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1 Discussions on Geographical Names in the United Nations and the Implications for the Geographical Toponymy in Korea Sungjae Choo** Abstract This study aims to provide research fields and topics to complement, extend and develop the geographical toponymy in Korea, largely based on a summary of topics discussed in the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN). The Korean toponymic research has generally focused on revealing human, social and physical characteristics of the region by investigating the creation and change of the geographical names, with the perspective of creator and owner of the toponyms. Toponymic researches in the UNGEGN, in comparison, have put forward with the mission of standardization of geographical names and with specific emphasis on the users of toponyms. The topics include diverse forms of toponyms by user groups, roles of language groups, preservation of toponyms with specific value, etc. As research directions for an establishment of extended geographical toponymy accommodating discussions in the UNGEGN, further research topics are suggested; use of exonyms and endonyms in the Korean language, the nature of geographical feature and perception over it, writing systems for inter-language communication, and geographical names as intagible cultural heritage. : UNGEGN, geographical toponymy, exonym/endonym, geographical feature, intagible cultural heritage 2008 (Professor, Department of Geography, Kyung Hee University), sjchoo@khu.ac.kr. 443

2 place name geographical name 1) (Choo, 2010b, 3) (Kim and Lim, 2008, 15) (Kwon, 2004, 168) (Kim and Ryu, 2008, ) (phonetics) (semantics) 2) (Kadmon, 1997, 3-4) 3)

3 Kim and Lim(2008) ) 5) (Chon, 2001) 6) 7) Park(1999) Lim and Kim(2010) Bae(2004) Jung(2005) Kim and Yoon(2006) Kim and Yang(2010) Kim, S.(2008) ( ) Kim, J.(2008) Kim, J.(2009)

4 (Lee and Jeon, 2005) (Cho, 2008) (Lee, K.-W., 2010) Nam(1997) Yang(2004) Lee S.- T.(2004) 407 Lee K.- S.(2004) (Choo, 2007b) (Choo, 2007a; 2009) (Choo, 2010b) 2006 (Choo, 2006) (Choi and Kwon, 2006; Sung, 2006) Kim and Jang(1993) 5 Gang and Beom(2005) Jeon(2006) Lee(2006) 3 4 Park and Kim(2010) Kwon(2010) 446

5 Kim, S.-B.(2010a) Jung(2006) (p.33) Kwon(2004) Kwon(2008) Kim, S.-B.(2004) 16 Kim and Ryu(2008) Kim, S.- B.(2010b) Cho(2007) Lee, Y.(2010) Lee(2008)

6 Yang and Jung(2006) 2005 Kim and Kim(2010) (2007) Kim, N.-S.(2010) Table 1 (reference)(munro, 2004) (standardization) (UNGEGN, 2002, 24) (Kadmon, 1997, 187) (transliteration) (United Nations 448

7 Table 1. Trends of geographic toponymic research in Korea. themes focuses major research subjects Analyzing the nature of place names, categorizing them, and analyzing their changes Identifying geographical characteristics through place names analysis place names of Korea during the late Joseon Dynasty (Lim and Kim, 2010) place names of specific regions (Park, 1999; Bae, 2004; Jung, 2005) research on place names place name changes of specific regions (Kim and themselves Yoon, 2006; Kim and Yang, 2010) collecting place names from database construction of ancient place names maps and literature, (Kim, S., 2008; Kim, J., 2008; 2009) analyzing, categorizing, and in-depth study of specific place names (Lee and identifying changes Jeon, 2005; Cho, 2008; Lee, K., 2010) the name East Sea (Yang, 2004; Lee, S-T., 2004, Lee, K-S., 2004; Choo, 2007a; 2007b; 2009; 2010) undersea feature names (Choo, 2006; Choi and Kwon, 2006; Sung, 2006) research on geographical characteristics reflected in physical geographical elements (Gang and Beom, place names 2005; Jeon, 2006; Lee, Y., 2006) finding human/physical natural disasters (Park and Kim, 2010) geographic elements contained traditional philosophy on earth (Pungsu) and in place names and relating ideologies (Kwon, 2010; Kim, S-B., 2010a) them to geographical agriculture (Jung, C-Y., 2006) identities of the region Social and political meanings of place name changes research on the impacts of social and political elements on place name changes analyzing the impacts of power relations and functions of social groups incurred in place name changes social relations between social groups (Kwon, 2004; 2008; Lee, Y., 2010) cultural-political study on toponymy (Kim and Ryu, 2008) impact of Confusian ideology and influential figures (Cho, S-W., 2007) politics of place name changes in the Chinese minorities (Lee, K., 2008) research on the methods of managing place names by the management of place names by public sector Management of public sector (Yang and Jung, 2006, Kim and Kim, 2010) place names Designing methods of place methodology of constructing place names names management, including database (Kim, N-S., 2010) databases Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names, UNCSGN) 1967 (United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, UNGEGN) ) 9) 449

