여기에는다시 3가지세부역량을정의하고있다 치과진료와관련된직업적위험요소를관리할수있다 재난에대한대비계획을수립하고준비할수있다 치과진료에서발생할수있는응급구조술을할수있다. 이중 7.3. 은치과진료중발생한응급상황에적절히대처할수있는역량을강조한다. 그러

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1 J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 44(2) 2017 ISSN (print) ISSN (online) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Pediatric Advanced Life Support for Pediatric Dentist Jongbin Kim Department of Pediatric Department, School of Dentistry, Dankook University Abstract Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency treatment that stimulates blood circulation and breathing when the function of the heart stops or stops breathing. CPR can be divided by basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ALS). BLS involves the use of chest compression to force the blood flow to the main organs, rescue breathing to improve the breathing to the respiratory failure patient and the use automated external defibrillator (AED). The categories of advanced life support include advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) for adult and pediatric advanced life support (PALS) for children. In the treatment of dental care for children, which is extremely difficult to deal with, and for a variety of reasons, the use of sedation is considered to treat the children who are unlikely to cooperate with dentistry. This is why there is an increasing possibility of an emergency situation involving cardiac arrest. PALS includes the BLS, and it presents a systematic algorithm to treat respiratory failure, shock and cardiogenic cardiac arrest. In order to manage emergency situations in the pediatric dental clinic, respiratory support is most important. Therefore, mastering professional PALS, which includes respiratory care and core cases, particularly upper airway obstruction and respiratory depression caused by a respiratory control problem, would be highly desirable for a physician who treats pediatric dental patients. Regular training and renewal training every two years is necessary to be able to immediately implement professional skills in emergency situations. Key words : Pediatric Dentist, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Basic life support, Pediatric advanced life support, Dental sedation I. 서론 심정지는갑작스럽게일어나며즉시적절한처치가이루어지지않을경우생명을위협한다. 심정지후 4-5분이지나면뇌로가는혈류공급의부족으로뇌손상이시작되므로신속한응급처치가필수적이다. 심장에서발생하는전기적신호이상을해결해주기위한제세동이 1분지 연될때마다생존율은 7-10% 감소하지만, 심폐소생술을실시할경우 1분당 2.5-5% 만감소한다. 또한목격자가즉시심폐소생술을실시했을때에는실시하지않았을때보다생존율은 2-3배가된다 [1]. 2014년 4월발표한치과대학 ( 원 ) 치의학교육인증기준 [2] 에포함된국가적수준의치과의사역량의 7가지영역에서 7번째영역은치과에서발생한응급상황에대처할수있는능력이다. Corresponding author : Jongbin Kim Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dankook University, 119 Dandaero, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31116, Korea Tel: / jbkim0222@dankook.ac.kr Received February 16, 2017 / Revised March 30, 2017 / Accepted March 2,

