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1 한국지형공간정보학회지 (Journal of the Korean Society for Geospatial Information System) Vol.22 No.2 June 2014 pp 연구논문 ISSN: (Print) ISSN: (Online) 항공라이다의하천측량적용방안연구 A Study on the Application of River Surveying by Airborne LiDAR 1) 최병길 * ㆍ나영우 ** ㆍ추기환 *** ㆍ이정일 **** Choi, Byoung Gil ㆍ Na, Young Woo ㆍ Choo, Ki Hwan ㆍ Lee, Jung Il 要旨 하천의체계적관리와계획을위해서는정확도높은측량자료가요구되며, 이를통해재해예방과환경보호, 주요인프라인댐이나보같은하천의관리가가능해진다. 본연구는재난관리, 건설산업의지원등에다양하게활용되는하천측량을현재의토털스테이션을이용한측량방법과최근들어활발히이용되고있는항공라이다측량방법을이용하여동일지역의데이터를취득하고그성과를비교분석하는데목적을두었으며, 실험대상지로는강원도북한강상류지역을선정하였다. 선정된실험지역을대상으로총 2 개의횡단면도를추출하였으며, 추출된횡단면도를상호비교분석하였다. 분석결과일반적인육지부에서는두자료간수준고의평균제곱근오차가 0.017m 로그차이가거의없었으나수직위치만변하는특이점이나수심부에서는항공라이다측량이해당지점의수준고를정확하게측정하지못하는것을알수있었다. 본연구를통해도출된문제점을극복하기위해서는향후지속적인연구와실험으로항공라이다측량을이용한세부시설물의정확한측정방안이나수심부를투과하여하천바닥면을육지부와동일한오차범위내로측정할수있는대안이마련되어야할것으로보이며, 실용화단계가될시점에서는대규모지역이나사람의접근이불능한지역에대하여하천뿐만아니라각종엔지니어링사업분야에서도계획및설계등의사결정수단으로다양한활용이기대된다. 핵심용어 : 항공라이다, 종횡단, 하천수계, 수준측량, 하천측량 Abstract The river plan executes the role for prevention of disaster and protection of environment, and requires the surveying results with high accuracies for managing river, dam, reservoir which will be the major infrastructures. The purpose of this study is for comparing and analyzing the results of river surveying which is used widely for disaster management and construction industry support. The results are gathered by using LiDAR which is being used in Korea recently and by using Total station. Study area is chosen at upper area of Bukhan River which is located at Gangwon-do. Total 2 cross-sections of the two methods are extracted from the study area. The standard deviation of land part is about 0.017m which shows little difference between two methods, but the Airborne LiDAR results cannot survey the heights of the points accurately at the singular points with vertical structure and water body part. To overcome the problems through this study, there should be ways to survey the bottom river through transmission of water level within the same margin scope as land part and to survey detailed facilities used by laser exactly through continuous research and experiment. When implementation stage comes, this study expect that this document will be utilized