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1 대한수혈학회지 : 제 28 권제 2 호, 2017 The Korean Journal of Blood Transfusion Vol. 28, No. 2, , August pissn eissn Original Article 헌혈채혈현장에서 ABO 혈액형판정오류개선경험 이대동 1 ㆍ김은진 2 ㆍ서유경 3 ㆍ조민지 4 ㆍ조용준 5 ㆍ이미경 1 대한적십자사남부혈액검사센터 1, 대구경북혈액원 2, 부산혈액원 3, 경남혈액원 4, 울산혈액원 5 Experience in Improving ABO Blood Typing Error at the Blood Donation Site Dae Dong Lee 1, Eun Jin Kim 2, Youkyung Seo 3, Minji Jo 4, Yongjun Jo 5, Mi Kyung Lee 1 Nambu Blood Laboratory Center, Korean Red Cross 1, Busan, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Blood Center, Korean Red Cross 2, Daegu, Busan Blood Center, Korean Red Cross 3, Busan, Gyeongnam Blood Center, Korean Red Cross 4, Changwon, Ulsan Blood Center, Korean Red Cross 5, Ulsan, Korea Background: In the Korean Red Cross Blood Center, ABO blood typing are routinely performed only via red cell grouping at blood donations sites. However, when an error occurs in this process, it is impossible to issue a blood product contrary to the result of the blood type of the Blood Laboratory Center, thereby resulting in delayed supply. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce typing errors at blood donation sites. Methods: We analyzed 656,786 donor screenings between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016;we also analyzed the statistical data of donor ABO typing between 2013 and To reduce ABO typing error, we notified and trained nurses at Busan, Gyeongnam, Ulsan, and Daegu-Gyeongbuk Blood centers in June, We tried to confirm the improvement of ABO typing error at blood donation sites by comparing ABO typing before and after training. For data comparison, chi-square test was conducted (95% confidence interval, 0.05 significant level). Results: The blood typing error rate was significantly lower (P=0.003) four months after training (0.005%) than before training (0.015%), and the blood typing error rate was significantly higher for the first blood donor (P<0.001). Conclusion: Educational training for nurses at blood donation sites may be effective in reducing ABO typing error. Continuous and regular training seems to be needed in future to reduce ABO typing error. (Korean J Blood Transfus 2017;28: ) Key words: ABO blood group, ABO typing error, Blood donation site 서론 대한적십자사혈액원의헌혈자 ABO 혈액형검 사는채혈현장에서는문진시간호사가혈구형검사만시행한다. 