2 여기에는다시 3가지세부역량을정의하고있다 치과진료와관련된직업적위험요소를관리할수있다 재난에대한대비계획을수립하고준비할수있다 치과진료에서발생할수있는응급구조술을할수있다. 이중 7.3. 은치과진료중발생한응급상황에적절히대처할수있는역량을강조한다. 그러나, 2012년김 [3] 은단국대학교치과대학본과4학년학생을대상으로학습목표설정을위한설문조사의 25개항목중 치료중에발생할수있는응급상황을예견하고, 진단하고, 초기치료및추적관리를할수있어야시행한다. 와 기본적인응급처치술 (basic cardiac life support) 을실시할수있다. 의항목에대한 3 년간의응답률이모두 35% 를넘지않는다고하였다. 졸업후전공과정에서소아청소년을진료하는전공의는주로행동조절에어려움을가지거나불가능할정도의극심한공포를가진환자를진료하게된다. 이경우, 응급상황에노출될가능성은증가하게되며이에대비한지식과술기, 태도를충분히습득하여야한다 [4,5]. 심폐소생술 (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR) 은심정지가발생한환자에게가슴압박 (chest compression) 과구조호흡 (rescue breathing) 을제공하는기본생명구조술 (basic life support) 과약물투여, 제세동 (defibrillation), 심정지후통합치료로서환자를소생시키기위한전문소생술 (advanced life support, ALS) 로구성된다 [6]. 전문소생술은성인이주대상인고급생명구조술 (advanced cardiovascular life support, ACLS) 과소아가주대상인소아고급생명구조술 (pediatric advanced life support, PALS) 이있다. 여기서는주로소아고급생명구조술에관해소개하고자한다. 치과치료는술자가환자의기도 (airway) 를침범하는술식이대부분이다. 또한다양한기구가사용되는술식이기에그만큼이물질흡인가능성은증가하게된다 [7]. 치과치료중발생할수있는생명을위협하는수준의심각한합병증에는기도폐쇄, 후두경련, 호흡부전또는호흡정지로인한이차적인뇌손상, 심한저혈압또는고혈압, 경련발작그리고심정지등이있다 [8]. 특히소아는성인에비해좁은기도와여러해부학적이유로인해호흡에의한심정지가주로발생한다 [9]. 따라서, 소아의치료도중에는항상기도유지및적절한호흡감시가필요하다. 소아청소년을주로진료하게되는소아치과의사는치과환경에서일어날수있는다양한긴급및응급상황에대해서적절한대처를위해서소아고급생명구조술을잘이해하고충분히습득할필요가있다 [10]. 최근국가적으로안전에대한관심이증가하고있다. 소아청소년을진료하는과정에서발생할수있는응급상황과이에적절히대처하기위해 2015년새롭게개정된심폐소생술과소아 고급생명술에관한최신지견을소개하고자한다. II. 기본생명구조술 (basic life support, BLS) 심폐소생술은심장의기능이정지하거나호흡이멈추었을때인공적으로혈액을순환시키고호흡을보조해주는응급처치이다. 이를통해심장이정지된상태에서도혈액을순환시켜뇌손상가능성을지연시킬수있고심정지로부터회복하는데중요한역할을한다. 국내에서심폐소생술시행률은외국에비해그다지높지않다 [11]. 2010년통계에서한국의일반인심폐소생술시행률은 3.1% 로, 미국의 37.4%(2011년통계 ) 에비해매우낮은수치였다. 하지만, 2014년질병관리본부가발표한 2013년심정지등록체계 Ver 3.0 데이터분석결과자료 [12] 에서는목격자 ( 발견자 ) 에의한현장일반인의심폐소생술 ( 흉부압박 ) 을시행한경우는심정지로입력된전체대상자 5,831명중 1,290명 (22.1%), 보조호흡을동반한경우는 386명 (6.6%), 자동제세동기를적용한경우는 87명 (1.5%) 으로상당한증가를보였다. 1. 알고리즘 (algorithm) 2015년개정판만일심정지가발생했을때인간의몸은다음 3단계를따라변화한다 [13]. 첫번째단계는초기 4-5분사이로특별한조직손상이없으며, 이시기에적절한응급치료를하면회복될수있다. 다음단계는 4-5분에서 10분사이로조직속산소가급격히소모되며손상이일어난다. 이시기에는심폐소생술을통해혈액을순환시켜조직에산소를공급하는응급조치가취해져야한다. 마지막으로 10분이넘으면조직손상이심각해지며아직까지이시기에대한효과적인치료법은없다. 심폐소생술은 1, 2단계에서효과적인응급처치법이다. 외부에서압박을가해심장을압축시켜강제적으로피를순환시킴으로써조직에산소를계속적으로공급해조직손상을막고다음단계의치료가가능해질때까지환자의상태를유지시킬수있다. 일반적으로심폐소생술다음조치는자동제세동기 (automated external defibrillator, AED) 를이용한제세동이다. 이를통해심실세동으로인한심정지로부터신속하게회복할수있다. 심정지상황을목격하게되면당황하지않고침착하게대처하는것이중요하다. 이를위해서는평소에체계적으로교육받고, 반복적으로훈련하는것이중요하다. 이를위해미국심폐소생협회 (American heart association, AHA) 는 2015년개정된알고리즘을제시하였다. 심폐소생술의술기를하는과정에서영아는만 1세미만으 244

3 J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 44(2) 2017 로 정의한다. 소아에서의 기본소생술은 만 1세부터 만 8세까지 았는지 가 중요한 변수가 된다. 만약 직접 목격하였다면, 심정지 의 소아에 적용한다. Fig. 1은 기본생명구조술 의료제공자를 위 의 원인이 심장기능 이상에 의할 가능성이 높아서 자동제세동기 한 성인 심정지 알고리즘이며, Fig. 2는 기본생명구조술 의료제 의 중요성이 커지므로, 즉시 소생술을 시행하기에 앞서 자동제 공자를 위한 소아 심정지 알고리즘 (1인 구조자용) 그리고 Fig. 3 세동기를 확보하는 노력을 먼저 하게 되지만, 직접 목격한 경우 은 기본생명구조술 의료제공자를 위한 소아 심정지 알고리즘 (2 가 아니라면 호흡에 의한 심정지 가능성이 더 크므로 먼저 2주 인 이상 구조자용)이다. 기의 심폐소생술을 시행한 후 응급체계를 활성화한다. 소아의 경우, 심정지가 의심스러운 환자를 목격자가 직접 보 Fig. 1. BLS Healthcare Provider Adult Cardiac Arrest Algorithm-2015 Update. 245

