (K2SO4 CuSO4 9:1g ) 5g Kjeldahl 360 2 Automatic nitrogen analyzer(distillation unit Büchi 322, Control unit Büchi 342, Autotitrator E 526, Dosimat 666, Epson HX-20 ). N 500mg 100mL flask, ternary solution(hno3:h2so4:hclo4 = 10:1:4 volume ) 10mL 220 2. P tube 5mL 30 incubator 15 (uv/vis Spectrophotometer, Gilford 260) 470nm OD. K, Ca, Mg (Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, Perkin Elmer 2380). 200mg 100mL flask 0.7N HCl 20mL 2 30 100mL fill-up 5mL 2.5mL 30. 0.2% Anthrone 6mL, 100-30 -
10 (uv/vis Spectrophotometer, Gilford 260) 640nm OD. 3. 1.. 1) 0. 0 100% -5 70%, +5 50% (Fig. 1). +5. 2) 42.3cm, 0 34.1cm, +5-5 (Fig. 2). 3) 6 0-31 -
Fig. 1. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 32 -
Fig. 2. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 33 -
8. +5-5 3 (Fig. 2)., -5 5 0 0.. 1), 0 +5. 0 +5 100% -5 60% (Fig. 3). 2), +5 0 (Fig. 4). 3) 0 +5 6-5 2 (Fig. 4)., 5 0. - 34 -
Fig. 3. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 35 -
Fig. 4. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 36 -
. 1) 0,. 100% -5 +5 20% (Fig. 5). 2) 25cm, 0 30cm. +5 (Fig. 6). 3) 4 0 +5 1 (Fig. 6)., 0. - 37 -
Fig. 5. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 38 -
Fig. 6. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 39 -
. 1) 0 100%., -5 +5. +5 40%, (Fig. 7). 2) 0 45cm +5-5 28cm (Fig. 8). 3) 0 8. +5-5 3 (Fig. 8)., 0 0. - 40 -
Fig. 7. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 41 -
Fig. 8. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 42 -
. 1) 0 +5 100%. -5 60%. +5 0 (Fig. 9). 2), +5 0 (Fig. 10). 3) 0 +5 6-5 2 (Fig. 10)., 5 0. 0. - 43 -
Fig. 9. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 44 -
Fig. 10. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 45 -
. 1), 0. (Fig. 11). 2) (Fig. 12). 3) 1 0 (Fig. 12)., -5 5 0, 5 0. - 46 -
Fig. 11. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 47 -
Fig. 12. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage temperature. - 48 -
2.. 1.,,,,,. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, -5 0 +5. 2,3,4,5,6,7, 6,,. - 49 -
Table 2. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.815az 0.103a 0.630a 0.733a 0.097a 8.5a -5 0.634b 0.080ab 0.532b 0.423bc 0.067b 6.4b 0 0.662b 0.074b 0.554b 0.554b 0.069b 6.1b +5 0.521c 0.054c 0.432c 0.378c 0.040c 4.4c Root Control 1.540a 0.200a 0.989a 0.233a 0.074a 10.5a -5 1.240b 0.151b 0.662b 0.152bc 0.050b 7.4b 0 1.340ab 0.143b 0.714b 0.171b 0.059b 7.7b +5 0.921c 0.101c 0.592c 0.137c 0.040c 5.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 50 -
Table 3. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.843az 0.173a 0.720a 0.735a 0.078a 9.5a -5 0.702b 0.158ab 0.512b 0.523b 0.069ab 7.1b 0 0.689b 0.137b 0.444bc 0.604ab 0.059b 6.1bc +5 0.500c 0.093c 0.392c 0.470c 0.042c 5.0c Root Control 1.152a 0.296a 1.261a 0.321a 0.062a 12.5a -5 1.240b 0.151b 0.662b 0.152bc 0.050b 7.4b 0 1.340ab 0.143b 0.714b 0.171b 0.059b 7.7b +5 0.921c 0.101c 0.592c 0.137c 0.040c 5.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 51 -
Table 4. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.755az 0.203a 0.620a 0.543a 0.100a 7.9a -5 0.562b 0.149b 0.532a 0.423b 0.077b 6.6b 0 0.502b 0.128bc 0.554a 0.490a 0.062b 6.0b +5 0.418c 0.100c 0.401b 0.298c 0.048c 5.4c Root Control 1.286a 0.578a 0.510a 0.253a 0.090a 9.9a -5 0.892b 0.430b 0.498a 0.229a 0.067b 8.0b 0 0.992b 0.408b 0.421b 0.199b 0.059b 7.5b +5 0.701c 0.294c 0.400b 0.154c 0.041c 6.1c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 52 -
