아직도 CLSI 가이드라인에서권장하고있는 CD45/SSC gating법으로완벽하게대체되지않고있다 [24]. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 의가장최근유세포검사조사에따르면 572개의기관가운데 138개기관 (24.1%, 138/572)

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1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 3, No. 2: 79-87, April 2013 진단면역학 유세포검사에의한림프구아형검사에서 Gating 시 CD45 의필요성및 NK 세포측정시 CD16 의중요성 Flow Cytometric Assays for Subset Enumeration: CD45 is Inevitable for Gating and CD16 is Essential for NK Cells 최영현 심효은 박찬정 한상희 황금록 장성수 지현숙 Young-Hyun Choi, M.D., Hyoeun Shim, M.D., Chan-Jeoung Park, M.D., Sang Hee Han, M.T., Keumrock Hwang, M.D., Seongsoo Jang, M.D., Hyun-Sook Chi, M.D. 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원진단검사의학과 Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Background: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines (H42-A2) recommend the CD45/SSC gating method for assays on lymphocyte subset enumeration and CD16 exclusion for assays enumerating NK cells. In contrast, the Flow Cytometry Checklist (06/17/2010) of the College of American Pathology does not recommend a specific lymphocyte gating method, but recommends the correction of lymphocyte subset results for lymphocyte gate purity. Methods: We compared lymphocyte subset results of EDTA-treated blood from 102 patients with various diseases and 12 normal controls, using 3 lymphocyte gating methods (CD45/SSC, FSC/SSC, and lymphocyte gate purity correction after FSC/SSC gating), and assessed the proportion of CD56-/CD16+ NK cells within the total NK cell population. Results: gate purity increased as the percentage of lymphocytes increased. However, lymphocyte subsets that consistently showed high lymphocyte gate purity could not be identified. The purity of the T cell population differed significantly depending on the gating method used: CD45/SSC vs. FSC/SSC, P =0.027; CD45/SSC vs. gate purity correction after FSC/SSC, P = However, the lymphocyte gate purity correction after FSC/SSC gating did not significantly improve the accuracy of the lymphocyte subset enumeration assay using FSC/SSC gating. The subset of CD56-CD16+ NK cells, constituted an average of 17.1% of total NK cells. Patients had higher proportions of CD56-CD16+ NK cells ( %) than did the normal controls (9.52%). Conclusions: In flow cytometric assays to evaluate lymphocytic subsets, the CD45 is inevitable for lymphocyte gating, whereas the measurement of CD16 is essential for the evaluation of NK cell proportions. Key Words: Flow cytometry, Gating, CD45, NK cells, CD16 서론 유세포검사에서특정세포의 gating 은매우중요하다 년 5 월에발행된 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 가 