4 J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 44(2) 2017 Fig. 2. BLS Healthcare Provider Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm for the Single Rescuer-2015 Update. 246

5 J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 44(2) 2017 Fig. 3. BLS Healthcare Provider Pediatric Cardiac Arrest Algorithm for 2 or More Rescuers-2015 Update. 2. 기본생명구조술 제공자를 위한 올바른 심폐소생술 개 로 하여 거의 동일하게 적용하지만 각국의 상황에 맞춰 세부 내 별 요소 요약 용이 조금씩 다른 경우가 있다. 국내에서는 미국심장협회와 대 한심폐소생협회가 ITO (international training organization)를 맺 심폐소생술의 구체적인 방법에 대한 가이드라인은 심폐 고 시행하고 있는 가이드라인을 따른다[14-16]. 소생술국제연락위원회(international liaison committee on 2015년 개정된 가이드라인[17]에 따른 기본생명구조술 제공 resuscitation, ILCOR)에서 5년에 한 번씩 결정한다. 이를 기본으 자를 위한 올바른 심폐소생술 개별 요소를 요약하였다(Table 1). 247

6 Table 1. Summary of High-Quality CPR Components for BLS Providers Component Adults and Adolescents Children (Age 1 Year to Puberty) Infants (Age Less Than 1 Year, Excluding Newborns) Scene safety Recognition of cardiac arrest Make sure the environment is safe for rescuers and victim Check for responsiveness No breathing or only gasping (ie, no normal breathing) No definite pulse felt within 10 seconds (Breathing and pulse check can be performed simultaneously in less than 10 seconds) Activation of emergency response system Compression-ventilation ratio without advanced airway If you are alone with no mobile phone, leave the victim to activate the emergency response system and get the AED before beginning CPR Otherwise, send someone and begin CPR immediately; use the AED as soon as it is available 1 or 2 rescuers 30:2 Witnessed collapse Follow steps for adults and adolescents on the left Unwitnessed collapse Give 2 minutes of CPR Leave the victim to activate the emergency response system and get the AED Return to the child or infant and resume CPR; use the AED as soon as it is available 1 rescuer 30:2 2 or more rescuers 15:2 Compression-ventilation ratio with advanced airway Compression rate Continuous compressions at a rate of /min Give 1 breath every 6 seconds (10 breaths/min) /min Compression depth At least 2 inches (5 cm)* At least one third AP diameter of chest About 2 inches (5 cm) At least one third AP diameter of chest About 1½ inches (4 cm) Hand placement 2 hands on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum) 2 hands or 1 hand (optional for very small child) on the lower half of the 1 rescuer 2 fingers in the center of the chest, just below the nipple line 2 or more rescuers 2 thumb encircling hands in the center of the chest, just below the nipple line Chest recoil Minimizing interruptions Allow full recoil of chest after each compression; do not lean on the chest after each compression Limit interruptions in chest compressions to less than 10 seconds *Compression depth should be no more than 2.4 inches (6 cm). Abbreviations: AED, automated external defibrillator; AP, anteroposterior; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 248

