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1 Elastomers and Composites Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 275~279 (December 2016) Print ISSN /Online ISSN DOI: Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Sandwich Panels Containing Injection Molded and 3D Printed Pyramidal Kagome Cores K. M. Yang, J. H. Park *, T. G. Choi *, J. S. Hwang **, D. Y. Yang **, and M.-Y. Lyu *, Design and Engineering Program Department, Graduate School of Nano IT Design Fusion, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul , South Korea * Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul , South Korea ** School of Mechanical Aerospace & Systems Enginieering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Deaejeon, Republic of Korea (Received November 15, 2016, Revised November 16, 2016, Accepted November 22, 2016) Abstract: Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a new manufacturing process and its application is getting growth. However, the product qualities such as mechanical strength, dimensional accuracy, and surface quality are low compared with conventional manufacturing process such as molding and machining. In this study not only mechanical characteristics of polymer sandwich panel having three dimensional core layer but also mechanical characteristics of core layer itself were analyzed. The shape of three dimensional core layer was pyramidal kagome structure. This core layer was fabricated by two different methods, injection molding with PP resin and material jetting type 3D printing with acrylic photo curable resin. The material for face sheets in the polymer sandwich panel was PP. Maximum load, stiffness, and elongation at break were examined for core layers fabricated by two different methods and also assembled polymer sandwich panels. 3D printed core showed brittle behavior, but the brittleness decreased in polymer sandwich panel containing 3D printed core. The availability of 3D printed article for the three dimensional core layer of polymer sandwich panel was verified. Keywords: 3D printing, injection molding, pyramidal kagome core, sandwich panel, mechanical characteristics Introduction 3D 프린팅은제품개발초기단계에서발생되는오류의수정및시행착오를줄일수있고개발비용및시간을줄일수있는제작기법으로각광받고있다. 