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1 통증 : 제 19 권 2009 종설 수근관증후군의수술적치료 연세대학교의과대학성형외과학교실 탁관철 = Abstract = Surgical Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Kwan-Chul Tark, MD, PhD, FACS Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel is the most common and well-studied entrapment that occurs in humans. Although the condition would appear to be simple and straightforward, there are still many facets of the disorder that are not completely understood. These issues include standards for clinical and electromyographic diagnosis, the incidence in the general population, the pathophysiology and etiology of idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), and the relation of occupational factors to the development of symptoms. New diagnostic techniques such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist are undergoing evaluation and appear to give new and important information in some cases. Key Words: Compression, Median nerve, CTS 상지에발생하는포착신경병증 (entrapment neuropathy) 또는압박성신경병증 (compression neuropathy) 은목뼈에서부터손에이르기까지주변구조물에의해여러곳에서일어날수있고각신경에대한물리적인압박이나반복적인자극에의해발생하는신경의손상이라고보는데는이의가없으나뚜렷한원인을찾을수없는경우가많다 (Burns, 2005). 포착신경병증과압박성신경병증은흔히같은의미로사용하고있으나굳이두가지병변을구별하여이름짓는다면수술중에발생할수있는압박띠마비 (tourniquet paralysis) 나요골신경의 토요일밤의마 교신저자 : 탁관철, 서울시서대문구성산로 250 연세대학교의과대학성형외과학교실우편번호 : Tel: , Fax: kctark@yuhs.ac 비 (Saturday night palsy) 등과같은급성신경병증을압박성신경병증이라부를수있겠다. 이외에공간점유덩이 (space occupying mass), 세포외기질침착, 대사성질환 ( 당뇨병, 감상선기능저하 ), 유전성신경병증 (HNPP, hereditary neuropathy with liability to Pressure Palsies) (Kim, Chung, Choi, Yoon, Choi, Park 등 ) 등도압박성신경병증을일으킬수있다 (Burns, 2005). 반면포착신경병증은대개국소적인만성홑신경병증 (mono-neuropathy) 의형태로존재하며, 신경이터널의형태를띠는구조물을지나는구간에서흔히발생하는정중 (median), 자뼈 (ulnar) 신경병증등을예로들수있다. 포착신경병증은신경근병증 (neuromyopathy) 이나뇌졸증같은다른질환과의감별이필요한경우가흔하고, 병변의정확한국소화 (localization) 가치료방침을 60

2 탁관철 : 수근관증후군의수술적치료 61 정하는데필수적이며, 수술적치료와더불어보존적치료도중요한부분을차지하기때문에적절한치료와양호한예후를기대하기위해서는이에대한폭넓은이해가필수적이다 ( 서범천, 2008). 병태생리 (Pathophysiology) 신경압박증후군은물리적인힘의압박, 국소적인미세혈관순환장애, 또는이두가지모두가병태생리학적인원인이되어발생한다 (Burns, 2005). 손목굴증후군 (carpal tunnel syndrome) 의경우과거에는반복되는기계적스트레스에의한굽힘근힘줄집의섬유성비대와이에따른만성힘줄윤활막염 (chronic tenosynovitis) 이원병 (underlying disease) 일것이라고추측하였다. 그러나실질적으로힘줄윤활막을조직검사한결과 edema와혈관경화의소견은대부분에서확인되었으나단지 10% 에서만염증세포를발견할수있었다 (Fuchs등, 1991). 현재까지는아래와같이여러요소가복합적으로작용하여신경병증을일으킨다고보고있다. 1) 물리적압박물리적힘의압박은전술한바와같이크게급성과만성압박으로나눌수있다 (Miller, 1984, Rempel & Diao, 2004). 동물실험결과에의하면급성압박은 Ranvier 결절의이동과변형을초래하는데, 압력이세고오래지속될수록 Ranvier 결절의한쪽끝은가늘어지고다른한끝은 swelling이오면서결절의길이가길어지고 paranodal demyelination이나타난다 (Burns 2005, Fig. 1). 만성신경압박의경우이러한변화는신경내막 (endoneurium) 과축삭형질 (axoplasm) 의체액 (fluid) 이발현된이후에나타나고직경이가는신경보다는주로 large myelinated fiber들이선택적으로손상이잘되고신경다발의중심보다는 periphery를주로 involve 한다 (Fig. 2). 물리적압박에의한 Chronic Nerve Compression을 Fig. 1. 신경의급성압박은 Ranvier 결절의이동과변형을초래하는데, 압력이세고오래지속될수록 Ranvier 결절의한쪽끝은가늘어지고다른한끝은 swelling 이오면서결절의길이가길어진다. Fig. 2. 만성신경압박증후군에서의 paranodal demyelination 은주로 large myelinated fiber 들을선택적으로 involve 하고중심보다는 periphery 를손상시킨다. Arrow Circle: Peripheral region 의 demyelination 을볼수있다.