7 3. 성인에대한올바른심폐소생술을위한기본생명구조술구조자의준수사항및금지사항 (Table 2) 소생술실행목표를적용할때올바른심폐소생술실시가중요하다는점을다시한번강조하였다. 4. 영아및소아의기본생명구조술 1세가넘은소아에서심정지의가장흔한원인이외상이다 [18]. 이때문에성인에서의급성심정지와달리소아의심정지의상당부분은예방이가능하다. 영아돌연사증후군의경우아이를엎드려재우지않고, 푹신한바닥에눕히지않는것등을통해예방할수있다. 대표적인손상인교통사고는안전띠착용, 소아용카시트장착등을통해예방할수있다 [19]. 영아와소아에서는심실세동에의한심정지보다질식성심정지가훨씬흔하기때문에소아소생술에서는인공호흡이매우중요하다. 그러나영아및소아심정지환자에서도심폐소생술의순서는교육과훈련의단일화와기존 2011년심폐소생술가이드라인의연속적인의미에서성인과마찬가지로가슴압박을먼저하고인공호흡을한다 [20-22] 년가이드라인과 2010년가이드라인의차이점심폐소생술가이드라인은 1966년미국심장협회와미국과학협회 (american academy of science) 가처음개정하였고, 이후관련분야의연구결과를바탕으로일정한주기로개정되어왔다 [23-26]. 1993년에는심폐소생술에관한가이드라인을국제적으로표준화하기위하여미국심장협회와유럽소생위원회 (european resuscitation council, ERC) 가주축이되어심폐소생술국제연락위원회 (international liaison committee on resuscitation, ILCOR) 를구성하였다. 심폐소생술국제연락위원회는심 폐소생술의연구및가이드라인개발에대한중심체역할을하고있으며, 심폐소생술의주요이슈에대한과학적근거를제시하는역할을하고있다. 심폐소생술국제연락위원회는 5년을주기로새롭게축적된과학적근거를심폐소생술가이드라인에적용하기위한작업을수행하며, 그결과를새로운심폐소생술과응급심혈관치료가이드라인 (international consensus on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care science with treatment recommendations) 으로발표한다 [19]. 2010년지침과비교하여표현법에서중요하게달라진점은권고등급과증거수준을이용하였다는점이다. 내용에있어서는 2010년과큰차이는없다. 일반인구조자의적극적인흉부압박을더욱강조하였으며, 흉부압박횟수는분당 회이며 120회이상하게되면압박의깊이가깊지않아비효율적이므로제한사항을추가하였다. 흉부압박깊이는 2인치이상, 2.4인치이하 (5 cm 이상 6 cm 이하 ) 로 6 cm을넘지않도록하였다. 핸드폰의상용화를반영하여소셜네트워킹서비스 (Social Networking Service, SNS), 휴대폰을이용한연락체계이용을권장하였다. 전화상담원이심폐소생술필요여부판단하여구조자에게지침을제공하도록강조하였다. III. 전문소생술 (advanced life support, ALS) 소아고급생명구조술 (pediatric advanced life support, PALS) 1. 전문소생술 전문소생술과정은기본생명구조술과정을수행하면서약물투여를위한정맥로 (Intravenous) 또는골내 (intraosseous) 주사로의확보및약물투여, 기관내삽관등전문기도유지 (advance airway placement), 심전도리듬분석결과에따라제세동을수행하는과정을포함한다. 전문소생술동안에는가슴압박과인 Table 2. BLS Dos and Don ts of Adult High-Quality CPR Rescuers Should Perform chest compressions at a rate of /min Compress to a depth of at least 2 inches (5 cm) Allow full recoil after each compression Minimize pauses in compressions Ventilate adequately (2 breaths after 30 compressions, each breath delivered over 1 second, each causing chest rise) Rescuers Should Not Compress at a rate slower than 100/min or faster than 120/min Compress to a depth of less than 2 inches (5 cm) or greater than 2.4 inches (6 cm) Lean on the chest between compressions Interrupt compressions for greater than 10 seconds Provide excessive ventilation (ie, too many breaths or breaths with excessive force) 249