Corresponding author: Chan-Jeoung Park, MD Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 86 Asanbyeongwon-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , cjpark@amc.seoul.kr Received: March 18, 2012 Revision received: August 24, 2012 Accepted: August 27, 2012 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 이드라인에따르면, CD45 강양성발현과낮은 side scatter (SSC) 으로림프구 gating을하는방법이더많은림프구를포함시키고, 림프구순도 (purity) 도올릴수있으므로, 다른백혈구들에의해오염되는것을교정하는작업이필요하지않다고하였다 [1]. 또한 CLSI 가이드라인에서 NK세포측정시 CD56과 CD16 을같이사용하는것보다 CD56를단독으로사용할것을권장하고있다. 그이유로, CD16+CD56+ NK세포아형의강도를증가시키기위하여 CD16 과 CD56을한형광으로동시에사용하고있는데, 충분한 signal to noise 비율을나타내는 CD56 단클론항체를사용하면추가로 CD16 을사용할필요가없다. 또한염색패널에서 CD16 을제외하는것은, 림프구 gate 내에들어올수도있는정상 CD16+ 단구 / 수지상세포아형을 NK세포로부정확하게측정되는것을막을수있다 고설명하고있다. 오랫동안사용되고있던 forward scatter (FSC)/SSC gating법은 eissn

2 아직도 CLSI 가이드라인에서권장하고있는 CD45/SSC gating법으로완벽하게대체되지않고있다 [24]. College of American Pathologists (CAP) 의가장최근유세포검사조사에따르면 572개의기관가운데 138개기관 (24.1%, 138/572) 에서아직도 CD45/SSC gating 법을사용하지않고있다고하며, 그중 33개기관 (23.9%, 33/138) 에서 CD45/CD14 로림프구 gate 순도를측정하여림프구순도결과에따라림프구아형측정치를교정한다고하였다 [5]. 최근대한진단검사의학회정도관리위원회에서시행하고있는유세포검사질관리평가 [6] 에따르면 14개기관 (30.4%, 14/46) 에서 CD45/SSC gating법을사용하지않고있고, 그중 7개기관 (50.0%, 7/14) 에서림프구순도로림프구아형측정값을교정하여결과를보고하고있었다. 면역체계가활성화되어있거나혹은저하되어있는바이러스감염이나비전형감염, 면역억제치료를받은사람과같이백혈구수가감소되어있는상황에서는 FSC/SSC gating 단독으로는정확한림프구아형검사가불가능하다. CAP 유세포검사체크리스트 [7] 는림프구아형검사를위하여적절한 gating법을사용할것을제안하면서, gating법을위하여빛산란과형광염색방법을혼합할것을권장하고있다. 특히림프구수가낮거나상대적으로단구수와과립구수가높은검체에서는림프구 gate를 FSC/SSC 또는 CD45-FITC와 CD14-PE 항체를사용하여검증하는것이좋다라고하며 (FLO.30460), 림프구아형검사결과를림프구 gate 순도를이용하여적절하게교정할것을권유하고있다 (FLO.30470). 대한진단검사의학회에서발간한검사실심사점검표 (2011/01) 유세포검사 (60) 문항에의하면 림프구아형검사시에원하는세포만을선택하기위해적절한 gating기법이사용되는가? ( ) 라고되어있고, 이하설명으로 림프구선택시단구와과립구의혼입이많을경우에는 forward light scatter와 side light scatter 화면에서 gating을시행하는것보다 side light scatter와형광 ( 예, CD45) 염색화면에서 gating을시행할경우에더도움이되는경우가있다. 라고제시하고있다. 또한다음문항 ( ) 에서 림프구아형분석결과는 gate purity에맞추어적절히교정되는가? 라고되어있고, 이하설명으로 비림프구가 5% 이상 gate에혼입되어있다면림프구아형검사결과를교정하여야한다. 교정방법으로는림프구인지시 low side light scatter와 bright CD45 부위를이용한다. 다른교정방법을이용할수있는데이러한경우반드시기록해두어야한다 라고제시하고있다. Bjorkstrom 등 [8] 은 NK세포를 CD56+CD16-, CD56dimCD16+ 과 CD56-CD16+ 의세가지아형으로나누고, CD56- NK세포가건강한사람에서는낮지만, 만성적으로제1형사람면역결핍바이러스와 C형간염바이러스에감염된사람에서는그수치가상승한다고하였다. 또한 CD56- NK세포가제1형사람면역결핍바이러스의복 제를억제하는데, 이는 CD56- NK세포가탐식구염증단백 (macrophage inflammatory protein, MIP)-1α, MIP-1β 와 RANTES 등의케모카인 (chemokine) 을생산하여이들이 CC-케모카인수용체5 와결합하여제1형사람면역결핍바이러스가 CD4+T림프구로침투하는것을억제한다고하였다. CD56- NK세포의케모카인생산과병적상태에서그수가증가하는것을고려할때, NK세포측정시 CD56만사용할것을권고하는 CLSI 가이드라인에의문을갖게되었다. 본연구는정확한림프구아형검사를위한 gating법을확정하고, NK세포측정시 CD16 의필요성을평가하기위하여, 세가지 gating법 (CD45/SSC gating, FSC/SSC gating과 FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도로교정 ) 으로얻은림프구아형검사결과를비교하였고, 정상및환자군에서총 NK세포에서의 CD56-CD16+ NK세포아형의비율을분석하였다. 