variously for making decision in the area of planning and drawing of business and engineering not just for river regarding the major area or the area that people cannot access. Keywords : Airborne LiDAR, Profile Cross-Section, River Water System, Leveling, River Surveying Received: , revised: , accepted: * 정회원ㆍ인천대학교도시과학대학건설환경공학과교수 (Member, Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, bgchoi@incheon.ac.kr) ** 교신저자ㆍ정회원ㆍ인천대학교산학협력중점교수 (Corresponding author, Member, Professor of Hub-Industry-Academic- Cooperation, Incheon National University, survey@incheon.ac.kr) *** 신한항업업무부부장 (Derartment Head, Shinhan Aerial Survey, ckh7388@hanmail.net) **** 정회원ㆍ인천대학교일반대학원건설환경공학과박사과정 (Member, Doctoral Student Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Incheon National University, iji2000@hanmail.net) 25
2 26 최병길ㆍ나영우ㆍ추기환ㆍ이정일 1. 서론 하천이라함은지표면에내린빗물등이모여흐르는물길로서공공의이해에밀접한관계가있어하천법의구분에따라국가하천또는지방하천으로지정된것을말하며, 하천구역및하천시설과함께하천법에정의되어있다 (Ministry of Land, 2009). 본연구의목적은국가하천및지방하천, 소하천등의각종하천종합계획수립과대상지역의환경문제, 무분별한개발행위의제한, 홍수등의재난관리, 건설산업의지원등에다양하게활용되는하천측량을토털스테이션측량방법과항공라이다측량방법으로실시한후그성과를비교하여목적에맞는적절한측량방법을제시하기위해연구를진행했다. 현재의하천측량은토털스테이션을이용하여하천의중심및종 횡단데이터를취득하고있으며위치및수준고의기준은국가삼각점과수준점을기반으로한골조측량성과를이용한다. 하천측량및라이다측량에대한선행연구를분석해보면, Han et al.,(2009) 에의해라이다데이터와실측데이터를이용하여평면및종횡단분석을실시하고이를토대로두성과를비교분석한연구가있었으며, Lee et al.,(2006) 은지상라이다를이용한현황측량에관한연구에서대상물의선형특징추출의가능성과토털스테이션측량성과에필적하는위치결정정확도를얻을수있다는것을연구를통해알수있었다. Wie et al.,(2006) 는측량기준점을이용하여라이다데이터의정확도를검증하는실험을통해라이다데이터의정확도에따른활용범위를산정하는연구를진행하였다. 이와같이라이다데이터를이용한선행연구들은다양한형태로진행되어왔으나라이다를이용한하천측량의가능성을분석하거나비교한연구성과는그사례를찾아보고어렵다. 따라서본연구에서는항공라이다측량을통해취득한수치표고모델성과와토털스테이션을이용한측량성과를비교분석하여그정도의차이를해석하고활용목적에어느정도부합하는지를평가하였다. 2. 이론적고찰 2.1 하천측량하천측량은하천의형상, 수위수심, 단면, 구배등을측정하여하천의평면도와종횡단면도를작성함과동시에유향, 유속, 유량, 부유물, 기타구조물을조사하여각종수공설계및시공에필요한자료를얻기위해실시하는측량이다. 일반적으로하천측량을통해하천 Figure 1. Arrange of Distance Mark 의종횡단면을측정하고디지털유속계및부자에의한유속을측정하여관측값에의한하천의단면적과각지점별유속을이용하여최종적으로유량을산출한다. 하천측량의작업은계획과조사를통해얻은기본자료를이용하여평면측량, 고저측량, 수심측량등의순서로진행된다. 평면측량은하천유로의상태와형상을측정하는것이므로, 하천의부속물또는공작물의제방, 호안, 옹벽, 수제, 갑문, 수문, 배관등과승선장, 하선장, 용지수로, 교량, 삼각점, 수준점, 거리표, 양수표의위치와전답, 산림, 임야, 가옥등하천과중대한관계가있는모든것을상세히측량하여평면도에표시한다 (Lee et al.,2007). 종단측량은하천의양안에설치된거리표, 양수표, 수문, 기타중요한장소의표고를측정하는데그목적이있다. 측량은수준기점으로부터다음의수준기점에결합하는방법으로시행하며반드시 1 왕복이상관측하여충분한정밀도를확보하여야한다. 