8 공호흡을 2분간시행한후심전도분석결과에따라심실세동 (ventricular fibrillation) 또는무맥박심실빈맥 (pulseless ventricular tachycardia) 등제세동이필요한리듬 (shockable rhythm) 이관찰되면제세동을하고, 심장무수축 (asystole) 또는무맥박전기활성 (pulseless electrical activities) 등제세동이필요하지않은리듬 (nonshockable rhythm) 이관찰되면심폐소생술을계속한다. 심폐소생술중에관류압 (perfusion pressure) 을유지하기위해혈압상승제 (vasopressor) 를투여하게된다. 가장우선선택하는방법은에피네프린 (epinephrine) 1.0 mg( 성인기준 ) 을 3-5 분간격으로반복투여하는것이다. 2. 소아고급생명구조술 (pediatric advanced life support, PALS) 의특징응급처치는빠른임상적평가, 판단능력, 치료능력이요구되며, 소아고급생명구조술에서는이를평가 (evaluate), 식별 (identify) 그리고처치 (intervene) 라고표현한다. 각각의응급상황을체계적인흐름에따라평가하고식별하며즉시처치를하는과정을진행하고처치에대한재평가와재식별재처치를반복하면서문제를해결하며, 간과하는일이없도록스스로를확인할수있게된다 (Fig. 4). 소아고급생명구조술에서는응급상황에서술자가올바르게평가하고식별하고처치하기위해서순차적인접근법을강조한다. 즉, 첫인상 (initial impression), 1차조사 (primary assessment) 그리고 2차조사 (secondary assessment) 로이루어진체계적인흐름이다. 응급상황에서술자는가장먼저환자의의식과호흡그리고순환을빠르게검사하여평가하고응급의정도를식별하고적절한처치를진행한다. 이후에 1차조사과정에서첫인상과정의처치후환자의반응과기도, 호흡, 순환, 신경학적징후그리고전신체온등을평가하고다시적절한식별을한다음그에따른처치를진행한다. 2차조사에서는 1차조사후처치에대한재평가와환자의증상과징후, 알레르기유무, 약물복용여부, 기왕력, 섭식상황그리고증상의발현에관한정보를보호자와주변동료들로부터파악하여평가하고그에맞게상황을식별하고처치를진행한다. 이과정을두자어 (acronym) 로표현하면, CBC, ABCDE, SAMPLE로쓸수있으며기억하기에쉬워실수를줄일수있다. 2차조사과정을통해서도부족한정보들은실험실검사, 방사선사진및기타검사를통해얻게된다 (Table 3). 평가에관련된내용을표로정리하였다 (Table 4). 식별과관련된내용을표로정리하였다 (Table 5). Table 3. The clinical assessment flowchart Initial Impression Primary Assessment Secondary Assessment Table 5. Identify Respiratory problems Circulatory problems Fig. 4. Evaluate-identify-intervene sequence. Table 4. Evaluation Assessment Initial Impression Primary assessment Secondary assessment Diagnostic tests Type Evaluate Upper airway obstruction Lower airway obstruction Lung disease Disordered control of breathing Hypovolemic shock Distributive shock Cardiogenic shock Obstructive shock C, Consciousness B, Work of Breathing C, Circulation A, Airway B, Breathing C, Circulation D, Disability E, Exposure S, Signs & Symptoms A, Allergies M, Medication P, Past Medical History L, Last Meal E, Events (onset) Brief Description Unresponsive, Irritable, or Alert Increased work of breathing, Decreased respiratory effort, Wheezing, or Stridor Cyanosis, Pallor, or Mottling Assess respiratory, cardiac, and neurologic function Assess vital signs and pulse oximetry Focused history and physical exam Electrolytes, CBC, Chest x-ray Severity Respiratory distress Respiratory failure Compensated shock Hypotensive shock 250

9 3. 소아고급생명구조술의분류 심정지에이를수있는범주를그원인에따라크게 3개로분류하여각각에해당하는 4가지의시나리오를기반으로체계적인훈련을할수있도록하는것이소아고급생명구조술의특징이다 [27]. 즉, 총 12가지의시나리오를바탕으로술자가응급상황을평가하고식별하고처치하는과정을교육하게된다 (Table 6). 호흡, 순환그리고심장관련문제로인한각각의경우에서적절한처치가이루어지지못할경우심폐기능의실패로이행되며곧이어심정지가일어나는전체적인과정을정리하였다 (Fig. 5). 소아전문소생술에서심장과관련된상황은즉시처치가필요한단계이므로 1차조사로기도와호흡, 순환그리고전신체온등을파악한후, 2차조사는생략하고즉시 BLS를시행하게된다. 즉, 술자는각상황에서가장적합한처치를시행하여야한다는것을의미한다. 생명이위급한상황이라고판단된경우즉시그에상응하는처치를하도록강조하고있다. Fig. 5. Pathways to pediatric cardiac arrest. 4. 소아고급생명구조술의알고리즘만약, 심각하게나쁜상황이거나손상을입은환자를발견하였을경우, 술자가진행하는소아고급생명구조술의전체적인알고리즘을정리하였다 (Fig. 6). Table 6. Core cases of Pediatric advanced life support Respiratory Core Cases Shock Core Cases Cardiac Core Cases Upper Airway Obstruction Lower Airway Obstruction Lung Tissue Disease Disordered Control of Breathing Hypovolemic Shock Obstructive Shock Distributive Shock Cardiogenic Shock Supraventricular Tachycardia Bradycardia Asystole/Pulseless Electronic Activity (PEA) Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)/Pulseless VT Fig. 6. Pediatric advanced life support systemic approach algorithm. 251