혈구용검사만시행한일차검사는헌혈자의손가락에서채취한모세혈액으로 Received on July 26, Revised on August 10, Accepted on August 11, 2017 Correspondence to: Mi Kyung Lee Nambu Blood Laboratory Center, Korean Red Cross, 168 Jeonpo Blvd, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47306, Korea Tel: , Fax: , mklee@redcross.or.kr, ORCID: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright C 2017 The Korean Society of Blood Transfusion

2 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 28, No. 2, , Aug 검사한다. 그에비하여혈액검사센터에서는정맥혈검체를사용하여자동화마이크로플레이트시스템 ( 이하 PK-7300, Beckman-Coulter) 으로혈구용검사와혈청형검사를시행하여검사센터결과로확정한다 [1,2]. 헌혈버스또는헌혈센터채혈현장의간단한 ABO혈액형검사로는실제헌혈자의혈액형과차이가있을수있어, 검체뒤바뀜, 아형등이아닌경우이를채혈현장혈액형판정오류로관리하고있다. 만약검사센터결과와현장결과가불일치할경우에는혈액검사센터에서는적혈구의혈액형검사용등의검체 (EDTA tube와 Plain tube) 와실물혈액에서채취한검체의 ABO혈액형검사를실시하여검사, 채혈, 공급정보의일치여부를확인하는절차가있다. 그리고, 혈액검사센터의품질관리팀, 일반면역검사팀의혈액형부서, 혈액원의공급팀 ( 또는제제공급팀 ), 혈액원의품질관리팀의실물확인및문서확인작업등여러절차가맞물려있다. 혈액검사센터의결과가모두나와야해당혈액제제가공급될수있는데, 채혈현장의혈액형판정오류가생기면확인절차를마치기까지결과전송이늦어져결국공급까지지연될수있다. 이에불필요한확인절차도줄이고혈액제제의신속한공급을위하여, 채혈현장에서 ABO혈액형판정오류를교육을통해개선하고자하였고, 이러한교육이실제효과적이었는지확인하고자하였다. 대상및방법본연구는대한적십자사혈액관리본부생명윤리위원회의승인을받았으며, 2016년 1월1일부터 2016년 12월 31일까지헌혈자검사 656,786건및 2013년에서 2015년헌혈자검사중 ABO 혈액형 검사통계를분석하였다. 채혈현장 ABO혈액형판정오류는 2013년 74건 /691,749건(0.011%), 2014 년 71건 /732,087건(0.010%), 2015년 67건 /727,692 건 (0.009%), 2016년 68건 (0.010%) 이었다. 채혈현장혈액형판정오류건수에는검체뒤바뀜, 혈액형아형등건수를제외하였다. 검사전오류인검체뒤바뀜, 신상오류, ABO혈액형아형및기타경우는채혈현장의판정오류에의한것이아니므로따로본연구에서제외하였다. 채혈현장의 ABO혈액형판정오류감소를위하여남부혈액검사센터검사권역각혈액원 ( 부산, 경남, 울산, 대구경북 ) 에서 2016년 6월초에공지및교육하였다. 교육은각혈액원의제조관리부장인의사가혈액원간호사들을대상으로공지및검사방법을교육자료로만들어전체교육을실시하였다. 대상간호사는부산혈액원 85명, 경남혈액원 47명, 울산혈액원 34명, 대구경북혈액원 97명, 총 263명이었다. 혈액원별, 혈액형별, 처음헌혈자여부및교육시행에따른혈액형판정오류건수율비교는 chi-square test로시행하였고, P 값이 0.05 미만인경우를유의한차이가있는것으로판정하였다. 특히교육시행전후시기는교육전을 2016년 1월부터 5월까지교육후는 2016년 6월부터 10월까지로월별단위로정의하였다. 비교시기의정의는교육전시점은 5월을기준으로후향적으로교육후시점은 6월을기준으로전향적으로각각 2개월, 3개월 4개월, 5개월로비교하였다. 또한월별간의발생율차이를없애기위하여교육후의 2016년 6월부터 10월까지결과는교육전의 2013 년부터 2015년까지의 6월부터 10월까지의평균오류발생율과도비교하였다

