원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 6, No. 3: , July 임상화학 자동요분석기 CLINITEK Novus 의성능평가 Performance Evaluation

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1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 6, No. 3: , July 2016 임상화학 자동요분석기 CLINITEK Novus 의성능평가 Performance Evaluation of the CLINITEK Novus Automated Urine Chemistry Analyzer 임지숙 1 이상국 1 조선미 2 원영철 1 김정호 1 Jisook Yim, M.D. 1, Sang-Guk Lee, M.D. 1, Sunmi Cho, M.D. 2, Young Cheol Won, M.T. 1, Jeong-Ho Kim, M.D. 1 연세대학교의과대학진단검사의학과 1, 연세대학교의과대학강남세브란스병원진단검사의학과 2 Department of Laboratory Medicine 1, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine 2, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Background: We aimed to evaluate the performance of the CLINITEK Novus urine chemistry analyzer (Siemens, UK). Methods: The precision, correlation, and carryover study were performed using two kinds of commercial quality control materials and freshly collected patient specimens. We calculated exact and within-1-block, along with kappa, to compare the semi-quantitative results between urine chemistry analyzers. The urine specific gravity taken by a refractometer was compared with the analyzer results. Moreover, we analyzed additional urine specimens for protein to evaluate the of results between those of the CLINITEK Novus and the AU680 analyzers (Beckman Coulter, Japan). Results: The precision study showed acceptable results; within-1-block was 100% in all tested items. The urine chemistry results from the CLNITEK Novus analyzer demonstrated 85.1% within-1-block s with those of the Uriscan Super, and the kappa test results were The comparison of specific gravity with manual refractometer showed a good correlation (r=0.991), and the protein comparison with the AU680 analyzer also showed a good correlation (with exact and within-1-block s being 75.9% and 100.0%, respectively). The carryover rates were 0% in all tested items, except specific gravity and heavy blood tests. Conclusions: The CLINITEK Novus analyzer showed good performance in terms of precision, comparison, and carryover in this study. Therefore, the CLINITEK Novus automated urine analysis is expected to be useful for routine urinalysis in a clinical laboratory. Key Words: Performance evaluation, Automated urinalysis, CLINITEK Novus 서론 요검사는신장및요로계질환을발견하고치료하기위한기본 적검사로, 요에는신장에서여과되는신진대사의중간및최종산 물이포함되어있어대사나내분비이상의진단에도이용된다 [1, 2]. 요검사는검체채취가쉬울뿐아니라, 검사방법또한비교적 간단하고신속한장점이있어통상적으로시행되고있는검사중 Corresponding author: Jeong-Ho Kim Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: , Fax: , jeongho@yuhs.ac Received: June 23, 2015 Revision received: January 22, 2016 Accepted: January 25, 2016 This article is available from , Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 하나로 [3], 물리적검사, 화학적검사및요침사검사로이루어져있다. 이중화학적검사방법으로주로이용되고있는것이요시험지봉검사법 (dipstick urinalysis) 이다 [1, 2]. 요시험지봉검사는수기시행과육안판독이가능하지만, 검사결과의객관화와검사의신속성및편리성을위해자동화장비가사용되고있다 [2, 4]. 요화학검사도검사의질을평가하는것이중요하지만, 반정량검사의특성상검사의질을평가하기어려운면이있어자료가많지않았다. 본연구에서는 1단계내일치율및 kappa 통계치, 정량검사결과와비교등을기준으로정밀도와상관성을평가하여자동화요검사장비인 CLINITEK Novus (Siemens, Sudbury, UK) 의성능을평가하였다. 대상및방법 1. 검사장비및검사항목 평가에이용한장비는 CLINITEK Novus 자동요화학분석장비이며, 정밀도는 12개항목 ( 빌리루빈, 잠혈, 혼탁도, 색, 당, 케톤체, eissn