대상및방법 1. 검체 102명의환자 ( 바이러스감염환자 25명, 급성골수성백혈병환자로항암화학치료후추적관찰중인환자 14명, 급성림프모구백혈병환자로항암화학치료후추적관찰중인환자 10명, 재생불량빈혈환자 12명, 암환자 12명, 간경화환자 11명, 골수형성이상증후군환자 10명 ) 의 EDTA 혈액 ( 혈구검사후잔여검체 ) 과 12명의정상인 (20대, 30대, 40대, 50대, 60대, 70대이상각연령군의남녀각 1명씩, 22-81세 ) 으로부터채취한 EDTA 혈액을검체로유세포검사기 (flow cytometer, FACSCanto instrument, FACS Diva software, Becton-Dickinson Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) 를사용하여림프구아형검사 (T세포, 보조 T세포 [Th], 억제 T세포 [Tc], B세포, NK세포 ), 림프구 gate 순도측정및 NK세포아형검사를실시하였다. 2. 유세포검사림프구아형검사를위하여 CD3-FITC/CD56+CD16-PE/CD45- PerCP-Cy5.5/CD4-PE-Cy7/CD19-APC/CD8-APC-Cy7 패널 (BD Multitest 6-color TBNK Reagent, Becton-Dickinson Inc.) 을사용하였고, 림프구 gate 순도분석을위하여 CD45-FITC/CD14-PE 패널을사용하였다 (Fig. 1). NK세포아형측정을위하여 CD56-FITC/ CD16-PE/CD3-PerCP/CD45-APC 패널을사용하였다 (Fig. 2). 모든단클론항체들은 Becton-Dickinson사로부터구입하였다. 50 μl의 EDTA 혈액과 20 μl의형광을결합한단클론항체를혼합하여상온의어두운곳에서 15분간보온한다음, 450 μl의 FACS Lysing Solution (Becton-Dickinson Inc.) 과혼합하고, 다시상온의어두운곳에서 15분간보온하였다. 이후바로유세포검사기로튜 80

3 (A) CD45/SSC gating (B) FSC/SSC gating Granulocyte Granulocyte SSC SSC CD45 FSC (1) B cell, T cell (2) T helper/inducer cell (3) T suppressor/cyto toxic cell (4) NK cell CD19 APC-A B cell T cell CD4 PE-Cy7-A CD8 APC-Cy7-A CD16 & 56 PE-A FITC-A FITC-A FITC-A FITC-A CD3 CD3 CD3 CD3 (C) Gate purity correction after FSC/SSC gating FSC/SSC gating Gate purity Granulocyte SSC CD14 Contaminating FSC CD45 Fig. 1. Assay for enumerating the lymphocyte subset using 3 different gating methods. (A) CD45/SSC gating. (B) FSC/SSC gating. (C) Gate purity correction after FSC/SSC gating. The corrected lymphocyte subset (%) was calculated using the following formulae: *Gate purity (%)=CD45(+) bright/cd14(-) mononuclear cells (%) among lymphocytes by using FSC/SSC gating. *Corrected lymphocyte subset result (%) = subset result from FSC/SSC gating (%) 100 Gate purity (%) 브당 20,000개의세포를획득하여분석하였다. 림프구 gate 순도 (purity)[9] 는, CD45/SSC gating법의경우 CD45/ SSC gating한다음 CD45+CD14- 영역에들어오는세포의비율로정의하였고, FSC/SSC gating법의경우 FSC/SSC gating한다음 CD45+CD14- 영역에들어오는세포의비율로정의하였다. Gate 순도교정을위하여, FSC/SSC gating법의결과를림프구 gate 순도로나누어구하였다. 세가지 gating법 (CD45/SSC gating법 [ 기준법 ], FSC/SSC gating법, FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도로교정 ) 에 81