3 이대동외 : 헌혈채혈현장에서 ABO 혈액형판정오류개선경험 결과 혈액원별로오류건수를분석하면, 2015년부산혈액원헌혈자검사 238,001건중 14건 (0.006%), 경남혈액원 135,724건중 34건 (0.025%), 울산혈액원 93,740건중 8건 (0.009%), 그리고대구경북혈액원 260,227건중 11건 (0.004%) 으로네혈액원간 Fig. 1. Number of ABO typing errors at blood donation sites of Yeongnam area according to the month during the four-year period. Blue line indicates the mean number of ABO typing errors between 2013 and 2015, and red line indicates those from 의오류율에유의한차이를보였는데 (P<0.001), 경남혈액원이가장높았다. 2016년부산혈액원헌혈자검사204,844건중 18건 (0.009%), 경남혈액원 127,724건중 30건 (0.023%), 울산혈액원 87,323 건중 5건 (0.006%), 대구경북혈액원 236,895건중 15건 (0.006%) 으로네혈액원간의오류율에유의한차이를보였는데 (P<0.001), 경남혈액원이역시가장높았다. 2016년 68건중 65건 (95.6%) 이처음헌혈자, 2015년 67건중 66건 (98.5%) 이처음헌혈자였는데과거 ABO혈액형결과가없는첫헌혈자의경우채혈현장에서판정오류발생이유의하게높았다 (P<0.001). 판정오류의빈도를혈액형별로보면 2015년헌혈자검사 727,692건중 A형 27건, B형 15건, O 형 15건, AB형 10건, 2016년헌혈자검사 656,786 건중 A형 28건, B형 19건, O형 11건, AB형 10건이었다. 비록 A형의총오류건수 ( 차지하는비율 ) 은 2015년전체 67건중 27건 (40.3%, P=0.460), 2016년전체 68건중 28건 (41.2%, P=0.178) 로가장높았으나혈액형별에따른혈액형판정오류의통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 2013년에서 2015년까지 3년간의판정오류월별전체평균을보면 5.9건이었다. 교육전인 2013 Table 1. Comparison of number and percent of ABO typing errors between before and after education in 2016 Duration of month Before After Period N total test error % error Month N total test error % error P value 2 Apr May 113, Jun Jul 104, Mar May 171, Jun Aug 158, Feb May 218, Jun Sep 209, Jan May 273, Jun Oct 266, Jun Sep* 706, Jun Sep 209, *All of data were obtained from 2016 except Jun-Sep which were from 2013 to

4 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 28, No. 2, , Aug 년 1월부터 2016년 5월까지월별평균은 6.1건이었다 (Fig. 1). 2016년 6월교육을시행한후, 교육전에비하여교육을시행한후 2개월동안의오류율은 0.018% 에서 0.005% (P=0.019), 3개월동안의오류율은 0.016% 에서 0.005% (P=0.008), 4개월동안의오류율은 0.015% 에서 0.005% 로 (P=0.003) 교육후의발생율이교육전에비하여유의하게감소됨을확인할수있었으나, 5개월동안의오류율은 0.014% 에서 0.008% 에는 (P=0.108) 교육전과유의한차이가없었다 (Table 1). 따라서교육효과는 4개월동안유지됨을확인할수있었고, 10월에다시오류가증가하였을때재공지및교육후오류율이역시감소함을확인할수있었다 (Fig. 1). 월별오류발생율차이를없애기위하여동월시기를비교한결과교육전 2013년에서 2015년의 6월부터 9월까지의혈액형판정오류는교육후 2016년동일기간동안의혈액형판정오류와비교하면오류율은 0.011% 에서 0.005% 로 (P=0.046) 교육을통하여오류율이유의하게감소함를확인할수있었다. 