Table 5. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 1.245az 0.183a 0.590a 1.023a 0.137a 11.5a -5 0.935b 0.091b 0.375b 0.826b 0.077b 8.3b 0 0.843bc 0.094b 0.355b 0.932ab 0.062b 7.3bc +5 0.772c 0.073c 0.263c 0.550c 0.077b 6.4c Root Control 1.598a 0.279a 0.760a 0.803a 0.101a 17.2a -5 0.845bc 0.183b 0.700a 0.710ab 0.099a 12.1b 0 0.992b 0.177b 0.504b 0.723ab 0.100a 13.2b +5 0.800c 0.123c 0.495b 0.659b 0.072b 9.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 53 -
Table 6. Mineral content and carbohydrate in stem and root of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 1.524az 0.099a 0.830a 0.613a 0.062a 8.5a -5 1.028b 0.083ab 0.737ab 0.376b 0.059a 5.3b 0 0.929b 0.079b 0.797ab 0.409b 0.052a 5.1b +5 0.660c 0.625c 0.650b 0.388b 0.040b 3.4c Root Control 1.944a 0.180a 1.270a 0.579a 0.053a 10.4a -5 1.298b 0.175ab 0.990ab 0.376b 0.050a 8.8b 0 0.929bc 0.169ab 0.929ab 0.359b 0.052a 8.7b +5 0.830c 0.155b 0.810b 0.380b 0.030b 6.0c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 54 -
Table 7. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem and root of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage temperature after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Stem Control 0.585az 0.133a 0.440a 0.393a 0.082a 6.9a -5 0.449ab 0.110b 0.302b 0.266b 0.065b 5.4b 0 0.402b 0.109b 0.299b 0.250b 0.069b 5.3b +5 0.302c 0.099b 0.192c 0.180c 0.060b 3.9c Root Control 0.965a 0.283a 0.610a 0.323a 0.060a 8.3a -5 0.802ab 0.277a 0.570a 0.292a 0.055b 6.4b 0 0.729b 0.270a 0.588a 0.300a 0.050b 6.7b +5 0.503c 0.255b 0.310b 0.199b 0.039c 3.9c z) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 55 -
4.,. - 56 -
3. 1.... 2. 1,,, 1, 2,, 1 0 1 (1 : 1995. 3. 1-1996. 3. 1, 2 : 1996. 3. 1-1997. 3. 1). 1,,,. - 57 -
1. 1) 0 (control) 2) PE film 0 3) (1000 ) + PE film 0 4) Wax + PE Film 0 2.,,, 2. 3. 1.. 1), (control), 100% (Fig. 13). 2) (control) 40cm, PE+ 75cm PE+Wax PE (Fig. 14). - 58 -
Fig. 13. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method. - 59 -
Fig. 14. Shoot length and shoot numbers of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by storage method. - 60 -
3) (control) 4 6 (Fig. 14)., PE+.. 1) (control), 100% (Fig. 15). 2), (control) 20cm, 50cm (Fig. 16). 3), (control) 3 4-6. PE film (Fig. 16).,,. - 61 -
Fig. 15. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage method. - 62 -
Fig. 16. Shoot length and shoot numbers of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by storage method. - 63 -
. 1) PE film Wax 70%, PE 40% (Fig. 17). 2) (control) 20cm, PE film 80cm PE+ 30cm PE+Wax 40cm (Fig. 18). 3) PE film 4 PE+Wax PE+ (Fig. 18). Control.,. - 64 -
Fig. 17. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method. - 65 -
Fig. 18. Shoot length and shoot numbers of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by storage method. - 66 -
. 1), (Fig. 19). 2), (control) PE+ 70cm (Fig. 20). 3) 6 (Fig. 20).,,.. 1) (Fig. 21). 2) (Fig. 22). - 67 -
Fig. 19. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method. - 68 -
Fig. 20. Shoot length and shoot numbers of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by storage method. - 69 -
Fig. 21. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method. - 70 -