3 62 통증 : 제 19 권 2009 세분하면다음과같다. I. Compression in a Fibro-Osseous Tunnel Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Canal of Guyon Supinator Syndrome Meralgia Paresthetica Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome II. Angulation and Stretch Tardy Ulnar Nerve Palsy Thoracic Outlet Syndrome III. Recurrent External Compressive Force Ulnar Nerve at Elbow Deep Branch of Ulnar Nerve 2) 허혈과부종 (Ischemia and Edema) 신경압박증후군의또하나의중요한기전으로허혈과신경내막부종을들수있는데수근관증후군과팔꿈치부위척골신경마비처럼어느정도의지속적인압력으로신경을압박하는경우에해당된다. 또한어느정도의외부압력에의하여일시적인신경의차단 (goes to sleep) 이일어나는경우도국소적인허혈로설명한다. 허혈가설 (ischemia hypothesis) 은경신경다발막혈관계 ( 經神經다발膜血管系, transperineurial vascular system) 와관련하여기전을설명하려는것으로, 경신경다발막혈관계는신경내막의모세혈관과신경다발막의들세동맥 (arteriole), 세정맥 (venule) 을연결하며신경다발막을비스듬히통과하기때문에국소압박에취약하다. 특히세정맥은신경내 막부종과신경내막압력의상승에더욱취약하다 (Fig. 3). 외부의압력은허혈과신경내막부종, 신경내막압력상승을일으키는데이부종과압력상승은신경의대사적인미세환경에변화를줄뿐만아니라경신경다발세정맥을압박하게되어정맥울혈 허혈 대사장애의악성순환 (vicious cycle) 을형성하게된다 (Lundborg, 1983). 신경압박증후군발병초기에수술로감압을하게되면그증상의호전이즉각적으로일어나는데이는압박된신경의허혈상태가병인에중요한요소임을시사한다. 신경외막내의혈행은외압이 mmhg에이를때감소하기시작하여 30 mmhg 이상의외압이가해질경우 myelin의능동수송장애와함께신경내막내에 edema가발생하게된다. 오래된압박증후군의경우, 감압후증상의회복이상대적으로느리거나회복되지못하는경우가있는데이는지속적인기계적스트레스등에의한허혈상태가악순환을거듭하여신경의비가역적섬유화가발생한경우이다. 병증의진행정도에따라서압박증후군을초기, 중기, 말기의세단계로구분하기도하는데초기단계의경우비수술적치료가가능하기도하나축삭 (axon) 의 remyelination 시간이필요하여회복이느리다. 3) 전신적요인당뇨, 알코올중독증, 갑상선기능저하증, 만성신부전증에따른 amyloidosis 등의질병이있는경우와 Fig. 3. 경신경다발막혈관계. 경신경다발막혈관계는신경내막의모세혈관과신경다발막의들세동맥 (arteriole), 세정맥 (venule) 을연결하며신경다발막을비스듬히통과하기때문에국소압박에취약하다.