고찰과거 ABO혈액형결과가없는초회헌혈자의경우채혈현장에서판정오류가많았다. 과거정확한검사결과가있을때채혈현장에서판정오류가적게일어나고, 헌혈자가혈액형을모를때일어날확률이높은것으로추정된다. 고교단체헌혈등에서초회헌혈자의혈액형을모르므로채혈현장혈액형판정오류발생률이높은경향이있는것으로추정된다. 따라서초회헌혈자일경우특별히신경쓸필요가있겠다. 과거연구에서도혈액형의불일치율이초회헌혈자 2.3% 헌혈경험이있는헌혈자 0.5% [3], 초회헌혈자 1.2%, 두번째로헌혈하는헌혈자는 0.6% 로 [4], 헌혈횟수가증가할수록불일치율이감소하는경향과관계가있는것으로보인다. 현재혈액검사센터에서는혈액정보관리시스템 (Blood Information Management System, 이하 BIMS) 에서혈액형의불일치율을관리하고있지만, 전산상불일치의용어정의는문진시채혈, 혈액제제입고, 검사센터검사시 ABO혈액형이불일치가발생할때관리하는것이고, 혈액원의실물검사, 실물라벨을검사센터검사결과와확인하고원인분석후결과를전송한다. 위의연구에서는헌혈자가알고있는혈액형과플레이트법에의한혈구혈액형검사결과간의불일치이므로불일치의의미가차이가있다. 이번연구에서는불일치중에서검체뒤바뀜, 신상오류, 혈액형아형, 기타원인들을제외하고 2015년많이발생하고, 고지하여서줄어들지않는ABO혈액형판정오류만을확인하여, 그것을개선하고자하였다. 왜냐하면혈액형판정오류, 혈액형아형, 신상오류, 검체뒤바뀜과기타원인을모두합한검사센터에서정의하는불일치빈도는 년에서 2013년 0.015% 였고다른년도는그미만이었기때문이었다 [5]. A형혈액형이채혈현장에서판정오류건수가많았다. 이는가장많은비율의헌혈자가있기때문이다. 그러나본연구에서는혈액형별에따른혈액형판정오류발생율에는통계적으로유의한차이는보이지않았으므로혈액형에대하여특별히교육을실시할필요는없는것으로보여졌다 [5]. 혈액원중에서는경남혈액원이판정오류빈도 ( 건수 ) 가높아조사해본결과그곳의특정간호사가많이발생한것으로나타났다. 전체혈액원에서는빈도가 0.01% 정도이므로낮은빈도이지만, 많은빈도의혈액원을집중관리하면낮출수있었다. 각혈액원에서특정간호사가채혈현장판

5 이대동외 : 헌혈채혈현장에서 ABO 혈액형판정오류개선경험 정오류를많은빈도로발생시키는것을발견하고, 집중적으로그간호사를교육하기도하였다. 각혈액원별로교육효과를확인하였으나, 각혈액원별로는월데이타가너무적어서분석하는데어려움이있었다. 따라서향후에는빈도가높은개별혈액원에한해서는교육빈도수를다른혈액원에비하여증가하거나교육강도를강화하거나하는등의방법이필요할것으로생각되었다. 10월에발생빈도가많아져서재공지및교육후시행후 2016년 11월과 12월에감소하였다. 본연구에서는 1회의교육효과가 4개월까지지속되었고 4개월이후교육효과가저하되는것을관찰할수있었다. 그리고재교육및재공지후교육효과가있으므로 4개월마다주기적으로교육하는것이효과적으로보여진다. 이번연구는 6월에교육하고그효과를확인하는것이었으므로, 좀더지속적으로교육하면서장기간결과를관찰하는것도좋을것으로보인다. 이후에는혈액검사센터에서검사방법실습교육을찾아가며지속적으로관리하는것도좋은방법으로여겨진다. 현재남부혈액검사센터에서군입영장정의 ABO 혈액형검사도실시하고있다. 입영장정들이알고있는 ABO혈액형의정확성에대한연구도있지만 [6], 그러나현재는그당시와는달리입영장정채혈시정맥혈을채혈하여혈구용검사와혈청형검사를실시하고있다. 혈액형검사판정오류의원인을분석해보면, 크게검사전오류, 검사상오류, 검사후사무적오류등으로나눌수있으나사무적오류가가장흔한것으로알려져있다. 검체뒤바뀜과같은검사전오류는최근바코드화되면서거의일어나지않고있다. 검사상오류는시약항혈청의문제등의원인인데, 현재는제조과정에대한정도관리가잘되어있는시약을사용하므로, 이역시발생빈도가 매우낮을것으로여겨진다. 다만, 문진시시약설명서대로시행하였는지여부가중요하고, 검사방법교육과향후에도자주판정오류가발생하는간호사에게는검사실습교육을시행하는것도효과적인방안으로여겨진다. 검사후사무적오류는 ABO혈액형검사결과를문진시검사하고옮겨적으면서발생하는오류로가장흔하다. 자동화시스템이아닌, 수기로검사하고그결과를 BIMS에수기로입력으로하기때문이다. 그리고, 문진시간호사가많은사항을확인하고질문하면서혈액형검사를실시하는데검사과정상시약색깔을착각하거나혈액응집시간을지키지못하여생기는검사판정오류거나잘검사판정을하였더라도옮겨적으면서잘못된혈액형을적는경우가있는것으로보인다. 