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1 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 7 호 pp July 208 / 663 J. Korean Soc. Precis. Eng., Vol. 35, No. 7, pp ISSN (Print) / (Online) 선박엔진용 Oil Separator 의 Sludge 자동배출시스템구현 Development of Automatic System to Discharge Sludge in Oil Separator of Marine Engine 안찬훈,2, 김만기 3, 최준,# Chan Hoon Ahn,2, Man Gi Kim 3, and Jun Choi,# 한국생산기술연구원첨단정형공정그룹 (Advanced Forming Process R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology) 2 부산대학교전기전자컴퓨터공학과 (Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University) 3 울산대학교기계공학부 (Scool of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ulsan) # Corresponding Author / junchoi@kitech.re.kr, TEL: ORCID: KEYWORDS: Pressure sensor ( 압력센서 ), Oil separator ( 유수분리기 ), Automatic discharge ( 자동배출 ), Marine engine ( 선박엔진 ), Sludge discharge ( 슬러지배출 ) A separator used by marine engine functions as a purifier by dividing engine oil into pure oil and impurities. By rotating the separator at a high speed between 800 to 4500 rpm, fine particles of oil inside the separator are centrifuged due to the weight difference when the engine oil is refined. The impurities, so-called sludge, should be manually removed by taking the separator apart from the oil purifier system unless the accumulated sludge is measured and monitored in real time. A manual discharge of the sludge causes an increase of cycle time to clean the engine oil as well as operator exposure of safety risks. Therefore, the development of automatic system with a sludge monitor and an actuator is necessary for ship engine efficiency. In this paper, the pressure difference from the accumulated sludge is monitored via a pressure sensor. By measuring the pressure exerted at the wall surface, the amount of sludge was quantitatively estimated within the error of kg when the oil purifier system has been automated. Manuscript received: November 3, 207 / Revised: January 3, 208 / Accepted: February 3, 208. 서론화물운송용대형선박은 5,000 마력이상의추진력을내기위해주로 2행정디젤엔진이탑재되며, 엔진의냉각, 윤활, 보호를위해엔진오일이반드시사용된다.,2 그러나엔진이가동되면서엔진오일에미세한입자형태의 Sludge가증가하여엔진내부에치명적인손상을초래할수있다. 따라서, 선박엔진의각종오일을정제하고재사용하기위해유수분리기 (Oil Separator, OS) 를사용한다. OS는 Jet Nozzle의작용 반작용원리에의한회전운동을통해중력의 2,000배이상의원심력으로회전체를구동하여오일내의각종오염물질을밀도차에의해오일과분리한다. 이때, 보통 -2 µm 이상의불순물입자가제거되며분리된 Sludge 는 OS 내벽에계속해서축적된다. 3-5 선박용엔진오일과 Sludge의종류에따라밀도가다르기때문에 OS 가동시간이동일한조건에서 OS 내벽에쌓인 Sludge 축적량은일정하지않아정확한배출시기를획일적으로결정하기어렵다. 