1 3D 프린팅에관한 ASTM 규격대표공정으로는 Material Extrusion, Material Jetting, Binder Jetting, Sheet Lamination, Vat Photopolymerization, Powder Bed Fusion, Directed Energy Deposition 이있다. 2 3D 프린팅공정중 material jetting 방식은재료를이차원프린터처럼제팅하여단면적을제작하는방식이다. 이방식은정교한형상을출력할수있는장점이있다. 그러나 3D프린팅은약한강도를갖고있어시제품제작과형상유지용도로활용하고있고완제품제작으로는많이사용되지않고있는현실이다. 따라서 3D 프린팅조형물의강도에대한연구가필요하다. 최근들어경량화소재가큰화두가되고있다. 고분자의경량화방법은다양하다. 소재의물성을증대시켜적은양을사용하게하는방법, 내부에폼을형성하게하여비강성을높이 Corresponding author mylyu@seoultech.ac.kr 는방법, 유리섬유나카본섬유를이용한복합소재를사용하는방법, 그리고샌드위치복합판재를사용하여비강성을높이는방법등이소재의경량화를위한방법들이다. 3-9 샌드위치복합판재의경우코어층의구조에따라복합판재의강성은크게다르다. 피라미달카고메코어 (pyramidal kagome core) 를사용한고분자복합판재는카고메구조의고강성으로역학적특성이매우우수하다. 이렇게코어의특별한디자인으로새로운소재를개발하지않고기존소재를사용하여판재의경량화와강성을높일수있다 그러나카고메코어는복잡한 3차원형상을갖고있어기존의고분자성형방법으로는자유로운형상제작이어렵다. 또한복잡하고정교한피라미달카고메코어를생산하기위해높은금형비용이들고다양한형상디자인에제약을받는다. 10,11 따라서복잡한형상을구현하기위한성형방법의연구가필요하다. 본연구에서는피라미달카고메코어를갖고있는고분자복합판재에서코어의형상을사출성형과 3D 프린팅으로제작하여코어층자체와복합판재의강도를평가하였다. 이평가를통하여 3D 프린팅조형물의유용성을분석하였다. 3D 프린팅조형물단독으로는강성을요구하는용도에한계가있지만다른부품과의조합에사용된다면그의유용성을확보

2 276 K. M. Yang et al. / Elastomers and Composites Vol. 51, No. 4, pp (December 2016) 할수있을것으로판단된다. Experimental 1. 복합판재모델 본연구에서사용한복합판재모델은기존에제시된모델이다 코어는피라미달카고메형상이고양쪽스킨층은일반판재이다. Figure 1에전체적인고분자복합판재의구성과복합판재에사용된코어층의형상이나타나있다. 코어층은피라미달카고메형상이반복되어구성되어있다. 이반복되는구성을단위셀 (unit cell) 이라고표현할수있는데이단위셀의형상이피라미달카고메형상이다. Figure 2에는본연구에서사용한피라미달카고메코어형상이나타나있는데, 단위셀은 45도로기울어진 4개의반원형태버팀대단면이대칭되어있는형태이다. 셀의높이는 4.4 mm이고가로와세로는 5.5 mm이다. 12 Figure 3. Strip of Pyramidal Kagome Core. Figure 4. Injection Molding Condition for Pyramidal Kagome Core Strip. 이러한유닛셀이연속적으로연결되어있는한줄을스트립 (strip) 이라일컫는데 Figure 3과같다. 셀과셀사이의갭 (gap) 은굽어진복합판재에쓰일수있도록밴딩이가능하게하기위해코어의가로방향중심으로오목한반달형상으로된연결된부분이다. 갭의길이는 3.8 mm이며이구조를통해피라미달카고메코어는안정적으로휘어질수있다. 피라미달카고메유닛셀이연속적으로연결되어있는스트립을제작하고상하면에시트를접착하면고분자복합판재가된다. 2. 피라미달카고메코어스트립의사출성형 Figure 1. Example of Polymer Sandwich Panel and Core Layer. 본연구에서피라미달카고메코어스트립을사출하기위한장비는우진플라임 (South Korea) 의 TN-E Series를사용했다. 사출기의형체력은 250 ton이고최대사출속도는 1,000 mm/s이다. 재료는 PP(J-560S, Lotte Chemical, South Korea) 를사용하였다. 사출성형조건은 Figure 4와같다. 사출속도는 250 mm/s, 스트로크시작은 15 mm이고보압전환위치는스트로크로 4 mm로하였다. 보압은 3초동안 300 MPa로설정하였다. 금형온도는상온, 사출온도 ( 노즐온도 ) 는 260 o C로설정하였다. Figure 5에사출성형으로제작된카고메코어스트립이나타나있다. Figure 2. Unit Cell of Pyramid Kagome Core Layer. Figure 5. Injection Molded Pyramidal Kagome Core Strip.