종단측량에서는거리표의표고및거리표위치의지반고를측정함과동시에제방의높이, 지반고, 수문, 통문, 용수로, 배수로등의높이, 교량의상판, 교각, 교대의높이등필요한구조물의높이를측정하여종단면도를작성한다 (Choi, 2009). 종단면도의축척은높이를표시하는종축은하천구배의완급에따라 1/100~1/200, 평면거리를표시하는횡축의축척은하천의크기에따라 1/10,000~ 1/100,000 으로하기도하나일반적으로종축은 1/100, 횡축은 1/10,000 을표준으로한다. 횡단측량은하천횡단면의모양을결정하는측량으로서좌우양안에설치된거리표가서로시통되는시준선을기준으로횡단면의변곡점에대한높이와좌안으로부터의평면거리를측정한다. 거리표와거리표사이의중간지점이라도하상이급변하거나수위및유량관측소등에서의횡단측량이필요하다. 횡단측량의범위는평면측량의범위에준하여실시하거나, 단면이급변
3 항공라이다의하천측량적용방안연구 27 하는장소에서는말뚝을다시설치하고, 그거리는적당히관측한다. 2.2 항공라이다측량 LiDAR 는멀리떨어져있는대상물의정보를반사되어돌아오는레이저로그정보를측정하는광학원격탐사기술이다. 거리를관측하기위한레이저의사용은대략 1960 년대부터시작되었다 년대중반부터경제적이고효과적인방법으로공간정보를취득하는방법으로인식되었다 (Kim et al.,2010). GPS(Global Positioning System) 기술의발전과 INS(Inertial Navigation System) 의발달, 휴대용컴퓨터의보급등이 LiDAR 의상업화를이끌었고, 다양한플랫폼의개발로항공기와위성에탑재되기시작하였다. LiDAR 장비는거리를측정할때사용되며빛의속도와광선, 정밀시계, 발신 / 수신기등을이용한다. 빛이되돌아오는데까지걸린시간을반으로나누고빛의속도를곱하면수신측과반사대상물사이의거리가결정되는것이다 (Fig. 2). 항공라이다측량은항공기에레이저센서를장착하여레이저펄스를지표면에주사하고반사된레이저펄스의도달시간을측정함으로써반사지점의 3 차원위치좌표를계산해지표면에대한정보를추출하는측량기법이다 (Lim et al., 2009). 하지만정지상태가아닌비행기와같이고속이동상태에서측정을할경우, 지상좌표로나타낼비행기의정확한위치를알수없을뿐만아니라거리의정확성도보증할수없기때문에, 추가적으로 GPS 기술과 INS 기술이필요하다 (Fig. 3). 3. 실험및결과 3.1 연구대상지역본연구를수행하기위한항공라이다측량은 2013 년에 Fig. 4 의강원도일대북한강상류지역을대상으로했으며대상지의평균수심은 3m 였다. 총연장 64 km의항공라이다측량성과중하천종 횡단측량실험대상지인춘천시신북읍북한강상류지역약 1 km구간을대상으로수치표고자료를추출하였으며, 동구간에대하여 1/1,000 수치지도자료도함께활용하였다. 하천인근에대도시인춘천시가위치해있으며하천상류지역에화천댐, 춘천댐등이위치하고있어하천대장등의정밀도가요구되는측량성과가반드시필요한지역이다. 3.2 실험자료취득연구를위하여확보해야하는자료는실험대상지의수치지형도와대상지역의도근점, 항공라이다측량성과등이다. 이세가지성과의취득은 2013 년에측량을실시한자료를활용하여하천중심라인의설정, 횡단 Figure 4. Study Area Figure 2. Principle of LiDAR Figure 3. Airborne LiDAR System Figure 5. Matching with Digital Map
4 28 최병길ㆍ나영우ㆍ추기환ㆍ이정일 측량의구간설정, 횡단측량실시, 횡단측량야장기록, 횡단면도작성등의토털스테이션을이용한횡단면도제작을수행하였다. 또한하천측량의성과와수치표고모델성과를비교하여항공라이다측량을이용한횡단면도도작성하였다. 본연구에활용된항공라이다측량의수치표고모델성과및 1/1,000 수치지도, 국가기준점을활용한골조측량성과는측량법제 34 조제 2 항의규정에의한성과를사용하였다. 항공라이다측량성과의경우라이카사의 ALS50 장비를이용하여제곱미터당 5~6 점의점밀도로취득하였다. 3.3 하천종 횡단측량현재하천부문외에도로및철도설계, 단지설계, 공항설계등의대상부지계획에따른종 횡단측량은토털스테이션으로작업하는것이일반적이다. 본실험에서도항공라이다측량을이용하여추출한횡단면도를비교, 분석하기위하여현장측량을실시하고횡단면도를제작하였다. 현장측량은하천제방양쪽에위치한 3 점의현장도근점을확보하여하천종단측량을우선적으로실시하였으며, 종단측량은지형현황측량성과를기초로하여계획제방선형에따라 100m 간격으로약 1 km구간을설정하여실시하였다. 종단측량시구조물설치지점, 지형의변화가큰지점, 곡선부등필요한지점에는추가측점을선점하였으며측량성과로작성하는종단면도의축척은종 1/100, 횡 1/1,000 으로작성하였다. Fig. 6 과같이중심말뚝의위치를직접측량하여종 단면도를제작하고본연구에서관측대상이될횡단선형을 STA 1 ~ STA 2 까지계획하였다. 