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1 대한골절학회지제25권, 제3호, 2012년 7월 Journal of the Korean Fracture Society Vol. 25, No. 3, July, 2012 원저 골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단과추체성형술 안성준ㆍ김부환ㆍ송무호ㆍ유성호ㆍ김영준 대동병원정형외과 목적 : 추체의변형이나붕괴없이발생한골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단에자기공명영상과추체성형술의효용성에대한연구를하고자한다. 대상및방법 : 2003년부터 2009년까지골다공성추체골절로입원한 472 명의환자중골다공성잠재성추체골절로진단된 45명의환자의결과를분석하였다. 각추체의붕괴정도는 Genant 분류를사용하였고, 신뢰도를높이기위해 3명의다른정형외과의사들의분석을종합하였다. 45명중보존적치료에실패한 31명 (37 추체 ) 에서추체성형술후결과는 visual analogue scale (VAS) 을이용하였다. 결과 : 잠재성추체골절 55 추체중 40 추체 (73%) 는추체의변형이있는진구성추체골절이있었던인접부위에발생하였고, 이학적소견과, 방사선사진, 의무기록만으로세명의다른정형외과의사의잠재성골절의진단을재시도한결과진단율은 21.8% 에불과하였다. 술전평균 VAS 는 8.07 에서술후 2.43 으로호전되었고추체의지연붕괴는없었다. 결론 : 잠재성추체골절진단에조영증강자기공명영상은매우중요하다. 잠재성추체골절은골다공성추체골절의 9% 에이르고, 이중 72.7% 는과거의추체변형이있던진구성추체골절바로인접부위에위치하였다. 색인단어 : 척추체, 골다공증, 잠재성추체골절, 추체성형술 The Diagnosis of Osteoporotic Occult Vertebral Fracture and Vertebroplasty Seong Jun Ahn, M.D., Bu Hwan Kim, M.D., Moo Ho Song, M.D., Seong Ho Yoo, M.D., Yeong Joon Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daedong Hospital, Busan, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis and usefulness of vertebroplasty in osteoporotic occult vertebral fractures. Materials and Methods: Of 472 osteoporotic vertebral fractures treated from May 2003 to July 2009, 45 patients were diagnosed with occult osteoporotic vertebral fracture. Their medical charts and radiographs were reviewed. The degree of vertebral body collapse was graded by a semiquantitative method. In order to increase the reliability, interpretation was based on radiographic diagnoses from 3 orthopedic surgeons. Vertebroplasty was performed at 31 of the 45 patients, for whom conservative treatment failed. Pre-operatively and post-operatively, pain was evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Results: We observed 55 occult fractures in 45 patients. Forty vertebrae (72.7%) among the 55 vertebrae were just adjacent to an old vertebral fracture with deformation of the vertebral body. The rediagnosis rate of occult fracture attempted without MRI was only 21.8%. The average pre-operative VAS score of 8.07 (6 9) was improved to 2.43 after surgery and showed no delayed vertebral body collapse. Conclusion: Gadolinium enhancement of MRI is critical to the diagnosis of occult vertebral fractures, which are 9% of whole osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Seventy-two point seven percent of occult vertebral fractures were just adjacent to an old vertebral fracture with collapse of the