2 백혈구, 아질산염, 산도, 단백, 우로빌리노겐, 비중 ) 을대상으로, 상관성평가는 Uriscan Super ( 영동제약, 경기도, 한국 ) 와 8개항목 ( 잠혈, 당, 케톤체, 백혈구, 아질산염, 산도, 단백, 비중 ) 을대상으로비교검사를진행하였다. 빌리루빈및우로빌리노겐항목은양성검체수의부족으로상관성평가에서제외하였다. 요비중의경우는굴절률측정기 (refractometer) 를기준으로 CLINITEK Novus와 Uriscan Super의검사결과를비교하였다. 요단백항목에대해서는추가로 CLINITEK Novus의결과와 AU680 (Beckman Coulter, Tokyo, Japan) 의정량결과의일치도를분석하였다. 2. 방법 1) 정밀도정밀도는상품화된정도관리물질인 Liquichek Urinalysis (Bio- Rad, CA, USA) Level 1, 2와 CLINITEK NOVUS CONTROLS (Siemens, NY, USA) Level 1, 2를사용하여 5일간평가하였고, 요화학검사의경우검사결과가단계적수치로표시되기때문에결과의정밀도를평가하기위하여예상되는결과의완전일치율과 1단계내일치율또는양성및음성결과일치율등을분석하여평가하였다. 정밀도평가계획은 CLSI EP15-A3 [5] 을참고하여고농도및저농도의정도관리물질을오전, 오후각각두번씩측정하여 5일간총 20회검사하였다. 2) 상관성상관성평가시이용된검체는 2013년 9월부터 10월까지요검사가의뢰된환자의신선요검체로, 연령대나성별의구분없이선택하였다. 대상검체는각항목당단계가고르게분포하도록 Uriscan Super 분석결과를기준으로선별수집하였고, 모든검체는접수후 2시간이내에 Uriscan Super와 Clinitek Novus 장비로분석하였다. 총 40-55명의환자검체를대상으로하였고, 기준장비는기존검사실에서사용하였던 Uriscan Super로하였다. 상관성은완전일치율, 1단계내일치율, 그리고각항목당 1단계내일치율을기 준으로산출한 Kappa 통계치로평가하였고, 제조사설명에따라 각장비의단계별정량치를정리하였다 (Table 1). 요비중은 Cliniteck Novus 와 Uriscan Super 의결과와굴절률측정기의결과치로 회귀방정식과상관계수 (coefficient of correlation, r) 를산출하였 고, 추가로시행한요단백검사는 AU680 장비의정량결과를요시 험지봉 (Siemens, NY, USA) 의제조사설명서에따라단계를분류 하여 CLINITEK Novus 결과와비교하였다. 3) 검체간교차오염률 검체간교차오염률은총 10 종목 ( 비중, 산도, 단백, 당, 우로빌리 노겐, 빌리루빈, 아질산염, 백혈구, 케톤체, 잠혈 ) 을대상으로평가 하였다. 잠혈평가시일반혈뇨와함께진한혈뇨를추가로평가하 였다. 진한혈뇨는육안으로혈뇨로판독이가능하고, 실제검사실 에서는검사를시행하지않고 indeterminate 로보고하는검체 로검사하였다. 교차오염률평가는고농도물질 (H1, H2, H3, H4) 을연속으로 4 번측정한후저농도물질 (L1, L2, L3, L4) 을 4 번연속 측정하였고, 다음과같은공식으로교차오염률을구하였다. L1 L3+L H2+H3 L3+L ) 통계방법 통계분석은 Analyse-it version 2.30 (Analyse-it software, Leeds, UK) 를사용하였다. 1. 정밀도 결과 본연구에서사용된제조사제공물질로정밀도검사를시행했 을때, 음성및양성기대결과에대하여모든종목에서 100% 의 1 Table 1. Semiquantitative level grading criteria for the CLINITEK Novus and Uriscan Super analyzers according to their package inserts Instrument Negative ± Unit Protein CLINITEK Novus ,000 mg/dl Uriscan Super ,000 mg/dl Glucose CLINITEK Novus ,000 2,000 mg/dl Uriscan Super ,000 2,000 mg/dl Ketone CLINITEK Novus mg/dl Uriscan Super mg/dl Occult blood CLINITEK Novus - Trace Small Moderate Large - - Uriscan Super RBC/μL Leukocytes CLINITEK Novus - Trace Small Moderate Large - - Uriscan Super WBC/μL 148