10 5. 소아치과진료와소아고급생명구조술소아의기도는해부학적구조상비강이좁고성문과기관의직경이작으며혀가상대적으로크고임파조직이비교적많다. 인해소아에서기도폐쇄가성인에비하여더자주발생한다 [28,29]. 치과진료의대부분은기도를침범하게된다. 특히진정법을시행하는경우의식저하로인한상기도폐쇄와진정약물에의한호흡조절중추억제로인해호흡억제가발생할가능성이증가하므로술자는이에대한적절한대처방법을숙지하고있어야한다. 최근에는천식이나세기관지염의환자들이늘어남에따라하기도폐쇄로인한호흡실패도증가하는추세이다. 폐실질의질환인폐렴도고려해야한다. 이경우적절한처치는즉시기도를유지하고분당 10 L의산소를투여하는것이다. 적절히산소를공급해주는데도호흡실패가개선되지않을경우, 호흡낭을가진 bag valve mask (BVM) 로구조호흡을해주며추가로고급기도유지술을사용한호흡관리를고려해야한다. 상기도폐쇄의경우기도폐쇄로인한호흡곤란 (respiratory distress) 과호흡실패 (respiratory failure) 의대처는기도유지가우선이고하기도폐쇄는하기도가좁아진상태가원인으로약물을이용한통로의확장, 폐실질에대한질환치료가우선된다. 호흡조절실패로인한문제는억제된호흡조절중추의정상적회복해주는것으로해결해준다. 1) Respiratory Core Case 첫번째대분류는호흡에문제가발생하여응급상황으로진행되는경우이며, 4가지로나누어상기도폐쇄 (upper airway obstruction), 하기도폐쇄 (lower airway obstruction), 폐조직병소 (lung tissue disease) 그리고호흡조절장애 (disordered control of breathing) 에따라각각 1차조사를통해유형을나누게된다. 또한동시에심각도에따라호흡곤란과호흡실패로감별진단하고즉시산소포화도측정기 (pulse oximetry), 호기말이산화탄소분압측정기 (capnography), 심전도측정기 (electrocardiography) 등감시장비를부착하고, 기도를확보한다음, 100% 산소를공급해준다. 이후재평가를통해추가로약물투여를위한정맥로를확보한다. 한감염성쇼크 (septic shock) 는치과에서도일어날개연성이있다. 최근심장질환환자도수술과치료의성과가좋아짐에따라잘조절된심장병을가진아이들도외래진료실에서자주만날수있게되었다. 따라서심인성쇼크도숙지할필요가있다. 소아고급생명구조술에서는쇼크의상황을접했을때그유형을위에서설명한 4가지로구분하였고심각도에따라보상성쇼크 (compensated shock) 과저혈압성쇼크 (hypotensive shock) 로감별하여즉각적인처치를권고한다. 보상성쇼크는혈압이조절되고있는상태를의미하고저혈압성쇼크는혈압조절기능이실패한경우여서더욱응급상황에해당한다. 1차조사후 respiratory core case에준하여처치를하지만 2 차조사를통해쇼크의증상이감별될경우, 즉시정맥로를확보하여각상황에맞도록적절히수액을공급해주는것이혈압조절에중요한요소가된다. 심인성쇼크의경우, 급격한수액공급은상황을오히려악화시킬수있으므로수액의공급속도를적절히해주어여한다. 3) Cardiac Core Case 마지막대분류는심정지와관련이깊은상황에대한대처이다. 급작스런부정맥과심정지는누구에게나생길수있으므로체계적으로대비할필요가있다. 심정지가발생할경우 1차조사에서바로심정지상황임을인식하고즉시 BLS를시행할수있어야한다. 심실상빈맥 (supraventricular tachycardia) 이라고판단된다면, 1차조사후 respiratory core case에준하여처치하면서미주신경자극 (vagal maneuvers) 를시행하면서 2차조사를진행하고정맥로확보를한후필요할경우, 아데노신과같은약물의사용을고려한다. 서맥 (bradycardia) 으로판단된경우, 정맥로를확보하고에피네프린의사용에대해고려하고, 약물의사용에도혈압이떨어지는경우 CPR을고려한다. 소아심정지에대처하는알고리즘은성인과같다. 다만, 차이점은사용하는약물의용량에서체중또는키를기준으로에피네프린은 0.01 mg/ kg, 아미오다론은 5 mg/kg를사용한다는것이다. 또한, 제세동이필요할경우 2-4 J/kg에서시작해서다음은 4 J/kg로사용하고최대 10 J/kg까지사용할수있다. IV. 결론 2) Shock Core Case 두번째대분류는순환과관련된쇼크 (shock) 에관한것이다. 쇼크는실제로중환자실이나응급실환자의대부분이쇼크의경우에해당된다고할수있다. 치과진료상황에서는드물게발생하지만아나필락시스 (anaphylaxis) 로인한쇼크나감염으로인 소아치과진료중응급상황에적절히대처하기위해서는술자뿐만아니라진료실인원의유기적인협조가필요하다. 평소에정기적인훈련을통해체계적인알고리즘을익혀야한다. 소아에서발생하는많은경우의응급상황은호흡실패가주요원인이다. 일상의진료과정에서기도상태를평가하고진료중에 252