4 CD45/SSC gating Granulocyte CD3(-) lymphocytes CD56(-)CD16(+) NK cells CD56(+)CD16(+) NK cells SSC CD3 PerCP-A CD16 PE-A CD56(+)CD16(-) NK cells APC-A CD45 FSC-H (x1,000) FITC-A CD56 Fig. 2. Evaluation of NK cell subset by using CD16 and/or CD56 expression. gate purity (%) Proportion of lymphocyte (%) A Differences of T cells (%) (CD45/SSC gating- gate purity corrected after FSC/SSC gating) Proportion of lymphocyte (%) B Fig. 3. (A) Correlation between the proportion of lymphocytes and lymphocyte gate purities (r=0.400, P<0.001). (B) Correlation between the proportion of lymphocytes and the differences in T cell values analyzed using CD45/SSC gating and lymphocyte gate purity correction after FSC/SSC gating (r=-0.133, P =0.115). 의한림프구아형검사결과를비교하였다 (Fig. 1). 총 NK세포가운데 CD56-CD16+ NK세포아형의비율은 CD45/ SSC gating법을사용한다음, CD3- 림프구로다시 gating을하여 CD56과 CD16 scattergram 을이용하여분석하였다 (Fig. 2). 백혈구수와백혈구감별계산은자동혈구측정기 (automatic hematology analyzer, XE-2100, Sysmex Inc., Kobe, Japan) 로측정하였다. 3. 통계분석모든통계분석은 SPSS 18.0 소프트웨어 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) 를사용하였다. 림프구 gate 순도와림프구백분율또는림프구 gate 순도와림프구수사이의상관관계, 세가지 gating법에따른림프구아형검사의결과간상관관계는 Pearson s test로평가하였고, 세가지 gating법에따른림프구아형검사결과의각 gating법간차이는 Student t-test로평가하였으며, NK세포아형의분포에 있어서정상대조군과질환군의통계분석은 Mann-Whitney test로평가하였다. P 값이 0.05보다작을때통계적으로유의한것으로간주하였다. 결과 1. 림프구 gate 순도와림프구백분율또는림프구수와의상관관계 CD45/SSC 와 FSC/SSC gating법에의한림프구 gate 순도의평균은각각 99.1% ( 표준편차, 2.1%; 중앙값, 99.7%; 범위, %), 94.6% ( 표준편차, 7.2%; 중앙값, 97.3%; 범위, %) 였다. FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도와림프구백분율, 림프구 gate 순도와림프구수와의상관관계는각각 r = (P <0.001), r = (P = 0.014) 였다. 림프구 gate 순도는림프구백분율또는림프구수가증가할수록높아졌다 (Fig. 3A). 82

5 Table 1. Percentages of lymphocytic subsets calculated using 3 different lymphocyte gating methods (N=114) 100 CD56-CD16+ CD56+CD16+ CD56+CD16- subsets 2. 세가지 gating 법에따른림프구아형검사결과의비교 CD45/SSC gating 법과 FSC/SSC gating 법의림프구아형검사결과 간의상관관계, CD45/SSC gating 법과 FSC/SSC gating 후 gate 순도 교정법의림프구아형검사결과간의상관관계는, 모두 T 세포와 T 세포아형에서높게나타났고, B 세포와 NK 세포에서는상대적으로 낮았으며, 각 gating 간차이역시 T 세포에서통계적으로유의하였 고 ( 각각 P = 0.027, 0.002), 다른림프구아형에서는유의하지않았 다 (Table 1). Correlations (r)* A versus B A versus C A B P value Differences 림프구백분율과, CD45/SSC gating 법과 FSC/SSC gating 후 gate 순도로교정하여얻은림프구아형의결과차이간의상관관계는 유의하지는않았지만, 림프구백분율이증가할수록감소하는경향 을보였다 (T 세포 r = [P = 0.155], 보조 T 세포 r = [P = 0.780], 억제 T 세포 r = [P = 0.375], B 세포 r = [P = 0.145], NK 세포 r = [P = 0.517])(Fig. 3B). 림프구아형검사결과값의 분포역시림프구백분율이증가할수록좁아졌다. A C P value T cells ± ± ( ) 1.18 ( ) T helper/ ± ±4.09, inducer cells 0.80 ( ) 0.15 ( ) T suppressor/ ± ±4.82, cytotoxic cells 1.45 ( ) 0.08 ( ) B cells ± ± ( ) ( ) NK cells ± ± ( ) 0.43 ( ) *All, P < A, CD45/SSC gating; B, FSC/SSC gating; C, gate purity correction after FSC/SSC gating 3. 환자및정상인에서 CD16 발현에따른 NK 세포아형의분포 114 개의혈액검체에서총 NK 세포, CD56-CD16+ NK 세포아형, CD56+CD16+ NK 세포아형, CD56+CD16- NK 세포아형의평균백 분율은각각 18.1%, 3.2% (NK 세포의 17.1%), 13.6% (NK 세포의 72.7%), 1.9% (NK 세포의 10.2%) 였다 (Table 2). 