3 Table 2. Precision analyzed by the CLINITEK Novus analyzer using CLINITEK Novus Control Strips and Liquichek Urinalysis Controls for 11 test parameters (N=20) Strips Bilirubin Occult blood Agreement, Exact /within-1-block Clarity Color Glucose Ketone WBCs Nitrite ph Protein Urobilinogen NOVUS CONTROLS 100/ / / / / / / / / / /100 Level 1 Liquichek Level 1 100/ /100 -* -* 100/ / / / / / /100 NOVUS CONTROLS 100/ / / / /100 85/100 95/ / /100 65/ /100 Level 2 Liquichek Level 2 100/ /100 -* -* 70/100 65/ / / /100 60/ /100 *Liquichek controls have no items for clarity and color. Table 3. Precision of specific gravity analyzed by the CLINITEK Novus analyzer Test Material Expected value Mean SD %CV Specific gravity NOVUS CONTROLS Level Liquicheck Level NOVUS CONTROLS Level Liquicheck Level Table 4. Agreement percentages and kappa values of protein, glucose, ketone, occult blood, leukocytes, and ph using the CLINITEK Novus and Uriscan Super analyzers Sample no. Complete Within-1-block Positive/negative Protein Glucose Ketone Occult blood Leukocytes ph κ CLINITEK Novus y=x r=0.991 Uriscan Super y=1.091x r=0.996 Fig. 1. Agreement and correlation of specific gravity between (A) the CLINITEK Novus analyzer and a refractometer, (B) Uriscan Super and a refractometer, (C) CLINITEK Novus and Uriscan Super. CLINITEK Novus y=0.929 x r=0.989 Refractometer A Refractometer B Uriscan Super C 단계내일치율을보였다 (Table 2). 비중의경우에도모두변이계수 (coefficient of variation) 0.14% 이내의우수한정밀도를보였다 (Table 3). 2. 상관성및일치도 CLINITEK Novus와 Uriscan super의결과를비교하였을때, 모든항목에서 1단계내의일치율은 85.1% 이상이었고, 음성및양성결과일치율은 90.0% 이상이었다. Table 4는각항목에대하여 Novus와 Uriscan 결과치의빈도와일치율을정리한표들이다. 두검사의일치율해석을위하여 Kappa 통계치를제시하였는데, 모 든검사항목에서 Kappa 통계값이 0.81 이상으로분석되었다. 비중의경우 Uriscan Super 및굴절률측정기로추가검사하였다 (Fig. 1). 굴절률측정기와 CLINITEK Novus, 굴절률측정기와 Uriscan Super 결과의회귀식에서기울기는각각, 1.091이고, 절편은각각 0.001, 0.091로 CLINITEK Novus가 Uriscan Super보다굴절률측정기와더높은일치도를보였다. CLINITEK Novus와 AU680의요단백항목비교에서는, 완전일치율이 75.9%, 1단계내일치율이 100% 였으며, Kappa값은 0.94로정량검사와의일치도가우수하였다 (Table 5)

4 Table 5. Agreement of urine protein between the CLINITEK Novus analyzer and quantitation by the AU680 analyzer (grade, N=29) CLINITEK Novus 3. 교차오염률 (Carryover) 결과 교차오염률평가를시행한 10 항목중요비중및진한혈뇨항목 을제외하고는모두 0% 로장비의검체간교차오염의영향은거 의없는것으로나타났다. 요비중과진한혈뇨의교차오염률은각 각 3.23%, 50.00% 였다. 고찰 요화학검사는검사의효율성및신속성등의이유로요시험지 봉 (dipstick urinalysis) 검사가주로이용된다 [3]. 검사결과는다양 한색과색의강도를단계 (block chart) 적으로나타내어육안또는 자동화장비로비교판독하는데, 맨눈으로판독시에는자동화장 비보다결과해석에검사자간의차이가있을수있고, 업무에많 은인력과시간이소요되는면이있어, 근래에는많은검사실에서 요시험지봉검사에자동화장비를이용하는추세이다 [2, 4, 6]. 대 부분자동화장비의경우검사정보시스템 (laboratory information system, LIS) 과인터페이스가가능해, 사무적오류와검사소요시 간 (turnaround time, TAT) 을감소시키는장점도있다. 본연구에서 는최근소개된요자동분석장비인 CLINITEK Novus 의수행능 을평가하여보았다. 상관성검사기준으로한단계내일치율을 허용기준으로선택하였는데, 이는반정량적으로시행되는요검사 의고유한특성과검사시행및검사결과판정이서로다른두장 비에서시행되어완전일치가어려울수있고, 통상적으로요검사 상관성에서적용되는기준이기도하다. 총 5 일간시행된정밀도평가에서음성결과는모두일치하였고, 기대결과가양성일경우빌리루빈, 잠혈, 탁도, 색, 아질산염, 산도, 우로빌리노겐은완전일치를보였으며, 요당, 케톤체, 요백혈구, 요 단백항목은한단계내일치를보여모두임상적으로허용가능 한결과를보였다. AU680* Negative ± Negative 6 1 ± Complete : 75.9%; Within-1-block : 100.0%; Positive/negative : 100.0%; Kappa test: *Protein concentrations measured by the AU680 analyzer were graded according to the dipstick package insert (Siemens, NY, USA), grade (equivalent concentration); Negative, ±, 1+(30 mg/dl), 2+(100 mg/dl), 3+(300 mg/dl), 4+(2,000 mg/dl). 