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88 연구논문 김철희 * 채현병 * 이창우 * 김정한 * 이세헌 ** * 한국생산기술연구원정밀접합팀 ** 한양대학교공과대학기계공학부 Development of Laser-Rotating Arc Hybrid Welding Process Cheol-Hee Kim*, Hyun-Byung Chae*, Chang-Woo Lee*, Jeong-Han Kim* and Se-Hun Rhee** *Advanced Joining Technology Team, KITECH, Incheon 406-130, Korea ** School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea Abstract Laser-rotating arc hybrid welding was introduced by combining CO 2 laser and rotating gas metal arc welding. While the arc rotation enhances the weld pool motion, it reduces the undercut formation which is one of most critical weld defects in the conventional laser-arc hybrid welding. This research investigated the bead characteristics according to the welding parameters such as frequency of rotation, welding voltage, shielding gas composition and interspacing distance between laser and arc. The welding parameters were selected to reduce spatter generation and ensure sound weld beads for bead welding and butt welding with various joint gaps. Gap bridging ability was improved, such that the sound weld beads were achieved for butt joint with up to 2mm joint gap, with no adjustment of CTWD(Contact tip-to-workpiece distance) and electrode diameter. * Corresponding author : chkim@kitech.re.kr (Received November 21, 2005) Key Words : Laser-arc hybrid welding, CO 2 laser, Rotating arc, Bead shape 1. 서론 1970년대후반 W. M. Steen에의해소개된레이저- 아크하이브리드용접공정은레이저와아크를동시에사용하여용접의생산성을향상시키는용접방법이다 1,2). 고출력레이저 -아크하이브리드용접에서는 CO 2 레이저, Nd:YAG레이저및파이버레이저등이레이저열원으로사용된다. CO 2 레이저의경우미러를이용하여레이저빔전송이이루어져유연성이부족하지만, 우수한빔품질, 고출력, 저렴한출력대비가격등의장점을가지고있어후판의하이브리드용접에서많이이용되고있다. GMA(Gas Metal Arc) 용접전원을하이브리드용접에이용하는경우에는간극대응력이우수하고, 용가재의첨가로인한용접부의개질이가능한 장점을가지고있다 3). CO 2 -GMA 하이브리드용접에대한저자들의기존의연구에서는다양한공정변수에따른용접현상을관찰하고간극대응력을평가하였다 4-6). 상판에용접하는비드 (bead-on-plate, BOP) 용접과간극이존재하는맞대기용접부에대한평가를통하여양호한용접품질을가지는공정변수의선정이가능하였으나공정변수가적절하지않은경우아래와같은용접불량이발생하였다. (1) He, Ar, CO 2 를혼합한보호가스를사용하면서 CO 2 의함량이 8% 이하인경우젖음성 (wetting) 이부족하여비드의경계에서언더컷이발생하였다 4). (2) 레이저 -아크간거리가 2mm 이하인경우에는레이저키홀에서발생한플라즈마의유동에의하여용적의이행이편향되어비드의비대칭성이나타났 88 Journal of KWS, Vol. 24, No. 1, February, 2006

89 다. 또한 6mm이상인경우에는비드의경계에서용융이충분하지않아언더컷이발생하였다 4,5). (3) 간극이존재하는맞대기이음부의용접에서 1mm 이하의간극을가진경우에는용접전류와전압과같은아크용접공정변수의조절로양호한용접비드를얻을수있었다. 그러나간극이 1.5mm 이상이되면전류와전압만을조절하여원하는비드형상을얻기가어려우며언더컷이발생한다. 따라서 CTWD (Contact tip-to-workpiece distance) 를변화시키거나와이어직경을 1.4mm로증가시켜서비드형상을조절한다 6). 아크의고속회전방법은젖음성의부족으로인한언더컷과과도한간극에서의언더필을방지할수있는방법중의하나이다. 아크를고속으로회전시키는방법은기계적장치를이용하는방법, 전자기력을이용하는방법, 꼬여져있는와이어를이용하는방법등이있으며, 이중모터를이용하여기계적으로회전시키는방법이 GMA용접에서많이이용되고있다 7-9). 아크가고속으로회전하는경우넓고평평한비드가형성되므로 V 그루브와필릿용접에적용하여간극에대한대응력을향상시킨연구결과가발표되어있다 10-11). 본연구에서는회전아크를적용한레이저- 아크하이브리드용접공정에서공정변수에따른용접비드특성을파악하였으며, 또한다양한간극의맞대기용접에적용하였을경우간극대응력을검토하고자하였다. 져장착되었다. 