따라서, Sludge를배출하기위해서 OS의작동을중지하고작업자가직접벽면에쌓인 Sludge의양을확인한후제거해야하며, 이작업이약 시간정도소요된다. 또한, Sludge 제거작업시피부접촉이나유증기흡입등작업자의건강과안전에위협을준다. 이러한이유로오일과 Sludge의종류에상관없이일정한양의 Sludge를배출하기위해서 OS 내의 Sludge 축적량모니터링이필요하다. 최초에는모니터링시스템구현방법으로 OS의회전속도변화와 Vision 센서를이용한방법을시도하였다. 그러나 Sludge 축적량에따른 OS의회전속도변화량이 00 RPM이하로미세하고그값이일정하지않아 Sludge 축적량을판단할 Copyright The Korean Society for Precision Engineering This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( 3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 664 / July 208 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 7 호 수없었다. 또한, Sludge의색이오일과같은검은색이기때문에 Vision 센서를이용하여 Sludge와오일을구분할수없으며, 적외선과초음파는오일을투과하지못하여 Sludge 축적량을계측할수없었다. 이러한문제점들을해결하기위해본연구에서는 OS가동작하는동안내벽에쌓이는 Sludge에의해벽면에가해지는압력을측정하고, 이를이용해 Sludge의양을정량적으로추정하여 Sludge 자동배출시기를결정하였다. 이를위해 Navier-Stokes Equation을통해 Sludge가쌓이면서 OS 내벽에가해지는압력을변화시킬수있다는것을이론적으로확인하였다. 또한, 압력센서와 Arduino를사용하여 Sludge가쌓이면서 OS 내벽에시간당가해지는압력을실험적으로측정하였다. 실제로 OS 내벽에축적된 Sludge 무게를측정하고, 본연구에서개발된 Sludge 모니터링시스템의무게추정값과비교하여정확성을확인하였다. 2. 제어시스템구현원리및방법 2. Theoretical analysis of Navier-Stokes Equation Navier-Stokes Equations란물과공기를비롯한점성을뉴턴의운동제2 법칙을이용하여유체가가해진힘으로어떻게운동하느냐를기술한식으로유체에관성력, 점성력, 외력을전부고려하여하나의식으로표시한것이다. 6 ρ----- v = p + μ 2 v + ρg t 여기서, μ는점성계수, v는유체의속도, ρ는유체의밀도, p는 Sludge의압력이다. OS 벽면에가해지는압력변화는원심력그리고오일과 Sludge의밀도차이에의해발생한다. 식 () 은 v가일정한비압축성흐름에서의 Navier-Stokes Equation이며, 더욱특수한경우인점도가 0인경우식 (2) 를 Euler Equation이라고한다. ρ----- v = p + ρg t 식 (2) 를원통형좌표계로분리한후초기조건과구속조건을대입하면, p = ρω 2 r r () (2) and p = ρg (3) r 이다. 이에대한구속조건은유체의속도 v는각벡터 ϕ의방향으로만존재하고 v를 ϕ에편미분한변수인 v ϕ 또한 r에대한함수라가정한다. 변수분리법을통해식 (3) 을정리하고유체의압력이 ϕ 에독립적이므로식 (4) 로정리된다. p p atm --ρω 2 r 2 2 = ( r 2 0 ) ρg( z z 0 ) 여기서, OS 내벽에고착된 Sludge 는 OS 가회전함과동시에 (4) Table The parameters for calculation of the accumulated sludge on the wall of oil separator Angular velocity (ω) 250 rad/s Outer radius of oil separator (r) 0.3 m Inner radius oil separator (r 0 ) 0.0 m Mixed oil density (ρ 0 ) 840 kg/m 3 Sludge density (ρ s ) 20 kg/m 3 Sludge 또한회전하게되며이때각속도는 OS가가지는각속도와동일하다. 또한, 유체의각속도에의해생기는압력은중력가속도에의해발생하는압력에비해 5,000배이상크기때문에 OS 의높이 z에의해변화하는압력은무시할수있다. 따라서, OS의벽면에수직으로받는압력은최종적으로식 (5) 로정리된다. p p atm Sludge 두께에따른압력변화량을계산하기위한변수들은 Table 과같다. 이때사용된 Sludge는황토, Carbon 그리고 Silica이며동일한조건으로실험을진행하였다. 축적된 Sludge가 OS 벽면에가해지는압력계산을통해본연구에적합한압력센서사양을선정하였다. 또한, 계산결과와실험결과를비교하여 OS 내벽에쌓인 Sludge 두께를예측하였다. Sludge가축적되지않았을때압력값을 p i, Sludge가축적됐을때압력값을 p o 라고하면, 식 (6) 이된다. OS 내 7 mm의 Sludge가쌓였을때 p o 는 Sludge 가 7 mm 축적된부분의압력과축적되지않은부분의압력을각각구한후합하여계산된다. 그러므로 Sludge가 7 mm 축적됐을때압력변화량은 47.8 kpa 이다. 