상관성분석에서는산도, 요단백, 요당의완전일치율이 % 로낮았으나, 한단계내일치율은 85% 이상으로높았고, 이세항목을제외한다른항목들의한단계내일치율은 100% 였다. 또한, 두장비를비교하기위하여시행한 Kappa 검증결과도모든항목이 0.81 이상으로우수한일치도를보였다. 소변검사의특성상모든검사가완전일치율이높기는어려운면이있는데, 장비마다판독기준이다른면외에도검사항목에따라비타민 C나요의산도등에영향을받는항목이많고이러한간섭요인들도시간의경과에따라변화하기때문이다 [1, 7]. 그러므로정확한결과를위해서는신선한검체로될수있으면빨리검사하는것이중요하다. 비중의경우굴절률측정기결과를 CLINITEK Novus 및 Uriscan Super 결과와비교하였고, 두장비모두상관계수가 이상으로높은상관성과일치도를보였다 (Fig. 1). 단백뇨는신장질환의가장중요한소견중하나이고당뇨병성신증, 악성고혈압, 임신중독증, 다발성골수종등다양한질환의진단과경과에참고가되므로 [2], 특히정확한검사결과가필요한항목이다. 요시험지봉의요단백검사는심한알칼리성뇨나방부제, 세정제, 혈액, 농, 질분비물등에의해위양성반응을나타낼수있고 [1, 2], 좀더정확한평가를위해자동화학분석기 AU680으로시행한정량검사결과와추가비교하였다. AU680으로측정한요단백의결과와도일치도가높아 CLINITEK Novus의요단백측정값을신뢰할수있었다. 교차오염률은혈뇨를제외하고는 5% 이내로매우우수했는데, 혈뇨는맨눈으로혈뇨로판정할수있고, 실제검사실에서는검사하지않고 indeterminate 로보고하는검체를이용하였기때문에, 이것으로인한교차오염률은임상검사실에서는문제가되지않으리라고생각된다. 장비의운용방법은간단하여검사진행중에검사자의추가조작은거의없었으며, 시간당최대 240검체를처리할수있고 LIS와연동되어업무의흐름이향상되고보고시간이단축되는효과가있었다. 결론적으로 CLINITEK Novus는정밀도와장비간일치도평가에서우수한결과를보였고, 낮은교차오염률을보여임상검사실에서사용하기에유용할것으로판단되었다. 또한, 검사자편의적인검사환경을제공하고, 신속하고정확한검사결과로검사실질향상에도움이될것으로기대된다. 요약 배경 : 본연구에서는자동화요검사장비인 CLINITEK Novus의성능을평가하였다. 방법 : 두종류의상품화된정도관리물질과 40-55개의신선요검체를이용하여정밀도, 기존장비와의상관성및교차오염률을평 150

5 가하였다. 요검사장비의반정량결과를비교하기위하여완전일치율과 1단계내일치율, 그리고 Kappa 통계치를구하여비교하였다. 요비중은굴절률측정기결과와도비교하였고, 요단백항목에대해서는추가로 AU680의정량결과와의일치도를분석하였다. 결과 : 정밀도평가결과모든항목에서정도관리물질의예상결과와의 1단계내일치율이 100% 로허용기준을만족하였다. CLINITEK Novus와 Uriscan Super 검사결과의 1단계내일치율은 85.1% 이상, Kappa 통계값은 0.81 이상이었다. 굴절률측정기와 CLINITEK Novus의상관계수는 0.991이었고, AU680과 Novus의요단백결과에서는완전일치율, 1단계내일치율이각각 75.9%, 100.0% 로우수한상관성을보였다. 교차오염률은비중과진한혈뇨를제외하고모두 0% 였다. 결론 : 본연구에서 CLINITEK Novus는정밀도, 장비간상관성평가및교차오염률평가에서우수한성능을보였다. 따라서, CLINI- TEK Novus는자동요검사장비로서임상검사실의일반요검사에유용하게사용될수있을것으로기대된다. 이해관계 저자들은본연구와관련하여해당회사와이해관계가없음. REFERENCES 1. Kim KD. Urinalysis. In: Kang, ed. The Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine. Laboratory medicine. 5th ed. Seoul: E*PUBLIC, 2014: McPherson RA and Ben-Ezra J. Basic examination of the urine. In: Henry JB, ed. Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2011: Han TH. Urinalysis: the usefulness and limitations of urine dipstick testing. J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2013;17: Park HR, Jeong BK, Park NW. Comparative evaluation of dipstick urinalysis by dipstick readers. J Clin Pathol Qual Control 2001;23: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. User verification of precision and estimation of bias; Approved guideline-third Edition. EP15- A3. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Urinalysis; Approved Guideline-Third Edition. GP16-A3. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, Skitek M. Imprecision and instability of common analytes in urine analysed by semi-automated dipstick urinalysis. Accred Qual Assur 2004;9:

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