8 (resolution) 10 (Working Group) 2 Table 2 Toponymic Terminology) (Romanization Systems)(Exonyms) (Pronunciation) 6 (Country Names) (Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers) (Toponymic Guidelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use) (Training Courses in Toponymy) (Promotion of Recording and Use of Indigenous, Minority and Regional Language Group Geographical Names) (Task Team for Africa) UNGEGN (Publicity and Funding) (Evaluation and Implementation) Table 2. Working Groups and Task Teams of UNGEGN. characteristics principles and contents of the standardization of geographical names technical aspects of the standardization of geographical names preservation and management of geographical names evaluation of and support for UNGEGN working groups and task teams Working Group on Toponymic Terminology Working Group on Romanization Systems Working Group on Exonyms Working Group on Pronunciation Working Group on Country Names Working Group on Toponymic Data Files and Gazetteers Toponymic Guildelines for Map and Other Editors for International Use Working Group on Training Courses in Toponymy Working Group on the Promotion of Recording and Use of Indigenous, Minority and Regional Language Group Geographical Names Task Team for Africa Working Group on Publicity and Funding Working Group on Evaluation and Implementation 450

9 Table ) (International Hydrographic Organization, IHO) (Sub- Committee on Undersea Feature Names, SCUFN) IHO 1921 (Limits of Oceans and Seas, S-23) ) SCUFN 1974 IHO (Inter-governmental Oceanographic Commission, IOC) ) IHO Table 3. Major resolutions on the principles of the standardization of geographical names adopted since time of number of adoption resolution contents 9th UNCSGN identify toponyms that meet the criteria for application of intangible 2007 /4 cultural heritage and prepare a programme to safeguard and develop that heritage 9th UNCSGN a set of guidelines be compiled and a range of models for the 2007 /5 promotion of the recording and use of indigenous, minority and regional language group geographical names be gathered /9 introduce some amendments to the romanization system for Hebrew 8th UNCSGN present a summary of the activities on the promotion of minority / group and indigenous geographical names discourage the use of personal names to designate a geographical /2 feature during the lifetime of the person and provide guidelines on the length of the waiting period they wish to establish before 8th UNCSGN 2002 using a commemorative name undertake both the systematic collection of geographical names /9 and the promotion of a greater understanding of inherited geographical names with respect to local, regional and national heritage and identity /13 adopt the international system for the romanization of Thai geographical names 7th UNCSGN national standardization be based on current local usage of name / forms, collected through field work 451

10 SCUFN (generic name) (specific name) (International Council for Science, ICSU) (Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, SCAR) (Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, CGA) (transliteration) (exonym) (1972) (1982) 20 8 (2002) (endonym) (Jordan et al., eds., 2007; Jordan et al., eds., 2011) 9 (2007) UNGEGN, 2007, 2) (exonym) 13) (endonym) 14) (diacritic mark) Dokdo România Liancourt Rocks Warszawa Warsaw Moskva Moscow Beijing Peking 15) Kadmon(1997, 144) 452

11 Tõkyõ Dongjing Běijīng 16) Cologne[Köln], Tuscany[Toscana] Wroclaw[Opole] Lódź[Torunor] Szczecin [Lublin] Asia, Amazon Basin, Danube Kadmon(1997, 145) (donor language source language) receiver language target language 17) (romanization) 5 (1987) ) (Danube) Donau Dunav Duna Dunǎ r e a Dunaj Dunai 453

12 (Jordan, 2009) Quebec Montreal Québec Montréal 19) (Woodman, 2010) (1987) ( /22) ( /1, /5) UNGEGN 20) (Kerfoot, 2009, 16) 6 (1992) 3 7 ( ) (Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity) 8 (2002) ( /9) (intangible cultural heritage, ICH) 454