3 Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Sandwich Panels Containing Injection Molded and 3D Printed Pyramidal 277 Figure 6. 3D Printed Pyramidal Kagome Core Strip. 3. 피라미달카고메코어스트립의 3D 프린팅본연구에서피라미달카고메의코어를 3D프린팅으로제작하기위해스트라타시스사 (Stratasys, Israel) 의 Connex500 을사용하였다. 이장비는광경화재료제팅방식의 3D 프린팅이다. 인쇄해상도는 X-axis: 600 dpi, Y-axis: 600 dpi, Z- axis: 1600 dpi이고, 적층두께는 16 microns ( inch) 이다. 주변온도는 18 C~22 C (64.5 F~71.5 F) 이다. 3D 프린팅에사용된재료는아크릴계열광경화성수지 (VeroWhitePlus RGD835) 이다. Figure 6에 3D 프린팅으로제작된카고메코어스트립이나타나있다. 4. 복합판재제작복합판재는사출성형과 3D 프린팅으로만들어진피라미달카고메코어스트립의상하면에시트 (face sheet) 를 Figure 7 과같이접착제로부착하였다. 순간접착제는 AXIA1500을사용하였으며피라미달카고메코어스트립상하면의편평한면에접착제를바르고시트를붙였다. 판재는 PP로두께 0.6 mm이다. 5. 인장및 3점굽힘시험인장시험을통해피라미달카고메코어스트립의사출성형품과 3D 트린팅출력물의인장강도를비교하였다. 인장시험기는 Lloyd Instruments사 (England) 의 EZ20을사용하여실험하였다. EZ20의허용하중은 20 kn이고인장속도는 mm/min이다. 최소하중분해능은 N이고로드셀정밀도는 0.5% 이하이다. 인장시험시인장속도는정적하중을부여하기위하여 1 mm/min로하였다. 또한 3점굽힘시험을통해두가지피라미달카고메코어스트립을사용한복합판재를비교하였다. 실험장비는 Instron사 (USA) 의 5583으로실험하였다. 압축속도는 2 mm/min, 압축변위는 10 mm이다. 양쪽지지점간의거리는 75 mm이다. Results and Discussion 1. 피라미달카고메의인장시험사출성형및 3D 프린팅으로제작된피라미달카고메코어스트립은폭이좁고길이가길어서유연성이매우크다. 그래서 3점굽힘실험은불가능하였다. 따라서인장실험을통해두가지방법으로제작된피라미달카고메코어스트립의기계적물성을측정하여분석하였다. Figure 8은인장시험의사진을보여주고있다. Figure 9에는인장실험의결과가나타나있다. 사출성형으로제작한카고메코어스트립의경우연성이크기때문에변형이크게일어난후파단이되었고, 3D 프린팅출력물은사출품에비해취성이있어적은변형에파단되었다. Figure 9(a) 의파단시간을보면사출성형으로제작된스트립은 750초근처까지변형이일어나고파단된반면 3D프린팅으로제작된스트립은 150초근처까지변형을일으키고파단이되었다. 파단시까지의최대하중을보면, 사출스트립의경우 16 kn이고 3D프린팅스트립은 23 kn을보였다. 3D프린팅스트립이사출스트립보다약 44% 더큰최대하중을보였다. 강성은사출스트립에서 268 MPa, 3D 프린팅에서는 275 MPa로 3D 프린팅스트립이더높았다. Figure 9(b) 에하중-변형곡선이나타나있다. 3D 프린팅으로제작한피라미달카고메코어스트립이강성이컸다. Figure 7. Polymer Sandwich Panel with Pyramidal Kagome Core. Figure 8. Tensile Test of Pyramidal Kagome Core Strip.

4 278 K. M. Yang et al. / Elastomers and Composites Vol. 51, No. 4, pp (December 2016) Figure 10. Three Points Bending Test of Pyramidal Kagome Core Sandwich Panel. 변형이많이일어난사출성형스트립이크다. 2. 복합판재의 3 점굽힘시험 사출성형과 3D 프린팅으로제작한피라미달카고메코어를이용한두가지의복합판재로 3점굽힘시험을했다. Figure 10은 3점굽힘시험사진을보여주고있고, Figure 11은 3점굽힘시험의결과를보여주고있다. 복합판재의최대하중은사출로성형한피라미달코어로제작한복합판재에서 0.15 Figure 9. Results of Tensile Test of Pyramidal Kagome Core Strip. Figure 9(c) 는응력-변형율곡선을보여주고있다. 파단시까지의최대응력을보면, 사출스트립의경우 10 MPa이고 3D 프린팅의경우 15 MPa을보였다. 3D 프린팅의스트립이사출스트립에비해 50% 큰최대응력을보였다. 사출에적합한소재와 3D 프린팅에적합한소재가달라서이러한특성을보였다. 두스트립이파단시까지흡수한에너지는파단시까지 Figure 11. Results of Three Points Bending Test of Pyramidal Kagome Core Sandwich Panel.