정상대조군과환자 군의 NK 세포아형을비교한바, CD56-CD16+ NK 세포아형이급성 % * 9.52* 골수성백혈병, 급성림프모구백혈병, 간경변, 재생불량빈혈과바이 러스감염환자군에서유의하게높았다 (Table 2). 환자군 ( %) 은정상대조군 (9.5%) 에비해서더높은비율의 CD56- CD16+ NK 세포를가지고있었다 (Fig. 4). 특히재생불량빈혈환자, 골수형성이상증후군환자, 바이러스감염환자, 간경변환자들은 총 NK 세포가운데 CD56-CD16+ NK 세포아형이 18.0% 이상을나 타내고있었다 (Fig. 4). 13.4* 13.1* Fig. 4. Distribution of NK cell subsets in patients with various diseases. *Proportion of NK cells that are CD56-CD16+ NK cells. Abbreviations: NC, normal control; AML, follow-up of patients with acute myeloid leukemia after chemotherapy; ALL, follow-up of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after chemotherapy; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; LC, liver cirrhosis; AA, aplastic anemia; VI, viral infection. 고찰 본연구에서 CD45/SSC gating 법의림프구 gate 순도평균이 99.1% 여서 CD45/SSC gating 법에서는림프구 gate 의순도확인이 필요하지않다고생각한다. 이점은, CD45/SSC gating 법에서다른 백혈구들에의한오염을막기위하여림프구아형검사값을교정하 는것이필요하지않다는 CLSI 가이드라인권고와일치하였다 [1]. 그러나 FSC/SSC gating 법을사용했을경우, 림프구 gate 순도의평 균이 94.6% 였으며표준편차가높았고 (7.2%) 범위또한넓었다 ( %). 또한이방법을사용할경우, 림프구순도가림프구 백분율이높아질수록높아지는것을알수있었으나림프구백분 율이어느정도일때지속적으로높은림프구순도를나타내는지 는찾을수없었다 (Fig. 3A). 21.2* Total NC AML ALL MDS Tumor LC AA VI Other CD45/SSC gating 법과 FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도교정 을한방법을사용한림프구아형검사결과간의차이와림프구백 분율은유의한상관관계를보이지않았지만두가지방법을사용 16.1* 18.0* 25.5* 18.8* 19.4* 83

6 Table 2. Distribution of NK cell subsets according to disease entity Age Total No. NK cell (%) CD56-CD16+ (%) CD56+CD16+ (%) CD56+CD16- (%) 40± ± ± ± ± (1-81) 13.0 ( ) 2.1 ( ) 9.3 ( ) 0.7 ( ) NC 52± ± ± ± ± (25-81) 11.4 ( ) 0.7 ( ) 9.6 ( ) 0.3 ( ) AML 45± ± ±2.3* 15.2±13.4, 3.5± (8-63) 12.2 ( ) 2.4 ( ) 9.0 ( ) 0.6 ( ) ALL 19± ± ±2.8* 23.1± ±3.7* 19 (1-59) 18.9 ( ) 2.5 ( ) 14.5 ( ) 0.9 ( ) MDS 44± ± ± ± ±0.7* 43 (12-63) 7.3 ( ) 1.6 ( ) 4.1 ( ) 0.9 ( ) Tumor 36± ± ± ± ± (5-60) 11.7 ( ) 1.7 ( ) 6.7 ( ) 0.9 ( ) LC 50± ± ±3.3* 15.5± ±0.4* 50 (39-65) 16.3 ( ) 2.4 ( ) 11.8 ( ) 0.8 ( ) AA VI 22± ± ±5.1* 17.4± ±3.0* 20 (7-49) 14.0 ( ) 7.9 ( ) 15.6 ( ) 2.0 ( ) 48± ± ±1.8* 10.9± ± (18-71) 13.1 ( ) 3.2 ( ) 11.6 ( ) 0.3 ( ) Others 31± ± ± ± ± (1-63) 10.1 ( ) 1.9 ( ) 8.5 ( ) 0.5 ( ) *P <0.05, when data of the NK subset from patient groups were compared with those of the normal controls by using the Mann-Whitney test. Abbreviations: NC, normal control; VI, viral infection; AML, follow-up of patients with acute myeloid leukemia after chemotherapy; ALL, follow-up of acute lymphoblastic leukemia after chemotherapy; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; LC, liver cirrhosis; AA, aplastic anemia. 한림프구아형검사결과간의차이가림프구백분율이증가할수록작아지는역상관관계를보였고, 림프구백분율이증가할수록림프구아형검사결과간차이의분포가좁아지는경향을나타내었다 (Fig. 3B). 