4 탁관철 : 수근관증후군의수술적치료 63 공업용유기용제에장시간노출된경우말초신경은압박에대한 threshold가낮아져서신경병증이잘나타나게된다. 또한노화현상에따른말초신경의기능저하도위와비슷한결과를초래한다. 전신적요인의중요성은압박신경병증이양측성으로나타나는경우와한쪽팔의여러부분에서동시에발병하는경우더욱중요한의미를갖는다. 4) Traction 신경은팔의굽힘운동, 폄운동에따라세로방향으로당겨지는데특히굴절부는도르래로작용하여이부위에서신경의물리적당김이잘일어난다. 신경의당김은압박과더불어신경전도장애의중요한요인이다. 5) Double Crush Phenomenon Nerve cell body는 myelin의정상적인생존과기능을위해 enzyme, polypeptides, polysaccharides, free a- mino acids, neurosecretary granules, mitochondria, tubulin subunits 등을만들어낸다. 이러한생산물들은 axon의 distal로배달되고부산물은 proximal로다시환원된다. 이런통로가특정부위에서차단되면전체의신경역동학적생리가변하게되어압박등의스트레스에대한 threshold가감소한다. 따라서압박의 distal이나 proximal에서또다른신경병증이발생한다 (Osterman, 1988). 이러한이유로 Cervical root의압박이동반되어있는경우가로손목인대의감압만으로는증상의호전이어렵다. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS 팔신경의압박증후군진단은압박부위의정확한감별과그원병 (underlying disease) 을찾는데서시작된다. 압박의원인이반복적인기계적스트레스일지라도 double crush phenomenon처럼 proximal에선행병변이있을수있으므로정확한감별을필요로한다. 1) 감각검사말초신경병증의진단을위해서는감각검사가중요한비중을차지하는데보통네가지의감각검사가가능하다. (1) 정적두점식별검사 (static two-point discrimination test) 와 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament 검사 : Slowly adaptating fiber의기능을나타낸다. (2) 진동 (vibration) 검사와동적두점식별검사 (moving two-point discrimination test): Quickly adaptating fiber의측정에이용된다. 두종류의두점식별검사는감각의밀도, 즉일정영역에여러개의말초신경수용체단위가혼합된정도를측정하는데유용하여신경봉합후의재생정도를잘나타낸다. 그러나 entrapment neuropathy와같이감각수용체수의변화는없이점진적인신경섬유의기능이소실되는병변에서는민감도가떨어진다. 한편 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament 검사와진동검사는신경의자극에대한 threshold를반영하는검사로 entrapment neuropathy의진단에보다민감하다 (Szabo와 Gelberman, 1984). 2) 전기생리학적검사전기생리학적검사는현재압박신경병증의진단에높은민감도와특이도를갖는것으로받아들여지고있다. 신경전도속도 (conduction velocity) 의지연과잠복기의연장은말초신경병변을잘나타내며건강한쪽의측정치, 또는정상치와비교하여진단기준을정한다. 말초신경병변의위치를확인하고 false negative를최소화하기위하여신경을세분화된구획으로나누어측정하는 inching techniques을사용하기도하나진단기준을엄격하게할수록 false positive 가나타날가능성이높아진다는단점이있다. 전기생리학적검사는환자의주관적인증상을객관적인증거로보여줄수있는유일한방법으로서그진단적의존도가매우높으나자각적인증상으로도나올수있음으로진단의보조적수단으로받아들여져야한다 (Glowaki 등, 1996). 손목굴증후군 (CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME) 손목굴증후군은팔에서발생하는 compression neuropathy 중가장흔한것으로임상양상및치료에관해서는이미잘알려져있다. Paget (1854) 이 distal radius 골절후발생한손목굴증후군의증례를처음보고한후 1950년대이후에

5 64 통증 : 제 19 권 2009 Phalen에의해병에대한임상양상과치료체계가널리알려지기시작했다 (Phalen, 1951). 현재미국에서는 carpal tunnel syndrome으로연간 40만건에서 50만건의수술이행하여지고있고최근우리나라에서도발병율이빠르게증가하고있다. 또한역학적측면으로작업장내에서노동자가반복되는동작이나진동에지속적으로노출될때신경병증이호발하는것으로알려져있어 repetitive-strain injury, repetitive-injury disorders나 cumulative-trauma disorders로분류되기도한다 (Masra 등, 1986). 조직학적소견상 transverse carpal ligament의비대와근섬유모세포 (myofibroblast) 의증가가관찰되어이로인한수축력의증가가손목굴증후군의발병에관여하는것으로알려져있다. 1) 해부 (1) 손목굴의해부 : 손목굴은손등쪽의손목뼈와손바닥부의가로손목인대 (transverse carpal ligament) 및 flexor retinaculum으로둘러싸인해부학적구조이다. 정중신경은손목관절의손바닥쪽 transverse carpal ligament 밑에서 flexor digitorum superficialis 위를지나간다. 