vertebral body. This means that if vertebroplasty is performed without thorough MRI examination, it may fail. Key Words: Vertebra, Osteoporosis, Occult vertebral fracture, Vertebroplasty 통신저자 : 송무호부산시동래구충렬대로 187, 부산대동병원정형외과 Tel: ㆍ Fax: redmaniak@freechal.com 접수 : 심사 ( 수정 ): 1 차 , 2 차 , 3 차 게재확정 : Address reprint requests to:moo Ho Song, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daedong Hospital, 187, Chungnyeoldaero, Dongnae-gu, Busan , Korea Tel: ㆍ Fax: redmaniak@freechal.com 208

2 골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단과추체성형술 209 서 고령화사회가가속화되고있다. 골다공성추체골절로인한장기간의침상안정에도불구하고지속되는동통으로인한사회경제적손실은이루말할수없으며, 그빈도는급속도로늘어나고있다. 추체골절의진단은단순방사선소견에서대개추체모양의붕괴나변형에의존하게된다. 하지만추체모양의붕괴나변형이있어야만골절인가에대해서는의문의여지가있으며, 형태학적붕괴를인식함에있어주관적인편차가존재한다. 또한추체모양의변형이아주경미한경우붕괴에대한공통적이고객관적인기준또한없는실정이다. 저자들은상당한빈도에서추체모양의변형이나붕괴가없음에도임상증상이심하였던잠재성골절이있었음을경험하였고, 단순방사선소견에서간과될수있는잠재성골절의진단에자기공명영상의유용성과, 이에대한추체성형술의효용성에대한문헌고찰과더불어후향적으로연구하였다. 론 대상및방법 2003 년 5 월부터 2009 년 7 월까지전이성골종양이나, 골수종등악성종양을제외한순수한골다공성추체골절로입원한최소 1 년이상의추시가가능하였던 472 명의환자중추체의붕괴나변형이없는골다공성잠재성추체골절로진단된 45 명환자의의무기록, 단순방사선사진, 자기공명영상검사결과를분석하였고, 일부환자 (16 예 ) 만시행한동위원소검사는이번연구에서는포함하지않았다. 평균추시기간은 21.4 개월 (14 29 개월 ) 이었다. 골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단기준은다음과같았다 17). 1. 자기공명영상에서골수부종소견혹은동위원소상에서신선골절이증명된경우 ( 단동위원소의비특이적신호증가소견이있을수있으므로골동위원소검사에서만나타나는음영흡수증가소견은제외하였다.) 2. 단순방사선상에추체의변형이없거나경미 ( 추체의붕괴가 15% 이하 ) 할경우 1,12,18,20) 3. 이상의방사선소견과일치하는급성요통이있는경우 4. 골밀도검사에서골다공증 T score 2.5 이하인경우골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단을위해흉요부통증의이학적소견과단순방사선촬영, 자기공명영상, 골밀도검사를시행하였고자기공명영상에추체의피질골의파단없이골수부종만있는경우잠재성골절에포함하였다. 진단의유용성에대한검증을위해단순방사선소견과자기공명영상을분석하였는데, 단순방사선사진의판독은측면사진에서각추체의붕괴정도를반정량적인분석방법인 Genant 분류 7) 를사용하였고 (Fig. 1), 방사선학적분 석에있어신뢰도를높이기위해 3 명의다른정형외과의사들의의견을종합하였다. Genant 분류는추체의붕괴가조금도없는경우를 0 도, 20 25% 경도의붕괴가있는경우를 1 도, 25 40% 의붕괴가있는경우를 2 도, 40% 이상심한붕괴가있는경우를 3 도로나누었다. 또한 20% 미만의아주경미한붕괴가있는경우는 0.5 도로분류하였다. 방사선사진에서간과되기쉬운추체골절은단순방사선상에서거의추체의붕괴가없어보이는 0 15% 이하의추체붕괴이므로저자들의잠재성추체골절의진단은 3 명중 2 인이상이 Genant 등급 0.5 도이하로판독한경우를기준으로하였고, 0.5 이하로판정받은예중에서단순방사선상에추체붕괴가명확하지않으나자기공명영상소견에서추체의부종이나신호변화가있는경우로진단하였다 7,17). 자기공명영상소견은추체내골수의이상신호강도위치에따라, 상부종판, 하부종판, 골수전체등으로분류하였다. 또한잠재성골절의진단에자기공명영상의유용성을확인하기위해이학적소견, 의무기록과단순방사선사진세가지요소만으로서로다른정형외과의사들의진단율을검사하였으며, 잠재성골절의발생부위가이전의진구성추체골절이나추체성형술을시행한인접부위에다빈도로발생하였기에그빈도를조사하였다. 45 명의환자중최소 2 주간의침상안정, 물리치료, 투약에도증상의호전이없었던 31 명 (37 추체 ) 에서추체성형술이시행되었고술전, 술후평가를위해 visual analogue scale (VAS) 을사용하였고수술전, 후의 VAS 의변화에대한통계학적검정은 paired Student s t-test 를이용 Fig. 1. The Genant semiquantitative scale, one of the vertebral fracture assessment tools, is classified into 4 grades according to the degree of collapse.