11 도항상기도관리에힘써야한다. 상기도폐쇄와호흡조절문제로인한호흡억제등의시나리오가포함된전문적인소아고급생명구조술을익힌다면소아치과환자를전문적으로진료하는의사로서훌륭한덕목이될것이다. 한번의학습으로모든것이익숙해질수는없다. 따라서 2년마다정기적으로교육받고갱신하는것은전문적인술기를응급상황에서즉시시행하기위해반드시필요하다. References 1. Ministry of Health and Welfare : 2006 Public Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Available from URL: org/upload/notice/2006_guideline.pdf, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 2. Korea Institute of Dental Education Evaluation : 2014_Accreditation Criteria for dental education of the College and graduate school. Available from URL: Evaluation/Standard.asp, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 3. Kim SO : A sugestion to enhance dental competence for national level of dentists of free dentistry capabilities and dentists ability. Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 12:1-9, Kim SO, Kim JS : Introduction of sedation guidelines and need for sedationist. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent, 39: , Kim J, Yoo S, Kim J : The Qualification of Dentist for Sedation: BLS and ACLS. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent, 42:80-86, Hwang SO : Cardiopulmonary resuscitation update. J Korean Med Assoc, 56: , Heo N, Lee K, An S, et al. : Aspiration and Ingestion of Foreign Bodies in Dental Practice. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent, 42:69-74, D Eramo EM : Mortality and morbidity with outpatient anesthesia: the Massachusetts experience. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 57: , Park YW : New Guideline of Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Korean J Pediatr, 47: , Kim J : Application of a Pediatric Advanced Life Support in the Situation of a Dental Treatment. The Journal of Korean Dental Association, 53: , Disease Control Center : Results of mandatory medical examination of hospital medical records Available from URL: rinfo0301.jsp?menuids=home001-mnu1154-mnu0005- MNU0037&q_type=&year=2012&cid=18352&pageNum=, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 12. National Emergency Medical Center : 2013 Cardiac arrest registration system Ver 3.0 data analysis resuslt reports. Available from URL: data_view.do?brdctsno=310&upperfixyn=n&currentpagen um=2&brdclscd=&searchtarget=all&searchkeyword=&se archdatayear=, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 13. Ministry of Health and Welfare : Development and distribution of common cardiopulmonary resuscitation guideline Available from URL: file/2011_guidelines, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 14. Kleinman ME, Brennan EE, Goldberger ZD, et al. : Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality. Circulation, 132:S414-S435, Callaway CW, Soar J, Aibiki M, et al. : Part 4: Advanced life support. Circulation, 132:S84-S145, Atkins DL, Berger S, Duff JP, et al. : Part 11: Pediatric Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality. Circulation, 132:S519-S525, American Heart Association : 2015-AHA-Guidelines- Highlights-Korean - CPR & ECC Guidelines Available from URL: uploads/2015/10/2015-aha-guidelines-highlights-korean. pdf, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 18. Crewdson K, Lockey D, Davies G : Outcome from paediatric cardiac arrest