그래서손목관절을굽히거나펴면 flexor들이손바닥쪽으로이동되면서정중신경을 transverse carpal ligament 쪽으로압박하게된다. transverse carpal ligament는네군데에서손목뼈에부착되는데, 손배뼈결절 (scaphoid tubercle), 세모뼈 (triquetrum) 와콩알뼈 (pisiform), 큰마름뼈결절 (trapezium tubercle) 과갈고리뼈의갈고리 (hook of hamate) 에부착한다 (Fig. 4). 가로손목인대의 proximal portion은손목가로주름 (transverse wrist palmar crease) 과대개일치하며, distal portion은이보다 5cm Fig. 4. 손목굴의단면도 : 가로손목인대하부를지나는 8 개의 flexor 와정중신경. 가로손목인대는네군데에서손목뼈에 insertion 하는데, 손배뼈결절 (scaphoid tubercle), 세모뼈 (triquetrum) 과콩알뼈 (pisiform), 큰마름뼈결절 (trapezium tubercle) 과갈고리뼈갈고리 (hook of hamate) 에부착한다. ( 강진성 (Ed) 성형외과학. 3rd Ed. 서울, 군자출판사, p3600, 2004).

6 탁관철 : 수근관증후군의수술적치료 65 Fig. 5. Variation in median nerve anatomy in the carpal tunnel. (A) The most common pattern of the motor branch is extraligamentous and recurrent. (B) Subligamentous branching of a recurrent median nerve. (C) Transligamentous course of the recurrent branch of the median nerve. (D) The motor branch can uncommonly originate from the ulnar border of median nerve. (E) The motor branch can lie on top of the transverse carpal ligament. (Green DP: Operative Hand Surgery, 4th Ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone). Fig. 6. Variation in median nerve anatomy in the carpal tunnel. Group III variations include (A) High division of the median nerve that may be separated by (B) a persistent median artery of (C) an aberrant muscle. (Green DP: Operative Hand Surgery, 4th Ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone) Fig. 7. Variation in median nerve anatomy in the carpal tunnel. Group IV variations include those rare instances in which the thenar branch leaves the median nerve proximal to the carpal tunnel: (A) accessory branch; (B) accessory branch from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve. (C) accessory branch running directly into the thenar muscles. (Green DP: Operative Hand Surgery, 4th Ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone). distal까지존재한다. 가로손목인대는바닥쪽으로긴손바닥근 (palmaris longus), 엄지두덩근 (thenar muscles) 과새끼두덩근 (hypothenar muscles) 에연결되어있다. 손목굴은삼차원구조상보통 proximal 시작부위에서약 2 cm distal 이가장좁은것으로알려져있다. (2) 정중신경의해부 : 정중신경은 distal forearm에 서 flexor carpi radialis와 flexor digitorum superficialis 사이에존재한다. 손목굴에서는손등쪽의아홉개 digital flexor에비해 palmar and radial side에위치하게되며대부분에서가로손목인대를지나자마자엄지두덩으로가는 recurrent motor branch를내게된다. 손목굴증후군수술시가장문제가되는것은정중신경의해부학젹변이에따른 recurrent motor branch의