아크가레이저에일정한거리로선행하여진행하고, 정해진회전반경과회전수로 GMA 전극이회전하도록장치되었다. 중공축형모터를이용한아크회전장치를이용하였으며 11), CO 2 레이저헤드와아크회전장치를조합한하이브리드용접헤드의사진은 Fig. 2와같다. 실험에서는 12kW급 CO 2 레이저와 500A 급인버터용접기를용접전원으로이용하였으며, 두께 8mm의조선용 A 그레이드강재에비드용접과맞대기용접을수행하였다. 아크가회전하지않는하이브리드용접실험에서선정한공정변수를기준으로공정변수의변화에따른용접비드형상을관찰하였으며 4), 본문에별도로언급되지않은경우의용접조건은 Table 1과같다. 3. 용접비드형상 아크가회전하는경우원심력으로용적의편향이발 2. 실험장치및방법 본연구에서사용한 CO 2 레이저와 GMA용접과의하이브리드용접에서회전아크를도입한하이브리드용접공정의개념은 Fig. 1과같다. 레이저는모재에수직으로조사되고, 회전토치는모재에일정한각도로기울어 Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of laser-rotating arc hybrid welding process Fig. 2 Photo of laser-rotating arc hybrid welding head Table 1 Welding conditions used in experiments Electrode 1.2mm solid wire Laser Power 8 kw Shielding Gas He50%+Ar38%+CO 2 12% Gas Flow Rate 50 l /min Wire Feed Rate 9.9 m/min Welding Voltage 25 V Travel Speed 1.5 m/min Torch Angle 31 deg. Interspacing Distance 6 mm CTWD 20 mm Rotation Diameter 3 mm Rotation Frequency 8 Hz 大韓熔接學會誌第 24 卷第 1 號, 2006 年 2 月 89

90 김철희 채현병 이창우 김정한 이세헌 생되므로회전주파수가커짐에따라용입이적고폭이넓은비드를형성한다 11). 레이저 -회전아크하이브리드용접에서회전주파수에따른용접비드의형상을관찰하기위하여회전주파수를 5Hz에서 40Hz 로변화시면서단면을관찰하여 Fig. 3에나타내었다. 비드단면의관찰결과회전주파수에따라비드폭이넓어지는현상은발견되지않았는데, 이는회전토치가모재에기울어져있는상태에서회전수증가에따른스패터의발생증가가그원인으로생각된다. 회전수가느린경 (a) 5 Hz (b) 8 Hz 우회전으로인한원심력은작지만아크의자기제어 (self-regulation) 현상이잘일어나아크길이가일정하게유지되려는경향을가지므로모재와와이어가가까운경우에도단락발생률이줄어든다. 반대로회전수가빠른경우회전으로인한원심력이증가하지만자기제어가충분히일어나지못하고단락발생률이높아져스패터의발생이증가한다. 이에따라 Fig. 4와같이 10Hz 이상의고속으로아크가회전하는경우덧살의면적은회전주파수에따라감소한다. 용접전압에따른비드형상을평가하여 Fig. 5에나타내었다. 아크가회전하는경우에도용접전압이 27V 이상에서는과도한전압에의한언더컷이관찰된다. Fig. 6은보호가스조성을변화시키면서실험을수행한결과이다. 레이저에의한플라즈마를억제하기위하여 He의비율을 50% 로고정하고 CO 2 를 4~20% 까지변화시킨경우모든조건에서언더컷이제거되거나감소한다. 이것은아크가회전하지않은하이브리드용접시에 8% 이하로 CO 2 를사용한경우젖음성이부족하여상당한언더컷이발생한것 4) 과비교하여아크의회전이젖음성을향상시켜용접불량을감소시켰기때문으 (c) 11 Hz (d) 15 Hz (e) 20 Hz (f) 40Hz Fig. 3 Cross-sectional bead shapes for various rotation frequencies Fig. 4 Area of excess weld metal according to the rotation frequency (a) 21V (b) 23V (c) 25V (d) 27V (e) 29V Fig. 5 Cross-sectional bead shapes for various weld voltages (a) 4% CO 2 +46% Ar (b) 8% CO 2+42% Ar (c) 12% CO 2 +38% Ar (d) 16% CO 2+34% Ar (e) 20% CO 2+30% Ar Fig. 6 Cross-sectional bead shapes for various shielding gas compositions (50% helium) 90 Journal of KWS, Vol. 24, No. 1, February, 2006

91 (a) 2mm (b) 4mm (c) 6mm (d) 8mm (e) 10mm Fig. 7 Cross-sectional bead shapes for various interspacing between laser and center of arc (a) Gap-1mm, WFS- 16.2m/min, Welding voltage-29.3v (b) Gap-1.5mm, WFS- 18.4m/min, Welding voltage-30.5v (c) Gap-2mm, WFS- 22m/min, Welding voltage-31.1v Fig. 8 Cross-sectional bead shapes for butt welding with various joint gaps 로판단된다. 아크가회전하지않는경우레이저 -아크간거리도용접품질에큰영향을주는인자이다. 레이저- 아크간거리가 2mm이하인경우레이저가용적이행을방해하고, 6mm이상인경우에는열원간의거리가멀어지므로두열원간시너지효과가감소되어용융풀에충분한입열이공급되지못하여언더컷이나타난다 4,5). 