3 210 안성준, 김부환, 송무호, 유성호, 김영준 하여검정하였다. Genant 분류에의한추체붕괴정도가환자의나이, 증상이환기간, 골밀도, 자기공명영상소견과어떤상관관계가있는지 SPSS 12.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하여상관계수를통한 p-value 가 0.05 미만인경우유의한것으로평가하였다. 결 잠재성추체골절로진단된환자는순수한골다공성추체골절로입원한 472 명중 45 명 (55 추체, 9%) 이었고, 여자가 42 명, 남자는 3 명이었다. 평균나이는 74.6 세 (63 93 세 ) 였다. 단순방사선촬영은전예에서증상발현으로 Fig. 2. The mean of the preop. VAS was 8.07, and that was improved to a VAS of 2.43 after vertebroplasty. VAS: Visual analogue scale, Preop.: Pre-operative, Postop.: Post-operative, F/U: Follow-up. 과 부터수일내에시행하였고증상발현으로부터자기공명영상촬영까지시간은평균 14.5 일 (3 30 일 ) 이었다. 골밀도검사상평균 T score 는 3.65 ( ) 로심한골다공증을동반하였다. 원인은외상의기왕력이 27 예였고, 추체의괴사에기여할수있는기타추정소인으로스테로이드복용 5 예 ( 외상 2 예포함 ), 알코올중독 1 예, 그레이브씨병 1 예, 고콜레스테롤혈증 4 예 ( 외상 1 예포함 ), 특별한소인이없었던예가 10 예였다. 이환된추체는흉추부 11 예, 흉요추부 37 예와요추부 7 예였다. 자기공명영상소견상추체신호강도이상은상부종판 14 예, 하부종판 6 예, 중앙부 3 예, 전체추체에 32 예였다. 잠재성추체골절로진단된 55 추체중 40 추체 (72.7%) 는과거추체의변형이있는진구성추체골절이있었던인접부위에발생하였는데이전에추체성형술의시행하였던추체인접부위에 3 예, 이전의추체압박골절인접부위가 37 예였다. 또한이학적소견과, 방사선사진, 의무기록만으로세명의다른정형외과의사의잠재성골절의진단을재시도한결과진단율은 21.8% 에불과하여, 잠재성추체골절의진단에자기공명영상소견이유용함을확인할수있었다. 추체성형술을시행한 31 명환자의술전평균 VAS 는 8.04 (6 9) 에서술후 2.43 (1 5) 으로호전되었고 (Fig. 2), 최종추시상추체의지연붕괴나증상의악화는없었으나 (Fig. 3, 4), 보존적치료를한 14 명의환자는입원당시 VAS 는평균 6.82 에서입원 2 4 주사이증상의점진적인호전을보여 VAS 2.75 로비교적통증없이보행이가능한 Fig. 3. This patient was proven by magnetic resonance imaging, to have a T12 occult fracture, and this occult fracture developed into delayed body collapse during conservative treatment.