횡단측량은하천중심선라인에설치된말뚝을기준으로하여중심점에서중심선의접선에대한직각방향으로선상에있는종단변화점을토털스테이션으로관측하였다. 토털스테이션에의한수심부횡단측량은반사경과스타프를이용하여실시했으며, 스타프를하저부바닥까지내려수직위치를결정하고그위치에반사경을거 SAT 1 SAT Figure 6. Drawing of Cross Section Figure 7. Chain of Cross Section for River 치하여수평위치를결정했다. 관측횡단면은총 2 개의라인이며 1 개의횡단면당길이는약 100m 정도로관측하였으며, STA 1 는총 46 포인트, STA 2 는 51 포인트를관측하였다. 또한관측을통한성과는현황도를활용하여포인트마다 3 차원정보를부여하고별도의야장에기록하였으며항공라이다측량을이용한횡단면도를추출하여분석자료로활용하였다 (Fig. 7). 3.4 라이다자료처리및횡단면정보추출수치표고자료제작을위한초기단계는생성된 LAS 자료 의이상유무를파악하는작업에서부터시작되며, 이는상용소프트웨어를이용하여항공라이다측량데이터의이상유무를파악하는것이다. 본실험에서는전처리과정을거쳐생성된 원시 LAS 파일 을대상으로연무나구름등과같은기상현상이나상공미확인물체및동식물에의한과대오차점, 원인불명의하저부점을제거하여 DSD(Digital Surface Data) 자료를 DTD(Digital Terrain Data) 자료로변환하였다. 최초의 LAS 자료에서발견되는이상점은라이다데이터처리에많이활용되는소프트웨어인 Terra Scan 의분류기능중특정구간의높이를지정하여제거하는방법 (Classify by absolute elvation) 을적용했으며, 실험에서는그라운드높이를기준으로지하 -100m, 지상 50m 에존재하는이상점을제거하는과정을거쳤다. 이상점제거가완료되면다음으로혼재되어있는각종구조물및식생, 건물등을제거한순수한그라운드자료를분류하게되며, 이또한 Terra Scan 의분류기능을활용하였다. 그라운드의분류도이상점제거와방법은동일하다. 본실험에서의그라운드자동분류특성치는북한강전체데이터에일률적으로적용할수없는부분으로그라운드추출상태를점검하여확인후부분데이터단위로이상적인분류데이터가도출될때까지환류과정
5 항공라이다의하천측량적용방안연구 29 을거쳤다. 보편적으로 Terrain angle 의경우 88 를적용했으며, 나머지특성치는부분데이터별로적용치의차이가있었다. 이를통해 DSD 의지표피복물을자동분류하여 DTD 를생성했으며, 이는일부비분류점을포함한미완성분류데이터를제공하게된다. 자동분류된 DTD 는완벽한분류형태를갖추지못한상태이므로수작업에의해불완전하게분류된 LAS 포인트를편집했다. 비분류된점은작업자의수작업에의해확인되며, 이를 Terra Scan 에서제공하는 편집도구 모듈을이용하여개별포인트단위로분류및제거하거나점군단위로선택하여한번에많은점을동시에제거또는분류하는과정으로진행되었다. 3.5 실험결과항공라이다측량횡단성과추출에는 Terra Scan 편집도구가사용되었으며현장측량을통해얻어진평면좌표를항공라이다측량데이터에적용시켜횡단라인과수준고를추출하였다 (Fig. 8). 추출된 STA 1 ~ STA 2 의측량결과는 Table 1 과 Table 2 와같다. 실험지역 STA 1 ~ STA 2 에대해토털스테이션을이용하여제작된횡단면도는각각 Fig. 9, Fig. 12 와같고, 항공라이다측량자료를이용하여제작된횡단면도는각각 Fig. 10, Fig. 13 과같으며, 두방법에의한횡단면도를중첩하여비교한그림은 Fig. 11, Fig. 14 와같다. Table 1. Survey Result STA 1 STA 1 LiDAR remark P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside P outside center P outside P outside P P P P P P P P outside P outside P outside P P P P P P P P Figure 8. Extraction of Height by LiDAR Result Figure 10. Cross-section by LiDAR(STA 1) P46 Figure 9. Cross-section by TotalStation(STA 1) P1 Figure 11. Cross-section LiDAR and TotalStation (STA 1)