그러나 Fig. 7에서보는것과같이회전아크를사용하게되면용융풀의유동이충분히일어나게되므로레이저 -아크간거리에관계없이언더컷의발생이감소한다. 회전아크용접의장점인간극대응력을확인하기위하여간극이 2mm까지존재하는맞대기용접부에회전아크를적용하였다. Fig. 8과같이고정된 CTWD 와 1. 2mm와이어를이용해서도언더필이발생하지않는용접비드형성이가능함을확인하였다. 5. 결론 레이저 -GMA 하이브리드용접에회전아크를도입한본연구를통하여다음과같은결론을얻었다. 1) 레이저를모재에수직으로조사하고아크회전장치를기울인형태의레이저- 회전아크용접공정을비드용접과맞대기용접에성공적으로적용하였다. 2) 회전토치를모재에기울여아크회전을구현함에따라회전주파수에따른비드폭의증가는크게나타나지않았다. 이는회전주파수증가에따른원심력의증가와스패터량증가가상쇄되기때문으로 사료된다. 3) 용접전압, 보호가스조성, 레이저 -아크간거리에따른용접비드를관찰하였다. 아크회전에도불구하고과도한용접전압에의한용접결함은개선되지않았다. 보호가스조성에서 CO 2 함량이부족할때, 그리고레이저 -아크간거리가과소하거나과대할때나타났던언더컷은회전아크적용에따라용융풀의유동이활발하게이루어진것에의해감소됨을확인하였다. 4) 간극이있는맞대기용접에서레이저 -회전아크하이브리드용접을적용하면간극에대한대응력이크게향상되어 2mm의간극에서도 CTWD 를변화시키거나와이어지름을크게하지않아도양호한용접부를얻을수있었다. 후 기 본연구의저자는레이저하이브리드용접플라즈마유동현상에대해심도있는토론을진행해준한국과학기술원조영태박사께깊은감사를드립니다. 참고문헌 1. W. M. Steen, M. Eboo and J. Clarke: Arc Augmented Laser Welding, Advances in Welding Processes Proceedings, 4 th International Conference, Harrogate, U. K., May 9-11, 1978 2. N. Abe and H. Hayashi: Trends in Laser Arc Combination Welding Methods, Welding International, 16-2 (2002), 94-98 大韓熔接學會誌第 24 卷第 1 號, 2006 年 2 月 91

92 김철희 채현병 이창우 김정한 이세헌 3. C. Bagger and F. O. Olsen : Review of Laser Hybrid Welding, Journal of Laser Applications, 17-1 (2005), 2-14 4. H.-B. Chae, C.-H. Kim, J.-K. Kim, N.-H. Kang, J.-H. Kim and S. Rhee: The Effect of Shielding Gas Composition in CO 2 Laser-MIG Hybrid Welding, Autumn Annual Meeting of Korean Welding Society, 2004, 52-54 (in Korean) 5. C.-H. Kim, H.-B. Chae, J.-H. Kim, S. Rhee: Development of CO 2 Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding Technology in KITECH, 1 st KWS-JWS Joint Symposium of Yong Researchers, Seoul, Korea, June 24, 2005, 380-383 6. H.-B. Chae, C.-H. Kim, J.-K. Kim, N.-H. Kang, J.-H. Kim and S. Rhee: Improvement of Gap Bridging Ability in CO 2 LASER GMA Hybrid Welding, Spring Annual Meeting of Korean Welding Society, 2005, 100-102 (in Korean) 7. Y. Sugitiani, Y. Kobayashi and M. Murayama: Development and Application of Automatic High Speed Rotation Arc Welding, Welding International, 5-5 (1991), 577-583 8. Y. H. Kang: A Study on the Automatic Welding by Using Electromagnetic Arc Oscillation, Ph. D. Thesis, KAIST, 2001 (in Korean) 9. S. Kimura, I. Ichihara and Y. Nagai: Narrow Gap, Gas Metal Arc Welding Process in Flat position : Welding Journal, 58-7 (1979), 44 52 10. Y. Sugitani and W. Mao: Automatic Simultaneous Control of Bead Height and Back Bead Shape using an arc sensor in one sided welding with a backing plate, Welding International, 9-5 (1995), 366 374. 11. C.-H. Kim, S.-J. Na: A study on Horizontal Fillet Welding by Using Rotating Arc, Journal of The Korean Welding Society, 21-3 (2003), 296 301 (in Korean) 92 Journal of KWS, Vol. 24, No. 1, February, 2006