또한초회헌혈자의경우발생빈도가높은데특히, 헌혈자가혈액형을잘못알고있을때발생가능성이높을것으로보인다. 간호사의숙련도를고려해보면, 신규간호사는문진과혈액형판정을하지않으므로오히려경력이높은간호사중에서 ABO 혈액형검사를일상검사로시행하다가초회헌혈자에서오류가발생하는것이다. 초회헌혈자의경우간호사들이확인하여야할사항이많기때문에 ABO혈액형판정에소홀할수있으므로이에좀더집중할필요가있겠다. 헌혈전에는보통학교, 군대, 의료기관등을통하여혈액형을알게되지만 [3,4,6], 헌혈자는헌혈센터또는헌혈버스채혈현장에서문진하는간호사에게서간단한혈구용검사를통해서최초의혈액형을알게되는경우가많다. 그런데, 채혈현장에서잘못입력되었을경우혈액검사센터에서혈구용검사와혈청형검사를실시후실제혈액형을알게되면적십자사혈액원의검사신뢰도에대한불신이생길수도있다. 헌혈채혈현장혈액

6 Korean J Blood Transfus Vol. 28, No. 2, , Aug 형판정오류확인을위해서는혈액검사센터의일반면역검사팀의혈액형파트, 혈액원의공급팀 ( 또는제제공급팀 ), 혈액원의품질관리팀직원들의실물확인, 원인파악및문서확인등여러절차가맞물려있다. 따라서, 판정오류확인을위해혈액이 2 3일지연되어공급될수도있다. 채혈현장간호사교육을통해대한적십자사혈액검사센터와혈액원의검사신뢰도를높이고, 혈액공급이지연되지않도록개선될수있음을확인하였다. 교육효과가 5개월부터저하되므로, 4개월마다교육을실시하는것이효과적이며, 혈액원별차이를보이므로혈액원마다교육강도를달리하는것도교육효과를높일수있을것으로보여진다. 요약배경 : 대한적십자사혈액원의헌혈채혈현장에서헌혈자 ABO혈액형검사는혈구형검사만시행한다. 그러나이과정에서오류가발생하면검사센터의혈액형결과와불일치하여혈액제제의출고가불가하고공급이지연되는불편함을초래한다. 그러므로헌혈현장의검사오류를줄이기위한노력이필요하다. 방법 : 2016년 1월 1일부터 2016년 12월 31일까지헌혈자검사 656,786건및 2013년에서 2015년헌혈자혈액형검사통계를분석하였다. 헌혈현장의 ABO혈액형판정오류감소를위하여부산, 경남, 울산, 대구경북혈액원에서채혈간호사에게 2016년 6월공지및교육하였다. 시행전후를비교하여채혈현장에서의판정오류가개선되는지확인하고자하였다. 데이터비교는 chi-square test (95% 신뢰도, 유의수준 0.05) 를실시하였다. 결과 : 혈액형판정오류율은교육후 (0.005%) 4개월동안교육전에 (0.015%) 비하여유의하게낮았으며 (P=0.003), 초회헌혈자일경우유의하게높았다 (P<0.001). 결론 : 채혈현장에있는간호사를위한교육은 ABO 판정오류를줄이는데효과적이었다. 향후 ABO 판정오류를줄이기위해지속적이고정기적인교육이필요할것으로보인다. References 1. Fung MK, Grossman BJ, Hillyer CD, Westhoff CM; American Association of Blood Banks. Technical manual. 18th ed. Bethesda, Maryland: American Association of Blood Banks, 2014: Han KS, Park KU, Song EY. Transfusion medicine. 4th ed. Seoul: Korea Medical Book Publisher, 2014: Choi TY, Lee JM, Lee YK, Kim WB, Kang DY, Oh YC. A study on recognition of ABO and Rh blood phenotype in blood donors. Korean J Blood Transfus 1993;4: Cho NS, Choi OY, Lim YK, Kim SH, Ryu SK, Bai BC, et al. Perception of ABO and Rh(D) blood-type in Korean volunteer donors. Korean J Blood Transfus 1998;9: Korean Red Cross. Blood service annual report Wonju: Korean Red Cross; Choi TY, Kim WB, Kang DY. A study on discrepancy rate between the actual and believed ABO groups in recruits. Korean J Blood Transfus 1992;3:

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