7 66 통증 : 제 19 권 2009 Fig. 8. 심한통증을호소하는 57 세남자환자오른쪽손의 carpal tunnel syndrome 의치료를위해 palm 에피부절개를가하고 transverse carpal ligament 를 release 하였으나수술후 causalgic pain 이발생, 술후 39 일에 MRI 를촬영하였다. (Left) MRI 소견상 palm 의 transverse carpal ligament 는 release 되어있으나 wrist upper margin 에서정중신경이아직 compression 되고있는것을볼수있다. (Right) 1 차수술 2 달후 wrist crease 를 transverse 하게열어남아있는 ligament 를절개한후증세는호전되었다. Fig. 9. 손목굴증후군의수술적치료를위한손바닥피부절개를가할때주의해야하는피부감각신경 branches: Median nerve 와 ulnar nerve 의 palmar cutaneous branches. (Green DP: Operative Hand Surgery, 4th Ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, p1411, 1999). 손상이다. Lanz는정중신경의해부학적변이를 4개의 group으로분류하여 Group I은정중신경의 recurrent branch 주행에변이가있는군 (Fig. 2), Group II는 carpal tunnel distal에서 recurrent branch 의부수적인변이가있는군 (Fig. 5), Group III는보다 proximal에서 recurrent branch의부수적인변이가있는군 (Fig. 6), Group IV는드문경우이기는하지만 recurrent branch가 carpal tunnel 보다도더 proximal에서정중신경과분지하는경우이다 (Fig. 6). Recurrent motor branch는대부분 (78%) 정중신경의 radial side에

8 탁관철 : 수근관증후군의수술적치료 67 서가지가나오나이보다 ulnar side에서나오는경우도있다 (Lanz, 1977). 또한정중신경의 recurrent branch와 transverse carpal ligament의관계를분류한연구에서 transverse carpal ligament의 distal에서 branch 가나가 thenar muscle에부착하는 extraligamentous type의빈도가가장높으며그다음은 subligamentous type이라고보고하였다 (Fig. 7). 정중신경의 recurrent branch는짧은엄지벌림근 (abductor pollicis brevis), 짧은엄지굽힘근 (flexor pollicis brevis) 의일부와엄지맞섬근 (opponens pollicis) 을지배하며오래된손목굴증후근에서보이는엄지두덩근의함몰은위근육들의 atrophy로인한현상이다. 정중신경의 palmar cutaneous branch는보통손목주름의 5 cm proximal에서정중신경으로부터가지가나오는데정중신경과 1.6 cm 2.5 cm 정도같이주행하다가 distal로는 palmaris longus와 flexor carpi radialis 사이로주행하며, 손목주름의 0.8 cm proximal 에서 radial branch와 ulnar branch를가로방향으로내므로수술시이를다치지않도록주의해야한다. 또한 ulnar side의 ulnar palmar cutaneous nerve branch도수술시다치지않도록주의해야한다 (Fig. 9). 2) 증상및징후손목굴증후군의증상은손의전반적인쇠약 (weakness) 과둔함 (clumsiness) 으로표현되는데, 감각증상으로는정중신경지배영역인 radial side 3개손가락과환지 radial side의통증, 저린감및감각이상 (paresthesia) 을호소하며손에무리가가해지는반복적인작업시악화된다. 보통통증은밤에심화되어잠든지 2 3시간후에통증때문에잠을깨게되는것이특징이다. 이처럼야간에증상이나타나는것은 edema가국소적으로고이는것과관계가있으며, 실제로잠에서깨어나팔을올리고손을터는운동과맛사지를해주면증상이해소되곤한다. 오래경과되게되면 recurrent motor branch의장애로인한 oppenens pollicis 등이위축되고엄지의섬세한 opposition에장애가발생한다. 3) Physical Examination 종류 : 증상유발검사에는 1) Phalen 검사, 2) 역 Phalen 검사, 3) 손목압박검사 (Durkan test), 4) 타진검사 (Tinel 증후 ) 가있으며신경의 threshold 검사에 는 1)Semmes-Weinstein monofilament 검사, 2) 진동검사등이있다. 질병초기에객관적소견을찾아내기는어렵다. 손목굴위를압박하거나톡톡치면정중신경지배영역의손가락에 radiating pain이일어나는수도있다 (Tinel 징후 ). 손목부를 1분간완전히굽혀정중신경을압박하면증상이심하게나타나고손목부를중립위치에돌려놓으면증상이해소된다 (Phalen 검사 ). 더욱진행된경우에는엄지와 index의기민성이요구되는일을할때둔한것이명백히나타난다. Ph/Ex 중신경의 threshold를검사할수있는방법으로는 Semmes-Weinstein monofilament 검사, 진동검사와 Durkan test가가장민감하다. 4) 전기생리학적검사진단적기준 : 보통 distal motor latency가 4.5 msec 이상인경우와 distal sensory latency가 3.5 msec 이상인경우를비정상으로보며, 신경의전도가건강한쪽의손과비교하여 msec이상차이가나는경우를비정상으로본다. 또한근전도검사에서 thenar muscle의 denervation 소견은정중신경손상을정량적으로측정하는데도움이된다. 