4 골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단과추체성형술 211 Fig. 4. This patient had a T9 occult fracture adjacent to an old fracture with severe body collapse. Delayed collapse was found even after successful conservative therapy. VAS: Visual analogue scale. Fig. 5. This patient had L1 occult fracture and underwent vertebroplasty. A radiograph 1 year after the operation shows no further collapse. The visual analogue scale score was improved from 8 to 1 after vertebroplasty. Note that the occult fracture was just adjacent to the old one with severe body collapse. 상태로퇴원하였으나이중 4 예에서는추시상에서추체의지연붕괴가발생하였으며 (Fig. 5, 6) 보존적치료로증상의호전이있었다. Genant 등급정도와나이, 증상이환기간, 골밀도, 자기공명영상소견정도와는상관관계가없었다 (p>0.05). 고 추체골절의진단은외상이나대사성으로인한양성의원인혹은종양이나골수종과같은악성의원인에의해방사선학적으로추체의붕괴나변형에근거하여의존하는경 찰 향이있으며대부분은척추성형술을통하여우수한임상결과를보이고있다 9,11). 근위대퇴골의잠재성골절 6) 이나천골의불완전골절에대한보고들은 4,8,16) 있어왔으나이와유사한추체골절에대한보고는 2003 년 Kanchiku 등 10) 과 2005 년 Pham 등 17) 에의해추체의붕괴가없는잠재성추체골절에대해언급하기이전에는없었으며잠재성추체골절의조기추체성형술에대한보고는없었다. 추체붕괴에대한평가방법으로정량적분석이있는데, 이는전면, 중간, 후면의추체높이를기준으로상대적인붕괴비율을측정하는것이나 Kleerekoper 등 12) 의연구에서훈련된관찰자들이인지할수있는추체의붕괴는평균

5 212 안성준, 김부환, 송무호, 유성호, 김영준 Fig. 6. This patient with T12 occult fracture showed good clinical and radiological results after early surgical intervention. This fracture was also just adjacent to an old collapsed one. Preop.: Preoperative, VAS: Visual analogue scale, ext: Extension. 13% 였으며, Genant 등의추체붕괴의반정량적측정연구에서도언급한바 15% 이상의붕괴가있어야인지할수있는단점이있다 1,12,18,20). 따라서반정량적분석방법이보다민감도나특이성이높고, 측정간, 측정자간신뢰도가높은것으로알려져있으며 Genant 분류를주로사용한다 7). 본연구에서도 Genant 의반정량적분석을이용하여추체높이를평가하였고, 3 명의조사자중 2 인이상이 0.5 도이하라고평가한경우, 상기기술한진단기준을만족한경우잠재성골절로진단하였고, 자기공명영상과이학적소견, 병력만으로재진단을후향적으로시도한결과진단율이 21.8% 에불과함은고령의환자가뚜렷한외상의기왕력없이허리통증을주소로내원한경우단순방사선소견만으로는인지하기어려워잠재성골절의진단을놓칠수있는가능성이높아자기공명영상촬영과잠재성골절의가능성에대한언급이필요하며, 진단이지연된경우지연성추체변형이발생할수있음을상기시킬필요가있을것으로생각한다 년 Kanchiku 등 10) 은 95 명의골다공성추체골절중추체의붕괴없이자기공명영상에서신호이상소견을보인 10 예의잠재성추체골절이있었음을보고하였고, 신호강도의패턴과위치에따라상부종판, 하부종판, 중앙, 전면, 후면과골수전체에신호이상소견으로분류를하였고골수전체와추체후면에부분신호이상소견을보이는경우보다불안정하다고하였다. 추체전면이나중앙부부분신호강도이상이있었던경우는증상이보다오래지속되었고긴치유기간이소요되었다고했다. 저자들의연구에서보존적치료를한 14 명의환자중 4 예에서추시중추체의지연붕괴가발생하였는데, 이모든경우가자 기공명영상에서추체골수전체에신호강도이상이있었던경우였다. 