Fig. 22. Shoot length and shoot numbers of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by storage method. - 71 -
3), PE film,. (Fig. 22).,, PE film.. 1), PE film Wax 80% (Fig. 23). 2) (control) 20cm, PE film 80cm PE+ 30cm PE+Wax 40cm. (Fig. 24). - 72 -
Fig. 23. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method. - 73 -
Fig. 24. Shoot length and shoot numbers of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by storage method. - 74 -
3) PE film 4 PE+Wax PE+ (Fig. 24).,,. 2. N, P, K, Ca, Mg (control), (Table 8),, wax (Table 9)., (control), (Table 10),, PE film (Table 11)., (control), (Table 12),, PE film Wax (Table 13). - 75 -
Table 8. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuji' apple fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.815ax 0.103a 0.630a 0.733a 0.097a 8.5a controly 0.546c 0.067c 0.487c 0.490c 0.045b 5.5c P.E. film 0.658b 0.070b 0.560b 0.623b 0.089a 7.0b P.E. film +Benlate 0.684b 0.086ab 0.554b 0.650b 0.090a 6.9b P.E.+Wax 0.690b 0.088ab 0.562b 0.663bc 0.090a 6.8b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 76 -
Table 9. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Niitaka' pear fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.843ax 0.173a 0.720a 0.735a 0.078a 9.5a controly 0.588c 0.099c 0.412c 0.590b 0.069a 5.5c P.E. film 0.689b 0.121b 0.512b 0.537c 0.071a 7.8b P.E. film +Benlate 0.744ab 0.158ab 0.539b 0.612b 0.068a 8.7ab P.E.+Wax 0.701b 0.139b 0.520b 0.660ab 0.072a 8.0b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 77 -
Table 10. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Sheridan' grape fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.755ax 0.203a 0.620a 0.543a 0.100a 7.9a controly 0.520c 0.108d 0.411c 0.319c 0.052c 5.6c P.E. film 0.670ab 0.159b 0.587ab 0.442b 0.073b 6.9ab P.E. film +Benlate 0.556b 0.130c 0.534b 0.450b 0.066b 6.0b P.E.+Wax 0.700a 0.170ab 0.560b 0.478b 0.062b 6.1b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 78 -
Table 11. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Yumyoung' peach fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 1.245ax 0.183a 0.590a 1.023a 0.137a 11.5a controly 0.799d 0.073c 0.277c 0.570c 0.096b 7.0c P.E. film 0.820c 0.084bc 0.380b 0.826b 0.084b 8.3b P.E. film +Benlate 0.930b 0.102b 0.369b 0.941ab 0.070c 8.0b P.E.+Wax 0.812c 0.090b 0.360b 0.944ab 0.089b 7.3bc z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 79 -
Table 12. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Fuyu' persimmon fruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 1.524ax 0.099a 0.830a 0.613a 0.062a 8.5a controly 0.701c 0.688c 0.700b 0.400b 0.040b 4.4c P.E. film 1.028b 0.080b 0.755ab 0.424b 0.059a 5.3b P.E. film +Benlate 0.989b 0.080b 0.801a 0.412b 0.052a 5.4b P.E.+Wax 1.020b 0.081b 0.790a 0.421b 0.053a 5.1b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 80 -
Table 13. Mineral and carbohydrate content in stem of 'Hayward' kiwifruit nursery stock to different storage methods after storage. Treatment Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) Initialz 0.585ax 0.133a 0.440a 0.393a 0.082a 6.9a controly 0.312c 0.083d 0.221c 0.211c 0.051b 4.2d P.E. film 0.449a 0.121b 0.309b 0.266b 0.062b 5.5b P.E. film +Benlate 0.398b 0.109c 0.310b 0.220c 0.067b 4.8c P.E.+Wax 0.433a 0.123b 0.297b 0.242b 0.067b 5.3b z) One year old nursery stock without storage y) nursery stock with storage at 0 x) Mean separation within columns by Duncan's multiple range test, 5% level. - 81 -