종종 transverse carpal ligament의세로길이가 proximal까지매우길게연장되어있거나 transverse carpal ligament의상단에서 median nerve가눌리는경우 incomplete carpal tunnel release가되어통증이더욱악화되거나 complex regional pain syndrome이병발하는등심각한합병증을유발할수있기때문에술전근전도나신경전도검사시 carpal tunnel syndrome 에서도 cubital tunnel syndrome에서와마찬가지로 inching test를시행하는것이바람직하다 (Fig. 8). 장점 : 전기생리학적검사는초기손목굴증후근의진단에도움을주며상당히진행된경우에도신경전도의장애정도는임상양상의심각도 (severity) 와연관성이있다고받아들여지고있다. 단점 : 수술로써증상이호전된손목굴증후군환자중 13% 에서전기생리학적검사상 false positive로나타났고, thenar muscle의위축이심한환자군의 6% 에서도전기생리학적검사에서음성반응을보였다. 따라서검사결과가확실하지않거나음성이라도임상양상이확실한경우는손목굴증후군환자로간주해야된다.

9 68 통증 : 제 19 권 ) 보존적치료손목굴증후군의증상이발생한지얼마되지않은환자나증상의정도가경미한경우는보존적으로치료하여대개 5개월이내에증상이호전되는경우가있으며특히임신으로인한발병시출산과함께증상이없어진다. 작업장내의손작업내용을변경하거나 splint를대어손목관절의과다운동을예방함으로써증상의호전을기대할수있으나대부분은수술적치료를필요로한다. Thenar eminence의근육에위축이없고감각및운동신경의잠복기가 1 msec에서 2 msec 정도로경미하게지연되는경우에는비수술적치료를시도한다. 손목을중립위로놓고 splinting하여약 3주간안정을취하면증상의호전을볼수도있다. 손목굴증후군을비특이성 tenosynovitis의임상형태로간주하여과거부터비스테로이드성항염증제를경구투여하였는데초기의경우에는효과가있으나, 관절및힘줄주위조직의류마치스성병이나 Colles 골절의 malunion, 손목관절부의종양등이있으면이것들을우선치료해야한다. 스테로이드와국소마취제를혼합하여손목굴내에주사하면증상을호전시킬수있으나증상의재발이흔하며부작용이많다. Triamcinolone 10 mg을 2주간격으로최고 3번까지주사해준다. 신경내에다가주사하지않도록매우조심해야하며, 때로는주사후에일시적으로통증이증가되기도한다. 6) 수술적치료수술은대개보조적치료에반응하지않는경우, 증상이매우심한경우, 전기생리학적검사에서확진이된경우, thenar eminence의위축이있는경우나정중신경지배영역에현저한감각저하가있는경우시행한다. 수술의방법은크게전통적인개방성감압술 (open carpal tunnel release) 과내시경적감압술 (endoscopic carpal tunnel release) 로나뉜다. 내시경적감압술의장점으로는수술흉터가적다는점과선택적으로가로손목인대만을절개하고손바닥쪽의피부등연조직을보존할수있다는점이있으나협소한간접시야에서시행되므로해부학적인변이가동반된경우정중신경과주변혈관의손상위험 이있다. 개방적감압술과내시경적감압술의수술결과는차이가적으며, 공통적으로술후 6주가지나면 pinch strength가회복되며 3개월이지나면 grip 능력이회복된다고보고된바있다 (Gellman등, 1989). 최근에는개방적감압술의변형법들이소개되어흉터를최소화하여수술할수있는데특별히고안된기구를이용하는방법들도소개되었다. 내시경적감압술도발전을거듭하여크게두가지방법으로대별되어이용되고있는데두개의절개부를통한 Chow s two portal technique과한개의절개부를통한 Agee s one portal technique이그것이다. (1) 개방적감압술 (Open Carpal Tunnel Release): 피부절개선은 median nerve 및 ulnar nerve의 cutaneous branch 손상을방지하기위해손바닥부에세로방향으로계획하는데이외에도정중신경의 thenar motor branch와 ulnar nerve, digital nerve 및혈관의 superficial arch를염두에두고절개를가해야한다. 엄지의바닥부와 hook of hamate를잇는 Kaplan s cardinal 선과가운데손가락의 ulnar 쪽세로연장선이만나는점에서 vertical palmar crease의 2 3 mm ulnar 쪽으로약 5 cm 정도피부를절개한다 (Fig. 9. 손바닥에디자인한점선 ). 피부절개후 palmar aponeurosis를 split하고 carpal tunnel을확인한다음 carpal tunnel 내로압설자나신경외과에서사용하는 malleable retractor를삽입하여정중신경을 protection 하면서그위에서되도록이면 ulnar side에치우쳐 transverse carpal ligament를 bipolar cautery로 wrist level까지절개한다. 전통적인개방적감압술은손바닥부의세로절개가손목관절의 palmar crease를통과하여 proximal까지길게연장된다. 하지만이방법은손목관절운동시통증을흔히유발하며흉터가길게남는단점이있어더이상이용되지않고근래에는 5cm 정도나혹은그이하의 minimal incision 만으로도충분한 release가가능하다. (2) 내시경적감압술 (Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release): 가로손목인대에세로방향으로내시경을삽입하여내시경시야에서특별히고안된내시경 knife 를이용, 시야상방의가로손목인대를절개한다는점은두방법에서공통적이다 (Fig. 9). 가로손목인대의경계부를잘확인한후, hook of hamate를감지하여 Cannula 끝의주행방향을제 4 손허리뼈방향으로해