associated with trauma. Resuscitation, 75:29-34, Ministry of Health and Welfare : 2015 Cardiopulmonary Guideline. Available from URL: file/2016_guidelines_1.pdf, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 20. Marsch S, Tschan F, Semmer N, et al. : ABC versus CAB for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized simulator-based trial. Swiss medical weekly, 143:w13856, Lubrano R, Cecchetti C, Bellelli E, et al. : Comparison of times of intervention during pediatric CPR maneuvers using ABC and CAB sequences: a randomized trial. Resuscitation, 83: , Van Vleet LM, Hubble MW : Time to first compression using Medical Priority Dispatch System compression-first dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation protocols. Prehospital Emergency Care, 16: ,

12 23. Sakamoto T, Morimura N, Nagao K, et al. : Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Resuscitation, 85: , Maharaj R, Raffaele I, Wendon J : Rapid response systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 19:254, European Resuscitation Council : European resuscitation council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: section 3. Available from URL: (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 26. Donnino MW, Salciccioli JD, Howell MD, et al. : Time to administration of epinephrine and outcome after in-hospital cardiac arrest with non-shockable rhythms: retrospective analysis of large in-hospital data registry. BMJ, 348:g3028, American Heart Association : Pediatric advanced life support: provider manual Available from URL: ebooks.heart.org/.../pediatric-advanced-life-support-provid, (Assessd on March 28, 2017). 28. Santillanes G, Gausche-Hill M : Pediatric airway management. Emerg Med Clin North Am, 26: , Son SC, Ko YG, Lee SJ : A Comparative Study on the Comparison of ttareu and n in the Piping System Using jeonsin machwi in Children s Hospital. Korean J Anesthesiol, 47,

13 국문초록 소아치과의사를위한심폐소생술과소아고급생명구조술 김종빈 단국대학교치과대학소아치과학교실 심폐소생술 (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR) 은심장의기능이정지하거나호흡이멈추었을때인공적으로혈액을순환시키고호흡을보조해주는응급처치이다. 심폐소생술은기본생명구조술 (basic life support, BLS) 과전문소생술 (advanced life support, ALS) 로나눌수있다. 기본생명구조술은주요조직으로혈류공급을강제적으로하기위한흉부압박과호흡정지환자에게구조호흡 (rescue breathing) 그리고심실세동을개선해주기위한자동제세동기 (automated external defibrillator, AED) 이포함된다. 전문소생술의범주는성인을대상으로하는고급생명구조술 (advanced cardiovascular life support, ACLS) 과소아를대상으로하는소아고급생명구조술 (pediatric advanced life support, PALS) 이있다. 치과치료에극심한공포를가지며, 여러이유로치과진료에협조를얻기어려운소아를대상으로하는치료환경에서는약물을이용한진정법이고려된다. 이는심정지를포함한응급상황이발생할가능성이증가하는이유가된다. 소아고급생명구조술은기본생명구조술을포함하며, 심정지에이를수있는원인을호흡, 순환장애그리고심인성으로나누어대처하는체계적인방법을제시한다. 소아는성인에비해심인성의원인은낮지만, 해부학적인약점으로인해호흡이나, 순환장애에의한심정지의가능성은높다. 따라서, 스트레스를많이받은아이를치료하거나진정법을시행하는소아치과의사는소아고급생명구조술을익힘으로써응급상황에적절히대처할수있는역량을갖출수있으리라사료된다. 주요어 : 소아치과의사, 심폐소생술, 기본생명구조술, 소아고급생명구조술, 치과진정법 255

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