4.,,. - 82 -
4 1. (5-8 ) 10%. 1.. 2. 1,,, 1, 2,, 1 4 1 0 5-8,. 24 0-5 - 10-15 - 20 48 0-10 - 20.,,, - 83 -
. 1. 1) 4 (control) 2) 5 0-0 - 5-10 - 15-20 0-10 - 20 3) 6 0-0 - 5-10 - 15-20 0-10 - 20 4) 7 0-0 - 5-10 - 15-20 0-10 - 20 5) 8 0-0 - 5-10 - 15-20 0-10 - 20 2.,,, 2. - 84 -
3. 1. 0 3 5 8 10,. ) ( ) (4 ) 5 6, 8 60-75%, 7. 7 0 20%.,. (Fig. 25, 26, 27). ) ( ) 80%,. 6,7 5,8 (Fig. 28, 29, 30). ) ( ),, 5,6 65% 7,8 20%. - 85 -
Fig. 25. Survival rate of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 86 -
Fig. 26. Final growth of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 87 -
Fig. 27. Final shoot number of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 88 -
Fig. 28. Survival rate of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 89 -
Fig. 29. Final growth of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 90 -
Fig. 30. Final shoot number of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 91 -
6 7, 8 (Fig. 31, 32, 33). ) ( ) 6 8 0-10 -20. 7 1, (Fig. 34, 35, 36). ) ( ), 6 0-5 -10-15 -20., 0-5 -10-15 -20 0-10 -20 (Fig. 37, 38, 39). ) ( ) 5 6 0-10 -20. 0-5 -10-15 -20 (Fig. 40, 41, 42). - 92 -
Fig. 31. Survival rate of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 93 -
Fig. 32. Final growth of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 94 -
Fig. 33. Final shoot number of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 95 -
Fig. 34. Survival rate of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 96 -
Fig. 35. Final growth of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 97 -
Fig. 36. Final shoot number of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 98 -
Fig. 37. Survival rate of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 99 -
Fig. 38. Final growth of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 100 -
Fig. 39. Final shoot number of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 101 -
Fig. 40. Survival rate of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 102 -
Fig. 41. Final growth of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 103 -
Fig. 42. Final shoot number of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Fruit nursery stock planted without warming treatment. Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-5 -10-15 -20 ). Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment (0-10 -20 ). - 104 -
2. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, 0 (Table 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19). - 105 -
Table 14. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of apple 'Fuji' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) 4 0.815 0.103 0.630 0.733 0.097 8.5 5 0.803 0.101 0.624 0.725 0.094 8.4 5z 0.799 0.097 0.617 0.720 0.091 8.0 5y 0.780 0.099 0.615 0.715 0.090 7.9 6 0.794 0.098 0.620 0.716 0.092 8.2 6z 0.784 0.094 0.611 0.710 0.088 7.9 6y 0.777 0.092 0.610 0.708 0.089 7.8 7 0.785 0.096 0.613 0.710 0.088 8.1 7z 0.775 0.089 0.605 0.702 0.086 7.7 7y 0.768 0.088 0.603 0.700 0.084 7.5 8 0.771 0.092 0.609 0.692 0.087 7.8 8z 0.763 0.082 0.602 0.688 0.085 7.6 8y 0.758 0.083 0.600 0.685 0.084 7.3 z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-5 -10-15 -20 ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-10 -20 ). - 106 -