10 탁관철 : 수근관증후군의수술적치료 69 야 Guyon s tunnel을다치지않을수있다. Chow 등이기술한두개도입부를이용한수술방법은손바닥부와손목부바닥쪽에 2개의피부절개를가하고, 손목관절을젖힌상태에서 trocar 및 cannula를삽입시키므로 ulnar nerve 및혈관그리고연결가지를손상시킬가능성이높다 (Agee, 1994). 현재내시경적감압술과비교하여개방적감압술에서 median nerve와혈관의손상이더흔히발생한다고보고되고있으나내시경적수술의합병증도비슷한수준으로많으며수술시야에서신경, 힘줄및혈관의손상을직접확인할수없는일종의 blind technique이라는점에서내시경적감압술시행을위해서는반복된연습과해부학적지식이필수적이다. 7) 술후결과및예후 수술로감압된 transverse carpal ligament는손목골내의 flexor tendon들을바닥쪽으로이동되게한다. 이를막기위해손목관절을약간펴 7 10일간 splint로고정하는것이필요하다. 술후한달정도는수술부위의미약한통증이있을수있으므로술후적어도 6주간은과격한운동은피하여야한다. 개방적감압술및내시경적감압술은공통적으로술후 80% 이상에서만족스러운결과를보이는유효한치료법이며대부분수술후수일내에증상의호전이있는경우장기추적의결과에서도좋은결과를보인다 Grip 능력의증가및 numbness 등의최대회복은 6 개월에서 9개월정도경과후얻어지는것으로보고되어있다. 내시경수술의가장흔한합병증은신경및혈관의손상이라기보다는 transverse carpal ligament의불완전절개이며, 이는재발의원인이기도하다. 참고문헌 1) 강진성. 손신경포착증후군. In 강진성, 성형외과학 3rd ed. 서울 : 군자출판사, 2004: ) 서범천. 흔히접하는상지의포착신경병증. 대한신경외과학회지 2008; 26(supp 3): ) 탁관철, 홍종원. 변형된원회내근막피판을이용한주관증후군의수술적치료 : Operative Technique & Its Functional Results. 제65차대한성형외과학회학술대회초록집, 서울, ) 탁관철. 상지신경압박증후군의수술적치료. 대한신경외과학회지 2008; 26(supp 3): ) Abouzahr MK, Patsis MC, Chiu DTW. Carpal tunnel release using limited direct vision. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 95: ) Agee JM. McCarroll HR, North ER. Endoscopic carpal tunnel release using the single proximal incision technique. Hand Clin 1994; 10: ) Andrew Lee WP, Strickland JW. Safe carpal tunnel release via a limited palmar incision. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 101: ) Burns TM. Mechanisms of acute and chronic compression neuropathy. In Dyck PJ, Thomas PK. Peripheral neuropathy, 4th ed. Philadelphia, Elsevier Inc, 2005: ) Concannon MJ, Gainor B, Petroski GF, Puckett CL. The predictive value of electrodiagnostic studies in carpal tunnel syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg 1997; 100: ) Clarke AM, Stanley D. Prediction of outcome 24 hours after carpal tunnel decompression. J Hand Surg 1993; 18B: ) Dhong ES, Han SK, Lee BI, Kim WK. Correlation of electrodiagnostic findings with subjective symptoms in carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann Plast Surg 2000; 45(2): ) Fuchs PC, Nathan PA, Myers LD. Synovial histology in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 1991; 16A: ) Gelberman RH, Szabo RM, Williamson RV, Hargens AR, Yaru NC, Minteer-Convery MA. Tissue pressure threshold for peripheral nerve viability. Clin Orthop 1983; 178: ) Gellman H, Kan D, Gee V, Kuschner SH, Botte MJ. Analysis of pinch and grip strength after carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg 1989; 14A: ) Glowacki KA, Breen CJ, Sachar K, Weiss AP. Electrodiagnostic testing and carpal tunnel release outcome. J Hand Surg 1996; 21A: ) Kamolz LP, Schrogendorfer KF, Rab M, Girsch W, Gruber H, Frey M. The precision of ultrasound imaging and its relevance for carpal tunnel syndrome. Surg Radiol Anat 2001; 23(2): ) Kim SM, Chung KW, Choi BO, Yoon ES, Choi JY, Park KD, et al. Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) patients of Korean ancestry with chromosome 17p11.2-p12 deletion. Exp Mol Med 2004; 36: ) Lanz U. Anatomical variations of the median