13 ( /4) ) 2009 (Geographical Names as a Part of the Cultural Heritage)(Jordan, et al., eds., 2009) 27 (exonym) (endonym) (roman script) 22) (Choo, 2011, 58) (Woodman, 2009) 455

14 Daehanminguk Taehanmin'guk 23) Republic of Korea 24) Pokoly(2011) Österreich Austria 25) Kadmon(1997, 147) (traditional name) 26) 27) Côte d'ivoire Ivory Coast Belarus Wei russland Mediterranean Sea Yellow Sea (receiver language) (donor language) East Sea Donghae (standardized exonym) (authorized exonym) 28) (Choo, 2009) 29) 456

15 Kim and Ryu, 2008; Kim, S.-B., 2010b; Lee, Y., 2010) (geographical feature) 30) (Jordan, 2009) (Woodman, 2009) Choo(2011) (the partial view) (the holistic view) Jordan(2011) (social group) Choo(2009; 2010b, 2011) (recognizable identity) 31) Dover Strait (Pas de Calais) 32) 457

16 (Hitchman, 1986) (NGII, 2010) 5 6 (generic name) san gang d Namsan Hangang Dokdo (NGII, 2010) Nam Mountain Namsan Mountain Han River Hangang River Dok Island Dokdo Island pass mountain 33) PusanBusanTaeguDaegu Puch ŏn Bucheon (Watt, 2009, 21-23) (sense of home) (remembrance and memorial) (picture of movement 458

17 and social interaction) (window into social attitude) (Choo, 2010a)

18 460

19 1 (1996) Aurousseau(1957) place name geographical name toponymy' (place) topos (name) onyma Kim, J.-S.(2008) 6 Kang(1998, 226) 7 toponymy onomasticsoponomastics 8 UNCSGN UNGEGN NGII (2010) 9 UNGEGN Mandate( geoinfo/ungegn/mandate.html) 10 UNCSGN 195 UNGEGN ( Japan Sea SCUFN Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located 14Name of a geographical feature in an official or wellestablished language occurring in that area where the feature is located 15Peking http:// foreign_0302.jsp) MCT System Amharic, Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Kannada, Khmer, Macedonian Cyrillic, Malayalam, Marathi, Mongolian (in China), Nepali, Oriya, Persian, Punjabi, Russian, Serbian, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Uighur, Urdu 19 Bombay 1995 Mumbai 20 Choo(2010a) 21Geographical names as culture, heritage and identity (including indigenous, minority and regional language names) UNGEGN (Jordan, et al., 2011) République de Corée República de 461

20 Corea Gruzija Gruziya Grusia Gruzia Georgia Sak'art'velo 26 South Korea(FIFA) Korea Republic 27 Österreich Magyarorszá Norge Noreg Polska 28 Standardized exonym Peter Jordan 29 Kim and Shim(2008), Park and Chang(2008) 30 Jordan(2009), Choo(2011) 31 (geographical feature) (a portion of the surface of Earth that has recognizable identity) (UNGEGN, 2002, 10-11) 32 IHO English Channel (La Manche) Bae, M.-A., 2004, A study on the place-names in old maps of Andong-bu, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 10(3), (in Korean). Cho, S.-W., 2007, Cause and process of place-name change by social influence: a case study of Jin- An region, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 13(5), (in Korean). Cho, S.-W., 2008, The possibility of geographical range change of 'Ho-Nam' as a place name, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 14(3), (in Korean). Choi, J. and Kwon, Y., 2006, Naming of undersea features in the East Sea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 41(5), Chon, S.-Y., 2001, On the terms of the place name, Journal of the Place Name Society of Korea, 5, Choo, S., 2006, International practices of naming undersea features and the implication for naming those in the East Sea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 41(5), Choo, S., 2007a, Recent progress for restoring the name East Sea and future research agenda, Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association, 7(1), 1-9. Choo, S., 2007b, The cases of international standardization of sea names and their implications for justifying the name East Sea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 42(5), Choo, S., 2009, Endonym, geographical feature and perception: the case of the name East Sea/Sea of Japan, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 44(5), Choo, S., 2010a, Geographical names as a part of the intangible cultural heritage, Paper presented at the Winter Conference of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, Gwangju, 29 January Choo, S., 2010b, Geopolitics of the East Sea and the issue of its naming, Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association, 10(2), Choo, S., 2011, The name of a sea as a transboundary feature, in Jordan, P., Bergmann, H., Burgess C. and Cheetham, C., eds., Trends in Exonym Use, Hamburg, Verlag, pp Gang, H.-S. and Beom, S.-G., 2005, Interpretation of physical geographic meaning of village names 462