그러나림프구백분율이어느정도일때지속적으로두가지 gating 방법의림프구아형검사의결과간차이가낮게나타나는지는알수없었다. 세가지다른 gating 방법을사용한림프구아형검사결과간상관관계는 T세포에서높았고, B세포와 NK세포에서는상대적으로낮았다 (Table 1). 세방법을사용하여구한림프구아형검사결과간차이도 T세포에서통계적으로유의하였으나, 다른림프구아형에서는유의하지않았다 (Table 2). 이러한결과는아마도 T세포와 T세포아형들이 B세포와 NK세포보다높은비율을차지하고있었기때문일것이다. NK세포에서의결과를제외하고림프구아형검사결과간상관관계는 CD45/SSC gating법과 FSC/SSC gating 후 gate 순도교정을한방법간의상관관계가, CD45/SSC gating법과 FSC/SSC gating법간의상관관계보다조금더높았고 (Table 1), 림프구아형검사결과간차이의 P값은 CD45/SSC gating법과 FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도교정을한방법간의차이가 CD45/SSC gating과 FSC/ SSC gating법간의차이보다조금더낮았다. 그러나차이의평균값은, B 세포와 NK 세포의경우 CD45/SSC gating법과 FSC/SSC gating 후 gate 순도교정을한방법간의차이가 CD45/SSC gating 법과 FSC/SSC gating법간의차이보다더컸다. 이와같은점을고려할때, FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도교정이 FSC/SSC gating만을사용하는경우보다림프구아형검사의정확도를개선시키지못한다는것을알수있었다. 84

7 Calvelli 등 [9] 이제시한유세포검사면역표현형검사가이드라인은, 림프구 gate 순도교정은 FSC/SSG gating 후 CD45+CD14- 영역의세포백분율 ( 림프구순도 ) 이 85% 를넘을때에만이루어져야하고, 만약 FSC/SSC gating 후 CD45+CD14- 영역의세포백분율이 85% 를넘지않을때에는, FSC/SSC gating을변경하여야하며, FSC/SSC gating을변경하여도 CD45+CD14- 영역의세포백분율이 85% 를넘지않을때에는동일한검체를가지고다시검사를하도록권장하고있고, 다시검사한경우에도 CD45+CD14- 영역의세포백분율이 85% 를넘지않으면, 검사결과산출을할수없다고하였다. 본연구는대한진단검사의학회에서발간한검사실심사점검표 (2011/01) 유세포검사문항 ( ) 림프구아형분석결과는 gate purity에맞추어적절히교정되는가? 에림프구순도교정시기준이없고, 교정하는가에대한지침만이있어서림프구순도 85% 이하도포함하여분석하였는데, FSC/SSC gating법을사용한경우림프구순도가 85% 이하 ( %) 인경우가 114 검체가운데 7검체 ( 간경변 2예, 급성골수성백혈병, 골수형성이상증후군, 급성림프아구백혈병, 재생불량빈혈, 폐암각 1명씩 ) 에서관찰되었다. 림프구순도가 85% 이하인 7검체의경우, 재 FSC/SSC gating을하여도림프구순도가 85% 를넘지못하고유사한결과를보였으며, CD45/SSC gating 시에는모두 85% 이상 ( %) 의림프구순도를나타내었다. 따라서림프구순도가 85% 이하인경우는림프구 gating 시 CD45을사용하지않으면검사결과를산출할수없을것으로여겨진다. 크로아티아의면역감시프로그램을위한외부정도관리에서도림프구 gating을위하여사용하던 FSC/SSC gating이허용불가능 (unacceptable) 한결과를보였기때문에, 림프구 gating에 CD45/ SSC gating을채택하였다고보고하고있다 [3]. 본연구결과에서도 FSC/SSC gating법이나 FSC/SSC gating 후림프구 gate 순도교정은더이상사용할수없으며, CD45가림프구 gating 시반드시필요함을알수있었다. 따라서 CAP 유세포검사체크리스트와대한진단검사의학회에서발간한검사실유세포검사심사점검표문항 ( ) 을아래와같이개정되어야한다고생각한다. 즉 림프구아형검사시원하고자하는세포만을선택하기위해적절한 gating기법이사용되는가? ( 림프구선택시단구와과립구의혼입이많을경우에는 forward light scatter와 side light scatter 화면에서 gating을시행하는것보다 side light scatter와형광 [ 예, CD45] 염색화면에서 gating을시행할경우에더도움이되는경우가있다.) 를 림프구아형검사시림프구를선택하기위하여 side light scatter와 CD45형광염색으로 gating을시행하는가? 로바꿀것을제안한다. 또한다음문항 ( ) 인 림프구아형분석결과는 gating purity에맞추어적절히교정되는가? ( 비림프구가 5% 이상 gate에혼입되어있다면림프구아형검사결과를교정하여야한다. 교정방법으로는림프구인지시 low side light scatter와 bright CD45 부위 를이용한다. 다른방법을이용할수있는데이런경우반드시기록해두어야한다.) 를삭제하는것이바람직하다고생각한다. 반드시 CD45/SSC gating을사용하여야하고 CD45/SSC gating을사용하면림프구 gate의순도가 95% 이상 100% 에가까우므로 gating 순도교정이필요없기때문이다. NK세포는바이러스감염이나세포의악성화와같은병변에대하여초기방어를담당하므로매우중요한면역세포이다. NK세포를세아형으로나누는데세포융해기능을갖고있는 CD56 dim CD16+ NK세포, 사이토카인을생산하는 CD56+CD16+/- NK세포와아직까지정확한기능이밝혀지지않은 CD56-CD16+ NK세포가있다 [8, 10-12]. NK세포아형은조직의위치, 비호지킨 B세포림프종의종류와광범위큰 B세포림프종과난포성림프종의임상단계등에따라서다양하게존재한다 [11]. 