6 30 최병길ㆍ나영우ㆍ추기환ㆍ이정일 Table 2. Survey Result STA 2 STA 2 LiDAR remark P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Center P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Figure 13. Cross-section by LiDAR(STA 2) Figure 14. Cross-section LiDAR and TotalStation (STA 2) 3.6 결과분석북한강일대의하천구간을대상으로실험지역을선정하여우선적으로토털스테이션을이용한횡단면을야장성과와단면도로나누어추출하였으며, 이를기준으로동일 GCP point에대한항공라이다측량성과의횡단점수준고를추출하였다. 이렇게얻어진두가지동일형태결과물의분석은육지부의지형에대한비교와옹벽등의구조물표현방법의비교, 수심부의수준고차이로나누어분석하였다. 상호비교에앞서토털스테이션에의한하천횡단측량의정확도는현장에설치된도근점의정도와도근점에서의종횡단측량의정도를누적하여계산하였다. 2 급도근점기준으로고시된성과이므로 공공측량의작업규정세부기준운용세칙제 21조 에의해 5mm 를적용하고점간거리 (s) 는인근 5번국도에위치한 2등국가수준점과의거리를감안하여약 2km로정의하였다. 한편항공라이다측량의데이터의 RMSE의오차범위는 국토지리정보원고시제 호항공라이다측량작업규정제35조 에 25cm로규정하고있다. Table 3. Result of Cross-Section in Land Part STA 1 LiDAR Remark P P P P P P P P P51 Figure 12. Cross-section by TotalStation(STA 2) P1 (Cross-Section in Land Part) TotalStation LiDAR
7 항공라이다의하천측량적용방안연구 31 Table 4. Result of Singular Point in Land Part STA 2 LiDAR Remark P P P P P P (Singular Point in Land Part) TotalStation LiDAR 우선적으로두실험결과치를대상으로하천제내지, 제방등과같은특이점이없는육지부의결과를살펴보면아래표와같이평균수준고의차이가약 1 cm ~40 cm정도로균일하고그차이도크지않은것을알수있다. 육지부에서는 Table 3 에서와같이어느정도오차범위를나타내면서도비슷한형상의결과치를형성하였다. 그러나육지부중에서도 Table 4 에서보이는것과같은옹벽및제방등의특이구조물에대해서는평면변곡점간거리가 1m 미만이면서항공라이다측량데이터상에점밀도가부족한경우에는수직변곡점을인식하지못하는경우가발생했다. Table 5. Result of Cross-Section in Water Part STA 1 LiDAR P outside P outside P outside P outside P P P P P P P Remar k 마지막비교분석대상지인하천의수심부는크게두가지의특이점이발견됐다. 하나는레이저포인트의반사에있어횡단면도를제작할수있는라인이형성되었지만다른경우는일정구간의범위내에레이저포인트가존재하지않는결과를나타냈다. 반사된레이저포인트가존재하더라도수심부의직접하천측량결과와비교했을경우그수준고가정확도한계를넘어서고있으며형상또한일직선에가까워수심부의수면으로판단할수밖에없다. 레이저포인트가존재하지않는측점은 outside 로서인식이되지않기때문에하천횡단면도에서는연결선이끊어지는모습으로표현된다. 수심부측량에영향을미치는인자로는깊이에대한관측오차를고려해야하며, 레이저포인트의특성상깊이가낮은하천이라할지라도바닥까지레이저펄스가도달할수없어비교가사실상불가능했다. 4. 결론 본연구의전체적실험결과를분석하여얻은결과는크게세가지로일반적인육지부에서는수준고의표준편차가 0.017m 로그차이가거의없었으나수직위치만변하는특이점이나수심부에서는항공라이다측량이해당지점의수준고를정확하게측정하지못하는것을알수있었다. 이렇게현장에있는세부구조물이나수직으로위치값이변하는지점은지상라이다나가상기준점측량등현장의추가조사및측량이수반되어야하며, 수심부또한별도의현장측량방법을동원하여직접측량을실시하여야만정확한값을산출할수있다는것을알수있었다. 이번실험과분석을통해하천부분은항공라이다측량을통하여종 횡단자료를추출하는데그한계가있다는결론을얻을수있었다. 본연구의실험결과에서나타나듯토털스테이션과항공라이다측량을이용한하천횡단면도에대하여제작방안및결과물의형태, 오차의분포형상등을다루었지만이두가지방법의비교검토에는해당지역의지형적특성과하천수량을감안한시기적특성, 면적과방안별경제성도검토되어야할것이며, 항공라이다측량의결과물에대한오차최소화방안도향후지속적으로연구되어야할것이다. (Cross-Section in Water Part) TotalStation LiDAR References 1. Kim, S. I., 2006, Development of 3-dimensional modeling in building using LiDAR data and digital