21 in Geoje City, South Korea, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 11(5), (in Korean). Hitchman, R., 1986, Place Names of Washington, Tacoma, Washington State. Jeon, Y.-G., 2006, Korean traditional view of landform revealed in place names: based on the ancient literatures of Daegu Metropolitan Area, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 13(4), 9-17 (in Korean). Jordan, P., 2009, What is an endonym? Still a question after decades of standardization, The 25th UNGEGN Session, Nairobi, WP.32. Jordan, P., 2011, The endonym - name from within a social group, in Jordan, P., Bergmann, H., Burgess C. and Cheetham, C., eds., Trends in Exonym Use, Hamburg, Verlag, pp Jordan, P., Adamič, M. O. and Woodman, P., eds., 2007, Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names: Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction, Munster: LIT-Verlag. Jordan, P., Bergmann, H.,Cheetham, C. and Hausner, I., eds., 2009, Geographical Names as a Part of Cultural Heritage, Institute fur Geographie und Regionalforschung der Universitat Wien, Kartographie und Geoinformation, Wien. Jordan, P., Bergmann, H., Burgess C. and Cheetham, C., eds., 2011, Trends in Exonym Use: Proceedings of the 10th UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Meeting, Tainach, April 2010, Hamburg: Verlag. Jung, C.-Y., 2005, A study of village location and regional characteristics as viewed through village names: comparison of Gyeonggi-do and Hamgyeong-do, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 17(2), (in Korean). Jung, C.-Y., 2006, The distribution of village names related to agricultural products during the final period of Chosun and their characteristics, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 18(2), (in Korean). Kadmon, N., 1997, Toponymy: The Lore, Laws and Languages of Geographical Names, New York: Vantage. Kang, B.-L., 1998, The review of the studies on place names, Journal of the Place Name Society of Korea, 1, Kim, H.-B. and Jang, D-S., 1993, A study on the types of meaning in Korean village groves in place names, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 5, (in Korean). Kim, J. and Yang, B., 2010, Changing place names and shapes of Jeju Island in westem old maps, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 22(2), (in Korean). Kim, J., 2008, The regional and typical distribution of the geographical names found in the databased tradition maps of nineteenth-century Korea, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 20(3), (in Korean). Kim, J., 2009, The typical distribution of the geographical names included in Guhanmal- Hanbando Topographical Maps, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 21(2), (in Korean). Kim, J.-S., 2008, Methods of Toponymic Research, Bagijeong, Seoul 2008 K.-H. and Lim, J., 2008, Trends of place names research in geography in The Association of Korean Culture and Historical Geographers, ed., Geography of Place Names Kim, K.-H. and Shim, B., 2008, A study on the management and modification of the Japanese style place names in Korea: A specific focus on the mountain names in Yeoju-gun, Gyeonggi-do in The Association of Korean Culture and Historical Geographers, ed., Geography of Place Names Kim, K.-H. and Yoon, Y.-C., 2006, A study on the 463