5 Analysis of Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Sandwich Panels Containing Injection Molded and 3D Printed Pyramidal 279 kn, 3D 프린팅으로성형한피라미달카고메코어로제작한복합판재에서 0.12 kn을보였다. 3D 프린팅으로성형한피라미달카고메코어로제작한복합판재가약 20% 낮은최대하중을보였다. 3D 프린팅으로제작한피라미달카고메코어복합판재는코어가파괴되면서파단이일어났다. 두복합판재의강성을보면사출로성형한피라미달코어로제작한복합판재에서 0.07 kn/mm, 3D 프린팅으로성형한피라미달카고메코어로제작한복합판재에서 0.11 kn/mm를보였다. 3D 프린팅으로성형한피라미달카고메코어로제작한복합판재가약 30% 더큰강성을보였다. Conclusion 고분자복합판재는제품경량화실현방법중의하나이다. 복합판재에서강성있게설계된코어는새로운소재와같은효과를준다. 복합판재의강성을높여경량화효율을높일수있는피라미달카고메코어는복잡한 3차원형상으로제작이어렵다. 이러한경우에 3D 프린팅방법이유용하게활용될수있다. 본연구에서는복잡한형상의피라미달카고메코어를손쉽게제작할수있는 3D 프린팅과고비용이요구되는사출성형방법으로제작한후복합판재에적용하여그의기계적특성을비교하였다. 3D 프린팅으로제작한피라미달카고메코어스트립은매우취성이강하여아주작은변형에파단이일어나는취약함을보였다. 그러나사출성형으로제작한피라미달카고메코어스트립은최대하중은작으나큰변형을보였다. 이두가지종류의코어를이용하여제작한복합판재에서는 3D 프린팅으로제작한코어를사용한경우사출성형으로제작한코어에비해작은최대응력을보였으나강성은더컸다. 즉취성이매우컸다. 그리고 3D프린팅으로제작한코어를사용한복합판재의파단시변형은사출로제작한코어를사용한복합판재에비해작게나타났으나피라미달카고메코어층단독으로인장실험한경우보다는큰변형을보였다. 즉 3D Printing으로제작한 Core층자체는취성이크나복잡판재로사용되는경우에는취성이크게감소되었다. 따라서 3D 프린팅으로제작한제품이단독으로쓰일때는한계가있더라도다른부품과조합하여응용하게되면적절히유용하게사용될수있을것으로판단된다. Acknowledgments 본연구는서울과학기술대학교교내학술연구비지원으로 수행되었습니다. References 1. D. G. Ahn and D. Y. Yang, Principle of Rapid Prototyping and Tis Trend, J. Korean Soc. Prec. Eng., 22, 7 (2005). 2. ASTM F a, 2012, Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies, ASTM International. 3. S. Doroudiani, C. B. Park, and M. T. Kortschot, Effect of the Crystallinity and Morphology on the Microcellular Foam Structure of Semi-Crystalline Polymers, Polym. Eng. Sci., 36, 2645 (1996). 4. T. Deligio, Injection Molding with Mucell: Mucell Microcellular Foam Bubbling up in a Variety of Automotive Applications, Modern Plastics Worldwide, 87, 12 (2010). 5. D. Raps, N. Hossieny, C. B. Park, and Volker Altstadt, Past and Present Developments in Polymer Bead Foams and Bead Foaming Technology, Polymer, 56, 5 (2015). 6. E. K. R. Lee, Novel Manufacturing Processes for Polymer Bead Foams. Diss. University of Toronto, Canada. pp (2010). 7. N. Bhatnagar, N. Ramakrishnan, N. K. Naik, and R. Komanduri, On the Machining of Fiber Reinforced Plastic(FRP) Composite Laminates, Int. J. Mach. Tools Manufact., 35, 701 (1995). 8. K. W. Jung, Y. Kawahito, and S. Katayama, Mechanical Property and Joining Characteristics of Laser Direct Joining of CFRP to Polyethylene Terephtalate, Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., 1, 43 (2014). 9. K. Friedrich and A. A. Almajid, Manufacturing Aspects of Advanced Polymer Composites for Automotive Applications, Appl. Compos. Mater., 20, 107 (2013). 10. J. S. Hwang, T. G. Choi, D. Lee, M. Y. Lyu, D. G. Lee, and D. Y. Yang, Dynamic and Static Characteristics of Polypropylene Pyramidal kagome Structures, Compos. Struct., 131, 17 (2015). 11. J. S. Hwang, T. G. Choi, M. Y. Lyu, and D. Y. Yang, Investigation for the Bending Modes of a Semi-circular Pyramidal Kagome Sandwich Structure and the Bending Load Calculation, Compos. Struct., 134, 10 (2015). 12. J. S. Hwang, T. G. Choi, D. Lee, M. Y. Lyu, D. G. Lee, and D. Y. Yang, Development of a Bendable Pyramidal Kagome Structure and its Structural Characteristics, Compos. Struct., 142, 87 (2016).

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