8 32 최병길ㆍ나영우ㆍ추기환ㆍ이정일 map, Master s Degree Thesis, Kyonggi University. 2. Cho, D. Y., Kim, U. M., 2012, Extraction of street tree Information using airborne LiDAR data, Korea Spatial Information Society, Vol.20 No.2 pp Kim, E. Y., Wi, G. J., Cho, H. M., Yang, I. T., 2010, A study for forest research using airborne laser scanning, Korean Society of Surveying Geodesy Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol.28 No.3 pp Choi, M. G., 2012, Automatic extraction of water areas from LiDAR data, Master s Degree Thesis, The University of Seoul. 5. Wie, G. J., Lee, I. P., Kang, I. G., Cho, J. M., 2007, Efficiency evaluation of contour generation from airborne LiDAR data, Journal of the Korea Society for Geospatial information System, Vol.15 No.2 pp Lim, S. B., Kim, J. H., Lee, D. C., 2009, Automation of building extraction and modeling using airborne LiDAR data, Korean Society of Surveying Geodesy Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol.27 No.5 pp Lee, S. B., Choi, B. Y., 2007, Comparison of hydrographic surveying efficiency by total station and RTK GPS, Korean Society of Civil Engineers, CIVIL EXPO Choi, N. I., 2009, GIS based spatial interpolation method for the reconstruction of river channel, M.D. dissertation, ChonBuk National University. 9. Choi, Y. S., Kang, I. G., Lee, G. W., 2005, A study on airborne LiDAR system calibration and accuracy evaluation, Korean Society of Surveying Geodesy Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol.23 No.4 pp Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. I., 2012, Extraction and modeling of curved building boundaries from airborne LiDAR data, Vol.20 No.4 pp Wie, G. J., Yang, I. T., Suh, Y. W., Sim, J. M., 2006, Evaluation of airborne LiDAR data using field surveyed ground control points, Journal of the Korea Society for Geospatial information System, Vol 14 No. 4 pp Lee, I. S., Kang, S. G., 2006, The study on reconnaissance surveying using terrestrial laser scanner, Journal of the Korea Society for Geospatial information System, Vol 14 No. 3 pp Han, S. M., Park, T. S., 2009, The comparative analysis of LiDAR data and actual measurement data, Journal of the Korea Society for Geospatial information System, 2009 autumn, pp
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