Table 15. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of pear 'Niitaka' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) 4 0.843az 0.173a 0.720a 0.735a 0.078a 9.5a 5 0.830 0.169 0.697 0.733 0.076 9.3 5z 0.823 0.167 0.680 0.715 0.074 8.9 5y 0.820 0.168 0.675 0.712 0.074 8.8 6 0.818 0.168 0.677 0.720 0.075 9.0 6z 0.814 0.161 0.660 0.711 0.072 8.8 6y 0.812 0.161 0.656 0.708 0.070 8.7 7 0.813 0.163 0.658 0.709 0.074 8.8 7z 0.802 0.157 0.645 0.693 0.070 8.2 7y 0.801 0.155 0.639 0.690 0.069 8.0 8 0.798 0.159 0.635 0.696 0.071 8.4 8z 0.787 0.155 0.621 0.680 0.067 8.0 8y 0.788 0.153 0.620 0.676 0.066 7.9 z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-5 -10-15 -20 ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-10 -20 ). - 107 -
Table 16. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of grape 'Sheridan' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) 4 0.755az 0.203a 0.620a 0.543a 0.100a 7.9a 5 0.734 0.198 0.613 0.538 0.097 7.8 5z 0.718 0.193 0.609 0.531 0.091 7.5 5y 0.714 0.190 0.607 0.529 0.089 7.4 6 0.715 0.191 0.608 0.535 0.092 7.6 6z 0.696 0.186 0.605 0.528 0.087 7.4 6y 0.694 0.184 0.604 0.525 0.085 7.2 7 0.698 0.185 0.600 0.530 0.088 7.5 7z 0.677 0.178 0.595 0.522 0.081 7.1 7y 0.673 0.175 0.593 0.523 0.078 7.0 8 0.674 0.177 0.594 0.526 0.085 7.3 8z 0.651 0.171 0.588 0.520 0.077 6.8 8y 0.654 0.170 0.589 0.516 0.079 6.9 z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-5 -10-15 -20 ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-10 -20 ). - 108 -
Table 17. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of peach 'Yumyoung' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate 4 1.245az 0.183a 0.590a 1.023a 0.137a 11.5a 5 1.215 0.177 0.575 1.015 0.132 11.2 5z 1.165 0.170 0.553 1.003 0.124 10.5 5y 1.158 0.168 0.549 1.000 0.121 10.1 6 1.180 0.169 0.550 1.008 0.124 11.0 6z 1.142 0.160 0.533 0.996 0.117 10.3 6y 1.133 0.154 0.528 0.995 0.113 10.0 7 1.153 0.164 0.532 0.998 0.120 10.5 7z 1.111 0.158 0.510 0.987 0.115 10.1 7y 1.102 0.153 0.504 0.983 0.111 10.2 8 1.525 0.155 0.511 0.990 0.113 10.2 8z 1.483 0.146 0.492 0.977 0.105 9.4 8y 1.475 0.147 0.489 0.975 0.103 9.0 z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-5 -10-15 -20 ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-10 -20 ). - 109 -
Table 18. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of persimmon 'Fuyu' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (%) 4 1.524az 0.099a 0.830a 0.613a 0.062a 8.5a 5 1.480 0.098 0.827 0.606 0.060 8.3 5z 1.434 0.091 0.820 0.599 0.055 7.6 5y 1.430 0.087 0.815 0.593 0.051 7.5 6 1.432 0.096 0.822 0.595 0.059 8.0 6z 1.400 0.090 0.817 0.589 0.055 7.4 6y 1.402 0.086 0.813 0.586 0.056 7.0 7 1.385 0.094 0.814 0.588 0.058 7.8 7z 1.345 0.088 0.806 0.580 0.050 7.1 7y 1.344 0.082 0.801 0.575 0.047 6.8 8 1.340 0.090 0.810 0.583 0.055 7.7 8z 1.308 0.085 0.802 0.573 0.046 6.8 8y 1.300 0.081 0.795 0.566 0.044 6.4 z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-5 -10-15 -20 ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-10 -20 ). - 110 -