또한 NK세포아형은인종에따라서도달라져서중국한족과코카서스사람이흑인에비하여세포독성아형 (CD56 dim CD16+ NK세포 ) 을더높은비율로나타내고, 코카서스사람과흑인은사이토카인생산아형 (CD56+CD16+/- NK세포 ) 을더높은비율로나타내며, 흑인의경우기능이아직밝혀지지않은아형 (CD56-CD16+ NK세포 ) 이높게나타난다고하였다 [12]. 최근, 만성적으로제1형사람면역결핍바이러스또는 C형간염바이러스에감염된사람의말초혈액에서 CD56- NK세포가높게나타난다고보고되었으며, 기능평가결과 CD56- NK세포가케모카인을생산함이밝혀졌는데이는직접적으로항바이러스기능과적응 (adaptive) 면역반응을나타냄을시사하고있다 [8]. 사람면역결핍바이러스감염환자, 염증성장질환환자와건강한사람들에서 CD56-CD16+ NK세포아형을포함한 NK세포아형들의백분율, 절대치와기능의차이가있음이계속보고되고있다 [13-16]. 본연구에서 CD56-CD16+ NK세포가총 NK세포의평균 17.1% 를차지하였으며, 정상대조군보다환자군에서더높은비율을나타내는것을알수있었다 (Table 2, Fig. 4). 재생불량빈혈환자 (25.5%), 골수형성이상증후군 (21.2%), 바이러스감염환자 (18.8%), 간경화환자 (18.0%) 에서 CD56-CD16+ NK세포아형의백분율이높게나타났다. 따라서 CD56-CD16+ NK세포아형의측정을환자군에서간과할수없으므로 NK세포측정시 CD16 이필요하다고여겨진다. CLSI 가이드라인에서 NK세포측정시, 림프구 gate 내에들어올수도있는정상 CD16+ 단구 / 수지상세포아형을 NK세포로부정확하게측정되는것을막기위하여 CD56과 CD16 을같이사용하는것보다 CD56를단독으로사용할것을권장하고있는데, CD45와 SSC 화면에서림프구를 gate하는경우에는단구 / 수지상세포가림프구 gate에들어오지않는다고생각한다. 단구 / 수지상세포가림 85

8 프구보다 CD45가약하고 SSC가높으므로두세포군이구별되기때문이다. 그러나본연구에서염색패널에 CD14를사용하여 CD14 양성단구 / 수지상세포가림프구 gate 안에들어오지않았음을증명하였더라면좀더명확하게 CLSI 가이드라인의우려를없앨수있었을것으로여겨진다. 결론적으로유세포검사에의한림프구아형측정에서 CD45는 gating 시반드시사용되어하고, NK세포측정시 CD16 사용이필수적이다. 요약 배경 : Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 가이드라인 (H42-A2) 에서는림프구아형분석을위하여 CD45/SSC gating법을사용하고 NK세포아형측정시 CD16 를사용하지않고 CD56만을사용할것을권장하고있다. 또한 CAP의유세포검사체크리스트에서는림프구아형검사시 gating을위하여특정한 gating방법의사용을권장하지않고, 단지 gate 순도에따라림프구아형검사의결과를교정할것을권장하고있다. 방법 : 102명의환자군과 12명의정상대조군으로부터 EDTA 혈액을채취하여세가지의 gating법 (CD45/SSC, FSC/SSC, FSC/SSC gating 후 gate 순도를이용한교정 ) 으로림프구아형검사를실시하여그결과를각각비교하였고, NK세포가운데 CD56-/CD16+ NK 세포아형의백분율을평가하였다. 결과 : 림프구백분율이증가할수록림프구 gate의순도가증가하는것을알수있었으나높은림프구순도를나타내는특정한림프구백분율은알수없었다. T세포의경우 gating법에따라결과가달라졌는데 (CD45/SSC와 FSC/SSC 비교시결과값의차이 P = 0.027, CD45/SSC 와 FSC/SSC gating 후림프구순도로교정비교시결과값의차이 P = 0.002), FSC/SSC gating 후림프구순도로교정하는방법이 FSC/SSC gating법에비해정확도가증가되지않았다. CD56-CD16+ NK세포아형은총 NK세포의 17.1% ( 평균 ) 를차지하였으며환자군 ( %) 에서대조군 (9.5%) 보다더높은비율을차지하였다. 결론 : 유세포검사에의한림프구아형측정에서 CD45는 gating 시반드시사용되어야하고, NK세포측정시 CD16 사용이필수적이다. 감사의글 본연구는대한진단검사의학회신임위원회질향상연구사업과제 (2010 년 ) 로대한진단검사의학회의지원을받은것임. 참고문헌 1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Enumeration of Immunologically Defined Cell Populations by Flow Cytometry, Approved Guideline-Second Edition. CLSI document H42-A2, Wayne, NJ, USA: CLSI; 2007, p18, p Autissier P, Soulas C, Burdo TH, Williams KC. Evaluation of a 12-Color Flow Cytometry Panel to Study,, and Dendritc Cell Subset in Humans. Cytometry A 2010;77: Siftar Z, Paro MM, Sokolić I, Nazor A, Mestrić ZF. External Quality Assessment in Clinical Cell Analysis by Flow