이결과를통해 Sludge가축척되면서 OS 내벽에가해지는압력이변화되는것을알수있다. 이를통해 Sludge 축적량에따른압력변화량을압력센서를통해측정하여 Sludge 축적량을추정하는것이가능한것을이론적으로확인하여본연구에적용하였다 Experimental Setup --ρω 2 r 2 2 = ( r 2 0 ) p i --ρ 2 0 ω 2 r 2 2 = ( r 0 ) = 44[ kpa] p 0 --ρω 2 r 2 2 = ( r 2 0 ) --ρ 2 0 ω 2 ( r 2 ( r 0.07) 2 ) --ρ 2 s ω 2 ( r 0.07) 2 2 = + ( r 0 ) = = 488.8[kPa] OS 내벽에가해지는압력을측정하기위해 Arduino Due (Arduino, Italy) 보드와압력센서를이용하였다. Arduino Due의상세한성능은 Table 2과같다. Sludge 축적량모니터링을위해 (5) (6) (7)

3 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 7 호 July 208 / 665 Table 2 The specifications of Arduino Due MCU AT9SAM3X8E Operating voltage 3.3 V Digital I/O pin 54 Analog input pin 2 Analog output pin 2 Flash memory 52 kb SRAM 96 kb Clock speed 84 MHz Fig. 2 Configuration of flexiforce A20 pressure sensor Fig. A schematic of automatic sludge discharge system. The Arduino Due board on the OS is connected with the pressure sensor to transmit the measurement data of pressure to control module 압력측정부, 압력계산부, 그리고 Sludge 무게추정부의총 3가지의 Loop로분리하여 C-Code를작성하였다. Arduino 보드에서동시에 3가지의 Loop를동작시키기위해서는큰용량과빠른처리속도가필요하다. 따라서, 본연구에서는주로사용되는 Arduino NANO 보다 8배큰 52 kb의 Flash Memory와 32 Bit 마이크로컨트롤러를사용하는 Arduino Due 보드를사용한다. 본연구에서압력을측정하기위해사용한압력센서는 Flexiforce A20 (Tekscan Inc. USA) 이다. 이센서는 Arduino Due 보드와호환성이우수하며, 센서에압력이가해질때, 센서의저항변화로유도되는전압값의변화를측정하여압력을감지하는원리로작동된다. 또한, 압력측정범위가 kpa로 OS를 8시간이상가동시 5-0 kg 이상의 Sludge를분리할수있는충분한압력변화량측정이가능하다. Sludge 자동배출시스템구현을위한알고리즘을 Fig. 5에나타내었다. OS 내로오일이유입되어 OS를회전시키게되고, 안정상태의회전속도인 2400 RPM에도달하면 OS 내벽에가해지는압력측정을시작한다. Sludge가 OS 내벽에축적되면서측정되는압력이증가하게되고, 이때의압력이기존에설정한기준압력 p와대소관계를판단하여 Sludge 축적또는배출명령을내린다. 이알고리즘을기반으로작성한 C-Code를 Arduino Due 보드에입력하여 Sludge 자동배출시기를판단하고제어기로신호를전달하는시스템을구성하였다. 또한, 압력센서에서출력된데이터를 kpa 단위의압력값으로변환하기위한 C-Code를 Arduino Due 보드에추가로입력하였다. 출력되는값을노트북이나 PC 등시리얼통신을통해데이터를수신할수있으며데이터분석 Fig. 3 An algorithm for automatic sludge discharge system Table 3 Experimental parameters of sludge discharge system Volume of oil 200 L Oil type SAE 30 & 40 Oil pressure 6.8 bar Rotational speed 2400 rpm Operating time 80 min 을위한실시간저장이가능하다. 0 OS 내벽에쌓이는 Sludge로인해측정되는압력값을이용하여 Sludge 축적에대한추정값을구하고실제 Sludge 축적량과비교하여 Sludge 축적량추정정확도를확인하는방식으로실험을진행하였다. 이때, 각각 0-2 kg의 Sludge무게에해당하는압력의범위를설정하였다. 압력변화량을계산한후그값을포함하는압력의범위가있다면그에해당하는 Sludge 무게값을출력하게된다. 그때의 Sludge 축적량추정값을확인하고, Sludge 축적량을측정한다. 비교를위해서 OS 내쌓인 Sludge의축적량측정은실험시작전, 후의 OS의무게를각각측정하고그차이를구하여 Sludge 축적량을구한다. 실험시사용되는 Sludge는황토, Carbon 그리고 Silica이며각각 600 g씩오일에첨가된다. 이때, 오일 00 L에각각 600 g씩첨가된후오일과잘혼합되도록 30분동안교반시키며이후다시 00 L의오일을첨가하여다시 30분동안교반시킨다. 실험조건은 Table 3와같다.