Table 19. Mineral and carbohydrate contents in stem of kiwifruit 'Hayward' nursery stock by supplemental planting method. Month Mineral (%) N P K Ca Mg Carbohydrate (% ) 4 0.585az 0.133a 0.440a 0.393a 0.082a 6.9a 5 0.575 0.130 0.428 0.380 0.080 6.7 5z 0.558 0.118 0.421 0.367 0.075 6.4 5y 0.552 0.112 0.419 0.360 0.072 6.4 6 0.561 0.128 0.414 0.365 0.079 6.6 6z 0.550 0.119 0.405 0.343 0.073 6.1 6y 0.541 0.114 0.397 0.337 0.068 6.0 7 0.545 0.124 0.400 0.355 0.074 6.3 7z 0.532 0.116 0.381 0.332 0.066 5.6 7y 0.526 0.113 0.377 0.324 0.061 5.5 8 0.536 0.122 0.389 0.346 0.074 6.3 8z 0.522 0.108 0.378 0.328 0.064 5.2 8y 0.517 0.104 0.373 0.326 0.063 5.2 z) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-5 -10-15 -20 ). y) Fruit nursery stock planted with intermittent warming treatment(0-10 -20 ). - 111 -
4. 5 8,, 1. - 112 -
5.... 0, +5, -5 1 10. 1. 0, +5 20%. 2. 0 +5-5. 3. 0-5 +5. 4. 0, +5. 5., 0 +5. +5-113 -
. 6., 0. PE film, PE film + Benlate, PE + Wax 4 0 10. 1),, PE film. PE. 2), PE film. 3) PE film Wax,. 4),, PE film. 5). PE film - 114 -
. 6), PE film. 3 0 6 5 8 1 10. 1), 7 20%.. 2) 80%,. 6 7 5 8. 3),, 5 6 65%, 7 8 20%., 6 7 8. 4), 7 8 0-10 -20. 7. - 115 -
5), 6 0-5 -10-15 -20. 6), 5 6 0-10 -20. 0-5 -10-15 -20. - 116 -
6. Brown, C. S., E. Young and D. M. Pharr. 1985. Rootstock and scion effects on the seasonal distribution of dry weight and carbohydrates in young apple trees. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:696-701. Buwalda, J. G. and G. S. Smith. 1987. Accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and mineral nutrients in developing kiwifruits vines. Tree Physiol. 3;295-307. Davis, T.S., and T. R. Potter. 1985. Carbohydrates, water potential and subsequent rooting of stored rhododendron cuttings. HortScience:20:292-293. Dowler, W. M. and F. King. 1966. Seasonal changes in starch and soluble sugar content of dormant peach tissues. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 89:80-84. Flint, H. L., and J. J. McGuire. 1962. Response of rooted cuttings of several woody ornamental species to overwinter storage. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 80:625-629. Hocking, D., and R. D. Nyland. 1971. Cold storage of coniferous seedlings. AFRI Res. Rpt. 6, Syracuse Univ. Col. Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. Kandiah, S. 1979 a. Turnover of carbohydrates in relation to growth in apple trees. I. Seasonal variation of growth and carbohydrates reserves. Ann. Bot. 44:175-183. - 117 -
Lutz, J. M., and R. E. Hardenberg. 1986. The commercial storage of fruits, vegetables, and florist and nursery stocks, USDA-ARS Agr. Handbook 66. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Govt. Printing Office. Mahlstede, J. P., and W. E. Fletcher. 1960. Storage of nursery stock. Washington, D. C.: Ameri. Assn. Nurs., pp.1-62 Murneek, A. E. 1942. Quantitative distribution of nitrogen and carbohydrates in apple trees. Res. Bull. Mo. Agr. Expt. Sta. 348. Murneek, A.E. 1933. Carbohydrate storage in apple trees. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 30:319-321. Pryor, R. L.,and R. N Stewart. 1963. Storage of unrooted azalea cuttings. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. sci. 82:438-84. Smith, G. S., J. clark, and H. V. Henderson.. 1987c. Seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit. 1. Leaves. New Phytol 106:81-100. Synder, W. E., and C. E. Hess. 1956. Low Temperature storage of rooted cuttings of nursery crops. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67:545-48. - 118 -