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1 * 1) 1,2) 1) 2).,. ( ),. 1, ( ), ( ) ,.,. * Group (HRF-G ). :, (24252) 1, hoonchoi@hallym.ac.kr

2 . Standing (1973) 10,000., (, Frenda, Nichols, & Loftus, 2011)..,,.,., (Diamond, Park, Plus, & Rose, 2001).,, (Jacobs & Nadel, 1998; Nadel & Jacobs, 1998).,.,, (2004) DRM,, (2013).,.,,, (Kramer, Buckhout, & Eugenio, 1990; Loftus, Loftus, & Messo, 1987). Loftus, Loftus Messo(1987),.,. (weapon effect) (Steblay, 1992).,,

3 . (,, 2011).,. (, MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005; Mather, 2007) (feature binding).,,, ( ) (feature).,, (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). (attention).,,,., (illusory conjunction).,,,., (Hadley & MacKay, 2006; MacKay et al., 2004; MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005; MacKay, Hadley, & Schwartz, 2005)., MacKay Ahmetzanov(2005),.,.,.,. Mather(2007) - - (within-object binding) - - (between-object binding),

4 - -, ,.,,.,.,. (, MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005).,.,.,. (, MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005) (single probe change detection task), ( ),.,., (, Wheeler & Treisman, 2002), (feature switch detection)., (Saiki, 2003), (Alvarez & Thompson, 2009).,,,,,.,.., Treisman Zhang (2006). 1

5 2 (memory display), 3 (, test display),. 3, ( ), ( ), ( ).,,. 1. 3, ( ), ( ), 3 ( ). 21.,... GeForce GTX 770 Intel(R) Core(TM) i GHz CPU PC. Matlab(Mathworks, Natick, MA) Psychophysics Toolbox(Brainard, 1997; Peli, 1997) X Hz 24 BenQ XL2420Z LED. 60cm, (visual angle) 48 X , (2014) 15. (2010)

6 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,, 142,. 30, 19, , 2.86 X 1.62.,,,,,,,. ( 1). 500ms.,. 5., 7.4., 900ms. (##).. 1) 1),,.

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9 (d ).,. (, hit) (, false alarm).. = ( ) / ( ) = ( ) / ( ) (z) d. d = z(h) - z(f),,, d, d. ( ) 3. (d ), 3., (, ) (,, ). Mauchly, χ 2 (2) = 10.90, p =.004, Greenhouse-Geisser (ε =.70). Mauchly., F(1,20) = , p <.001, partial η² =.679,, F(1.392,27.843) = 4.522, p =.031, partial η² =.184.,, ( ).24(.08).18(.12).25(.11) ( ).93(.06).93(.08).90(.08) ( ).77(.10).73(.14).78(.14)...

10 F(2,40) = 4.611, p =.016, partial η² =.187,.,.,, F(2,40) = 8.297, p =.001, partial η² =.293. LSD, (p =.025), (p =.038)., (p =.003).,, F(2,40) =.860, p =.431, partial η² = ,. (Hadley & MacKay, 2006; MacKay et al., 2004; MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005; MacKay, Hadley, & Schwartz, 2005)...

11 .. (Saiki, 2003)., 73%,,.. (, Prinzmetal, 1981),.,.,. 2. 1, 2. (Palmer & Rock, 1994). (visual objecthood)., (multiple object tracking)

12 , (Scholl, Pylyshyn, & Feldman, 2001). 2, ( 4). 1 20,. 1,., ,. 1 ( ), X ,. ( ). (Scholl, Pylyshyn, & Feldman, 2001).,

13 ,., (, ) (,, ) (, ). 50, , ( 4). 1 (d ),. ( ) 5. (d ) 5., (, ) (, ) (, )., F(1,19) = , p <.001, partial η² =.768,, F(1,19)= , p <.001, partial η² =.521,, F(1,19) = 0.053, p =.820, partial η² =.003., F(1,19) = 6.618, p =.019, partial η² =.258,, F(1,19) = 8.733, p =.008, partial η² =.315., F(1,19) = 0.075, p =.788, partial η² =.004,, F(1,19) =.013, p =.911, partial η² =.001.,, ( ).18(.13).18(.15).29(.17).29(.17) ( ).94(.05).97(.04).96(.04).96(.03) ( ).83(.12).85(.10).86(.12).79(.13)...