22 historical change of place names in Ulleung Island, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 18(1), (in Korean) Kim, N.-S., 2010, A web-based mapping by constructing database of geographical names, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 16(4), (in Korean). Kim, S., 2008, The distribution and characteristics of geographical names on 1:50,000 topographic map of the Korean peninsula in the early 20th century, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 43(1), (in Korean). Kim, S.-B. and Ryu, J.-H., 2008, A theoretical construction for the cultural-political study on the place names in Korea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 43(4), (in Korean). Kim, S.-B. and Kim, Y. H., 2010, Classification and maintenance of geographical names, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 45(2), (in Korean). Kim, S.-B., 2004, The regional factors on the formation and changes of place name, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 16(3), (in Korean). Kim, S.-B., 2010a, Ideological signization of place names: A case study of Confucian/Buddhist/Fengshui Place Names, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 22(1), (in Korean). Kim, S.-B., 2010b, The politics of scale on place names: scaling up of place names' territory, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 22(2), (in Korean). Kwon, S., 2004, The social construction of place-names as a landscape text, The Geographical Journal of Korea, 38(2), (in Korean). Kwon, S., 2008, Place-names and the construction of the meaning of place, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 20(3), (in Korean). Kwon, S., 2010, The place name of Fengshui and the Meaning of Place, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 22(1), (in Korean). Lee, K.-B., 2005, A study on the error of place name location in Cheonggudo and Dongyeodo: a case study of Haemimyeon, Chungcheong Province, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 17(1), (in Korean). Lee, K.-S., 2004, Geographical studies and international organizations: concerning international standardization of the geographical name of East Sea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 39(1), 1-12 (in Korean). Lee, K.-W., 2008, A political geography on the reform of administrative areas and place names in China: with emphasis on the minority nationalites autonomous districts, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 14(5), (in Korean). Lee, K.-W., 2010, Baekdusan Mountain and Cheonji Lake: a study on the use of geographical names in Korea and China, The Geographical Journal of Korea, 44(2), (in Korean). Lee, S.-T., 2004, A study on the East Sea (Donghae) in the western old map, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 16(1), (in Korean). Lee, Y., 2006, The characteristics of natural landscape of Gaesung as reflected in the geographical names, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 41(3), (in Korean). Lee, Y., 2010, The change of geographical names' territory and representation of place identity with place names: a case study of Chungju geographical names, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 16(2), (in Korean). Lee. M.-B. and Jeon, J.-H., 2005, Interpretation of place name 'Chugaryeong Pass' from the viewpoint of geomorphology and historical geography, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 17(1), (in Korean). Lim, J., and Kim, K.-H., 2010, A study of place names on woodblock Daedongyeo-jido, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 22(3), (in Korean). 464

23 Munro, D., 2004, The standardization of geographical names: achieving the impossible?, Paper presented at the Tenth International Seminar on the Naming of Seas: Special Emphasis Concerning International Standardization of the Sea Names, November 4-6, 2004, Cite Internationale Universitaire de Paris, Paris, France. Nam, Y.-W., 1997, The origin of the ancient place name, Dumo, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 32(4), (in Korean). National Geographic Information Institute (NGII), 2010, A Study on the Analysis of the Organization and Management Systems for the Geographical Name and Improvement Plans, Suwon 2010 Park, K. and Chang, E., 2008, A study on Japanese and foreign place names in Google Earth satellite images and GNS database on South Korea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 43(2), Park, K. and Kim, S., 2010, A study of disaster recognition based on disaster-related place names, Journal of the Korean Geomorphological Association, 17(2), Park, T.-H., 1999, A study on village names of Youngnam Provinces: the cases of Changnyeong-gun, Bonghwa-gun and Namhae-gun, Journal of the Association of Korean Regional Geographers, 5(1), 1-24 (in Korean). Pokoly, Béla, 2011, Country names as exonyms, in Jordan, P., Bergmann, H., Burgess C. and Cheetham, C., eds., Trends in Exonym Use, Hamburg, Verlag, pp Sung, H. H., Activities on naming undersea features in Korea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 41(5), Yang, B.-K. and Jung, C., The administrative operation system of geographical names in Korea, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 18(3), (in Korean). Yang, B.-K., 2004, The name of the East Sea on the Korean old maps, Journal of Cultural and Historical Geography, 16(1), (in Korean). United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), 2002, Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names, United Nations, New York. United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN), 2007, Glossary of Terms for the Standardization of Geographical Names: Addendum, United Nations, New York. Watt, B., 2009, Cultural aspects of place names with special regard to names in indigenous, minority and regional languages, in Jordan, P., Bergmann, H.,Cheetham, C. and Hausner, I., eds., Geographical Names as a Part of Cultural Heritage, Institute fur Geographie und Regionalforschung der Universitat Wien, Kartographie und Geoinformation, Wien. Woodman, P., 2009, The sea of the three endonyms, Paper presented at the 15th International Seminar on Sea Names, Sydney, Australia, 3-5 September Woodman, P., 2010, The Toponymy of Twentieth Century Aggression: Endonyms, Exonyms and the East Sea, Research Report, Northeast Asian History Foundation. sjchoo@khu.ac.kr orrespondence: Sungjae Choo, Department of Geography, Kyung Hee University, Seoul , Korea ( sjchoo@khu.ac.kr, phone , fax ) 465

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