4 666 / July 208 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 7 호 Table 4 Comparison calculation with experiment Accumulated Sludge (7 mm) Calculation Experiment Difference 47.8 kpa 60.4 kpa 2.6 kpa Fig. 4 Composition of sludge for experiment. The 600 g of red clay, carbon and silica are added into the pure oil respectively for containing.8 kg of sludge in pure oil Table 5 Experimental results for automatic discharge system 2 3 Weight of oil separator (before experiment) [kg] Weight of oil separator (After experiment) [kg] Weight of accumulated sludge [kg] Weight of estimated sludge [kg] Accuracy [%] Fig. 5 Accumulated sludge in the oil separator (thickness of the sludge: 7 mm). The oil separator has been operated for 4 hours at 2400 RPM 2.3 실험결과 Navier-Stokes Equation을통해계산한압력변화량을 Fig. 5과같이실험을통해비교하였고, 그결과를 Table 4에나타내었다. 약 4시간동안 2400 RPM에서 Sludge를 7 mm 축적하였으며, 이때압력변화량은 60.4 kpa이다. 이는 Sludge가 7 mm 쌓였을때 Navier-Stokes Equation으로계산한결과와 2.6 kpa 차이가나는것을확인할수있다. 또한, 실험을통해얻은 60.4 kpa의압력변화량은 20 mm의 Sludge가축적되었을때계산결과인 55.5 kpa과유사하다. 즉, 3 mm 내의오차로 Sludge 축적량유추가가능한것을실험적으로확인하였다. 이결과를통해 Sludge 자동배출시스템에적용하여 Sludge 무게추정정확성을확인하였다. 3차례실험을각각 80분동안진행한결과, Table 5에나타낸바와같이 OS 내 Sludge 축적량은각각.59 kg,.543 kg,.632 kg이다. 이때, Sludge 축적량추정값의오차는 0.09 kg, kg, kg이며무게추정정확도는 93.9%, 97.%, 98% 로나타났다. Fig. 7과같이제어기모니터에 6분단위로 Sludge 축적량을모니터링하였으며 Sludge 무게가 0 kg에서.6 kg까지순차적으로올라간것을확인할수있다. 사전실험을통해 OS를회전시키는데필요한유압이안정상태로도달하는데약 20-25분이소요되었으며, OS의 RPM 이약 2400 RPM으로유지되는것 Fig. 6 LEDs for checking operation of sludge monitoring system 을통해안정상태를확인하였다. 또한, 25분후 Sludge 무게추정값을나타낼때는그전에축적된 Sludge의무게를포함한압력이측정되도록설계하였다. 따라서, Sludge가축적되면서증가되는정확한압력값을측정하기위해 25분일때의압력값을 p 이라하고실험시작후매 6분마다평균압력값을 p 2 로설정하였다. 이는 Sludge 추정값을자주확인함과동시에평균압력값의정확도를높이기위해 6분마다평균압력값을계산하였다. 압력변화량은 p 2 p 을계산하여도출되며이를통해 Sludge 무게를추정하였다. 실험시작후 25분까지 OS가안정상태로도달하기위한준비시간이다. 따라서, 제어기모니터에는값이출력되지않아 Sludge 모니터링모듈의정확한작동유무를판단하기어렵다. Sludge 모니터링모듈의작동유무를판단하기위해 Fig. 6과같이제어기에 4개의 LED를부착하여각각의 LED의역할을설정하였다. 먼저, LED 은 Sludge 모니터링모듈의전원유무확인이며 LED 2는실험시작후 25분에 p 이선택되었을때점등이된다. LED 3는모니터링모듈내에서설정한범위를벗어난계산값을출력했을

5 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 7 호 July 208 / 결론 Fig. 7 Weight of estimated sludge at control monitor from 0 kg to.6 kg. With measuring the pressure inside the OS, weight of sludge matched the pressure is printed the monitor 선박엔진에사용되는오일을정제하기위해 OS가사용되며, 오일내에포함된 Sludge가분리되어 OS 내벽에축적된다. Sludge 가축적되면서 OS 내벽에가해지는압력변화는 Navier-Stokes Equations를이용하여확인하였으며축적된 Sludge를자동배출하기위해 OS 내벽에압력센서를부착하여압력을측정한다. 실험결과, Sludge 무게추정값과 Sludge 축적량의오차는 kg으로 % 의정확도로 Sludge 무게추정이가능하다. 본 Sludge 자동배출시스템은사용자가원하는 Sludge 축적량을설정할수있으며, 밀도가다른오일을사용하더라도동일한축적량일때 Sludge 배출이가능하다. 또한, 약 시간소요되는수동제거작업시간을 Sludge 자동배출시에는 20분으로줄여전체작업소요시간을 /3로줄일수있다. 그리고, 동일한시간내상대적으로자주 Sludge 배출이가능하여높은오일정제효율을낼수있다. Sludge 자동배출을통해고난이도의작업에작업자를배치하여작업자의능력을향상시킬수있으며, 사용자의안전을보장할수있다. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 이성과는 207년도정부의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구로이에감사드립니다 (No. 206RCB04508). REFERENCES Fig. 8 Weight of estimated sludge as a function of time. The weight of estimated sludge is increased logarithmically 때점등되도록설정하였으며이는설정범위를벗어나제어기모니터에값이출력되지않더라도제대로작동된다는것을확인하기위한용도이다. 마지막으로 LED 4는 6분마다압력평균값을계산하여 p 2 를출력할때 초동안점등된다. 이를통해 Sludge 모니터링모듈의원활한작동유무를시각적으로확인할수있다. 사용자가설정한 Sludge 배출무게에도달하면 PLC 제어기에서 OS로공급되는유로를변경하여 OS가 Sludge를배출할수있도록신호를전달하여높은유압이공급된다. Sludge를자동배출후정상모드로전환하기위해 PLC 제어기에서신호를전달하여 OS로공급되는유로가정상상태로복귀되면서 Sludge 포집모드로전환된다. 이때 Sludge 무게모니터링값은초기화되어 0kg를출력해야한다. 이를위해 Sludge를자동배출후포집모드로복귀하는시간을고려하여 Sludge 무게추정값이초기화되도록설정하였다.. Jung, H.-Y., Choi, Y.-H., Lee, Y.-W., and Doh, D.-H., Numerical Visualization of Fluid Flow and Filtration Efficiency in Centrifugal Oil Purifier, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, Vol. 34, No., pp. 84-9, Bang, K.-H., Kim, K.-K., Song, Y.-A., and Kim, P.-S., Numerical Analysis of Fluid Flow and Filtering Efficiency in Centrifugal Oil Filter, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp , Lee, Y. W., Kim, Y. K., and Choi, Y., H., Purification of Small Particles and Water in Oil, Proc. of Spring Conference of the Korean Society of Visualization, Vol. 4, pp , Jeong, S.-H., A Study on the Standard Criteria of Solid Particle Separation Test for Marine Centrifugal Purifier, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 8, pp , Lee, I. and Kim, J., A Basic Study on the Integrated Lubrication System for Large Scale Marine Diesel Engines, Proc. of Spring Conference of the Korean Society for Power System Engineering, pp , Fritzsche, M., Parallel Numerical Simulation of Navier-Stokes- Equations on GPUs, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 2009.

6 668 / July 208 한국정밀공학회지제 35 권제 7 호 7. Kim, J.-M., Lee, J.-H., Yoon, Y.-K., and Kim, H.-D., A Study of the Performance Improvement of a Centrifugal Separator for Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow, Proc. of Spring Conference of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 5, pp , Oztekin, A., Seymour, B. R., and Varley, E., Pump Flow Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations, Studies in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 07, No., pp. -4, Varley, E. and Seymour, B., Solutions to the Navier-Stokes Equations Describing Local Flows of Stratified and Compressible Fluids, Studies in Applied Mathematics, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp , Kim, J., Kim, J.-W., Jin, S., Seo, T., and Kim, J., Gain Optimization of a Back-Stepping Controller for 6-Dof Underwater Robotic Platform, Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 0, pp , 203.

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