14 . 1, 1,. 1., 1. (spreading enhancement).,, (Egly, Driver, & Rafal, 1994). (Moore, Yantis, & Vaughan, 1998). 1,. (2.70) 1 (2.17), t(39) = 2.319, p =.025, d = ,.,

15 ., (objecthood) (object file) (, Kahneman, Treisman, & Gibbs, 1992),,.,., 1,,. ( ), ( ). 2, ( ) 1, ( )..,,,.,.,.,,.

16 .,., Saiki(2003),. (Donk, 1999).,. 1 2, , 2.17, t(20) = 3.350, p =.003, d =.728, , 2.59, t(20) = 3.852, p =.001, d =.860. (Kramer, Buckhout, & Eugenio, 1990; Loftus, Loftus, & Messo, 1987), (Hadley & MacKay, 2006; MacKay et al., 2004; MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005; MacKay, Hadley, & Schwartz, 2005). 2,.,, 2., (Kramer, Buckhout, & Eugenio, 1990; Loftus, Loftus, & Messo, 1987)., 2. (Loftus, Loftus, & Messo, 1987),,,

17 ., 2.,.,,,..,.,. (Doerksen, & Shimamura, 2001; Kensinger, & Corkin, 2003; Thomas, & LaBar, 2005).,.,.,.,.,.., 500ms. (Franken, Gootjes, & Strien, 2009) (, MacKay & Ahmetzanov, 2005),. 500ms,, 500ms (Delvenne, Cleeremans, & Laloyaux,

18 2010)....,... (2010).. (2014).., (2011). /. (1), ,, (2004). DRM. (2), ,, (2013).. (1), Alvarez, G. A., & Thompson, T. W. (2009). Overwriting and rebinding: Why feature-switch detection tasks underestimate the binding capacity of visual working memory. Visual Cognition, 17, Brainard, D. H. (1997). The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spatial Vision, 10(4), Delvenne, J. F., Cleeremans, A., & Laloyaux, C. (2010). Feature bindings are maintained in visual short-term memory without sustained focused attention. Experimental Psychology, 57(2), Diamond, D. M., Park, C. R., Puls, M. J., & Rose, G. M. (2001). Differential effects of stress on hippocampal and amygdaloid LTP. In C. Ho lscher (Ed.), Neuronal mechanisms of memory formation (pp ). Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press. Doerksen, S., & Shimamura, A. P. (2001). Source memory enhancement for emotional words. Emotion, 1(1), Donk, M. (1999). Illusory conjunctions are an illusion: The effects of target nontarget similarity on conjunction and feature errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25(5), Egly, R., Driver, J., & Rafal, R. D. (1994). Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: Evidence from normal and parietal