Cytometry. Why is It so Important? Coll Antropol 2010;34: Levering WH, van Wieringen WN, Kraan J, Sintnicolaas K, van Rhenen DJ, Gratama JW. Flow Cytometric Subset Enumeration: 10 Years of External Quality Assessment in the Benelux Countries. Cytometry B 2008;74: College of American Pathologists FL-B Flow Cytometry, Participant Summary of SURVEYS Flow Cytometry Quality Assurance Program supplied by the Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine Participant Summary of Flow Cytometry Quality Assurance. 7. CAP (College of American Pathologists). Flow Cytometry Checklist (06/17/2010) FLO.30460, FLO Bjorkstrom NK, Ljunggren HS, Sandberg JK. CD56 negative NK cells: origin, function, and role in chronic viral disease. Trends in Immnunology 2011;31(11): Calvelli T, Denny TN, Paxton H, Gelman R, Kagan J. Guideline for Flow Cytometric Immunophenotyping: a report from the national institute of allergy and infectious diseases, division of AIDS. Cytometry 1993;14: Maria A, Bozzano F, Cantoni C, Moretta L. Revisiting human natural killer cell subset function revealed cytolytic CD56dimCD16+ NK cells as rapid producers of abundant IFN-γ on activation. PNAS 2011;108(2): Gibson SE, Swerdlow SH, Felgar RE. Natural killer cell subsets and natural killer-like T-cell populations in benign and neoplastic B-cell proliferations vary based on clinicopathological features. Human Pathology 2011;42: Feng Y, Zhang R, Zhu H, Peng H, Zhou X, Hong K, Liu J, Chen J, Shao Y. Comparision of the quantities and subset distributions of natural killer cells among different races. Chin Med J 2010;123(22): Vieillard V, Fausther-Bovendo H, Samri A, Debré P, et al. Specific Phe- 86

9 notypic and Functional Features of Natural Killer Cells From HIV-Infected Long-Term Nonprogressors and HIV Controllers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010;53: Hong HS, Eberhard JM, Keudel P, Bollmann BA, Ahmad F, Ballmaier M, et al. Phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets contribute to the expansion of CD56-/CD16+ natural killer cells in HIV infection. AIDS 2010;24: Steel AW, Mela CM, Lindsay JO, Gazzard BG, Goodier MR. Increased proportion of CD16+ NK cells in the colonic lamina propria of inflammatory bowel disease patients, but not after azathioprine treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011;33: Konjević G, Mirjacić Martinović K, Vuletić A, Jurisić V, Spuzić I. Distribution of several activating and inhibitory receptors on CD3-CD16+ NK cells and their correlation with NK cell function in healthy individuals. J Membr Biol 2009;230:

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