11 70 통증 : 제 19 권 2009 nerve in the carpal tunnel. J Hand Surg 1977; 2A: ) Lundborg G, Myers R, Powell H. Nerve compression injury and increased endoneurial fluid pressure: a miniature compartment syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1983; 46: ) Mackinnon SE, McCabe S, Murray JF, Szalai JP, Kelly L, Novak C, Kin B, Burke GM. Internal neurolysis fails to improve the results of primary carpal tunnel decompression. J Hand Surg 1991; 16A: ) Masear VR, Hayes JM, Hyde AG. An industrial cause of carpal tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg 1986; 11A: ) Miller RG. Acute vs. chronic compressive neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 1984; 7: ) Osterman AL. The double crush syndrome. Orthop Clin North Am 1988; 19: ) Palmer DH, Hanrahan LP. Social and economic costs of carpal tunnel surgery, In: Jacson DW (ed): Instructional Course Lectures. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. St. Louis, Mosby, p167, ) Palmer AK, Toivonen DA. Complications of endoscopic and open carpal tunnel release. Presented at the 50th annual meeting of American society for surgery of the hand, San Francisco, September 1995, In: Deune EG, Mackinnon SE, endoscopic carpal tunnel release, the voice of polite dissent. Clin Plast Surg 1998; 23: ) Phalen GS. Spontaneous compression of the median nerve at the wrist. JAMA 1951; 145: ) Rempel DM, Diao E. Entrapment neuropathies: pathophysiology and pathogenesis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 46: ) Richman JA, Gelberman RH, Rydevik BL, Hajek DC, Braun RM, Gylys-Morin VM, Berthoty D. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Morphologic changes after release of the transverse carpal ligament. J Hand Surg 1989; 14A: ) Szabo RM, Gelberman RH. Peripheral nerve compression. Etiology, critical pressure threshold, and clinical assessment. Orthopedics 1984; 7: ) Szabo RM. Entrapment and compression neuropathies. In: Green DP, Hotchkiss RN, Pederson WC, Green s operative hand surgery, 4rh ed. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1999: ) Wilson KM. Double incision open technique for carpal tunnel release: an alternative to endoscopic release. J Hand Surg 1994; 19A: 907.

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