19 lesion subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123(2), Franken, I. H., Gootjes, L., & van Strien, J. W. (2009). Automatic processing of emotional words during an emotional Stroop task. Neuro Report, 20(8), Frenda, S. J., Nichols, R. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2011). Current issues and advances in misinformation research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), Hadley, C. B., & MacKay, D. G. (2006). Does emotion help or hinder immediate memory? Arousal versus priority-binding mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(1), Jacobs, W. J., & Nadel, L. (1998). Neurobiology of reconstructed memory. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 4(4), Kahneman, D., Treisman, A., & Gibbs, B. J. (1992). The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information. Cognitive psychology, 24(2), Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words?. Memory & Cognition, 31(8), Kramer, T. H., Buckhout, R., & Eugenio, P. (1990). Weapon focus, arousal, and eyewitness memory: Attention must be paid. Law and Human Behavior, 14(2), Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about" weapon focus.". Law and Human Behavior, 11(1), MacKay, D. G., & Ahmetzanov, M. V. (2005). Emotion, memory, and attention in the taboo stroop paradigm an experimental analogue of flashbulb memories. Psychological Science, 16(1), Mackay, D. G., Hadley, C. B., & Schwartz, J. H. (2005). Relations between emotion, illusory word perception, and orthographic repetition blindness: Tests of binding theory. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, 58(8), MacKay, D. G., Shafto, M., Taylor, J. K., Marian, D. E., Abrams, L., & Dyer, J. R. (2004). Relations between emotion, memory, and attention: Evidence from taboo stroop, lexical decision, and immediate memory tasks. Memory & Cognition, 32(3), Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), Moore, C. M., Yantis, S., & Vaughan, B. (1998). Object-based visual selection: Evidence from perceptual completion. Psychological Science, 9(2), Nadel, L., & Jacobs, W. J. (1998). Traumatic memory is special. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, Palmer, S. & Rock, I. (1994). Rethinking perceptual organization: The role of uniform connectedness. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, Pelli, D. G. (1997). The VideoToolbox software for

20 visual psychophysics: transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision, 10(4), Prinzmetal, W. (1981). Principles of feature integration in visual perception. Perception & Psychophysics, 30(4), Saiki, J. (2003). Feature binding in object-file representations of multiple moving items. Journal of Vision, 3, Scholl, B. J., Pylyshyn, Z. W., & Feldman, J. (2001). What is a visual object? Evidence from target merging in multiple object tracking. Cognition, 80, Standing, L. (1973). Learning pictures. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25(2), Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16(4), Thomas, L., & LaBar, K. (2005). Emotional arousal enhances word repetition priming. Cognition & Emotion, 19(7), Treisman, A. M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12(1), Treisman, A., & Zhang, W. (2006). Location and binding in visual working memory. Memory & Cognition, 34(8), Wheeler, M. E., & Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(1), : : :

21 Effects of Emotional Arousal Induced by Crime-Related Words on Visual Feature Binding Hyunju Han 1) Hoon Choi 1),2) 1) Department of Psychology, Hallym University 2) Hallym Institute for Applied Psychological Research Emotional arousal influences sensory information processing in various ways. Observers memories of a crime-related stimulus capable of evoking emotional arousal, for example, are much more accurate than memories of a neutral stimulus that does not induce emotional arousal because the crime-related stimulus captures observers attention. This study explored whether this crime-related stimuli superiority can be also found in visual feature binding. For this experiment, after a brief presentation of a crime-related and two neutral words written in different colors on a memory display, one test word appeared on the test display. Participants were asked to perform a change detection task for the color of the test word. In experiment 1, participants showed more accurate memory in response to the color of the crime-related words than the neutral words in the New condition, wherein the test word appeared in a new color that had not been employed in any words of the memory display. In contrast, the superiority of the crime-related words was not observed in the Switch condition in which the test word was presented in a color that had been employed for another word of the memory display. Failure in finding the superiority of the crime-related words in the Switch condition might result from enhanced perceptual organization among words of the memory display because participants tried to remember three words as one group. In experiment 2, to test this hypothesis, we manipulated the level of perceptual organization among words by adding lines to the memory display: sometimes the lines connected three words and sometimes they did not. Although the superiority of crime-related words was not observed when connecting lines were added, the addition of unconnected lines resulted in better accuracy for crime-related words. These results suggested that emotional arousal had an effect on early visual information processing, and that the direction of the effect may be different according to various properties of the scene. Key words : emotion, feature binding, crime, attention

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<5BBEF0BEEE33332D335D20312EB1E8B4EBC0CD2E687770> 언어장애의 몇 가지 유형에서 관찰되는 어휘빈도와 음운변화 효과 * 김충명 남기춘 ** (광주대학교 고려대학교) Kim, Choong-Myung and Nam, Kichun. 2008. The Effects of Korean Word Frequency and Phonological Change in Several Types of Language Disorder.