하지만대부분추체성형술을시행하여자연경과를관찰한대상군은 14 예에불과하여그대상이적어이번연구에서는이에대한검증을할수는없었다 년 Pham 등 17) 은 16 명의환자에서 21 추체의잠재성골절이있음을보고하였고, 모든추체골절이즉각적인추체붕괴를초래하지않았으며, 추시가능한 19 추체중 15 추체에서평균추시 3 개월경지연붕괴가발생하였던점을고려해볼때 Kummell 씨병의초기단계일가능성이있음을언급하였다. 이연구에서잠재성골절의위치가주로요추부였으며생역학적스트레스가다소작은부분이므로일시적으로추체의높이가보존된것이아닌가추측하였다. 왜모든추체골절이즉각적인추체변형을초래하지않고초기에는방사선소견상정상이지만시간이지나가면서지연붕괴를초래하는가에대한의구심에는여러가지가설이있다. 일부는일부골다공성추체골절의 2 단계중붕괴전초기소견으로보는반면, 일부는추체내부에가스음영과함께지연붕괴가일어나는점등을들어잠재성추체골절은 Kummell 씨병의첫단계로보는경우도있다 년 Schinz 등 19) 은 Kummell 씨병의조직학적소견은연골판의괴사, 출혈, 미세골절, 골소주의괴사소견등임을볼때외상과의연관성을추정하였다 년 Lichtenstein 13) 은외상후영양상태, 혈관운동신경 (vasomotor), 신경학적장애가유발되고혈관운동신경반사의연축 (vasomotor reflex spasm) 으로인해신경혈관계의 tone 이소실되어지속적인혈관확장으로인한급속한혈관의흡수가원인이라고하였다 년 Chou 와 Knight 3) 는스테로

6 골다공성잠재성추체골절의진단과추체성형술 213 이드가미세지방색전증을유발하여추체의무혈성괴사를유발할수있다하였고 2002 년 Osterhouse 와 Kettner 15) 는스테로이드장기복용후발생한 Kummell 씨병을보고하면서고인슐린혈증과골수강내지방의축적으로인해혈관의압박 (tamponade) 을유발하게되고, 골수강내세동맥 (arteriole) 의파괴에이어이차적인만성미세골절을유발함을추정하였다. 본연구에서는뚜렷한외상의기왕력은 27 예였고, 스테로이드복용력 5 예, 알코올중독 1 예, 고콜레스테롤혈증이 4 예있었으나잠재성골절과의연관성은입증하기힘들었고이는보다많은증례를통한연구에서그연관성에대한상관관계를조사해보아야할것으로생각한다. 또한잠재성골절의 72.7% 에서진구성골절의인접부위에서발생하였던점은진단적오류뿐아니라추체성형술을할경우수술부위를오판할수있어, 세심하게주의해야할부분으로, 이는진구성골절로인한변형으로인한응력의변화와, 흉요추부에기계적부하가집중되는점등과더불어환자의골질등이복합적으로작용한것으로추정된다. Moulopoulos 등 14) 은추체후면이볼록한경우, 척추경이이환된경우, 요추및경추부에이환된경우, 골수전체에균일한신호이상소견이있는경우에악성일가능성이높다하였다. 하지만대부분의전이성종양은골수전체가이환되기전까지는추체의붕괴가일어나지않는경향이있으므로잠재성추체골절의원인이될수있다. 본연구에서는 15 추체에서전추체에서균일한신호이상소견을보였지만양성이었다 년 Deramond 등 5) 에의해증상을유발하는척추혈관종에대해골시멘트에의한추체성형술이시술된이래추체의악성종양, 골절등으로초래된통증에대해추체를기계적으로안정시키고통증을완화시킬목적으로보편화되고있고 Kummell 씨병에대해서도국내에서 Cho 등 2) 에의해추체성형술로치료후좋은결과를보고한이후많이적용되고있다. 하지만잠재성추체골절에대한추체성형술을이용한치료에대한보고는없다. Pham 등 17) 은 21 추체의잠재성골절중추시가능한 19 추체중 15 추체가 3 개월이내추체의지연붕괴가있었다고하였으나여기에대한치료방법에대하여는기술이없었다. 저자들은 2003 년부터잠재성골절에대해보존적치료에실패한, 2 주이상침상안정과투약에도통증이심한환자에서추체성형술을시행하여추시중이었고이점에착안하여후향적으로조사해본결과추체성형술을시행한 37 예모두가추체의지연붕괴는없었고최종추시현재임상결과또한통증없이양호하였다. 또한잠재성추체골절의발생이추체가함몰된과거의진구성추체골절인접부위에 높은빈도로발생하므로추체성형술을시행하기전에반드시자기공명영상검사를시행하여확인하여수술부위를오판하는일이없도록주의해야할것으로생각한다. 결 잠재성추체골절의진단에있어자기공명영상은매우중요하다. 잠재성추체골절은입원치료를요하였던증상이심한저자들의연구대상군에서전체골다공성추체골절의 9% 에이르고, 이중 72.7% 는과거의추체변형이있었던진구성추체골절바로인접부위에위치하였다. 이는잠재성골절이골다공성추체골절의약 9% 에이르며, 추체성형술을시행하는경우에철저한방사선학적, 임상적고찰없이시행한다면실패할수있음을의미한다. 단순방사선상에추체변형이없는환자라도증상이있는경우, 잠재성추체골절을가능성을의심하여야하며보존적치료에호전이없는경우정확한술전진단후에시행되는추체성형술은효과적인치료방법중하나로생각한다. 론 참고문헌 1) Black DM, Cummings SR, Stone K, Hudes E, Palermo L, Steiger P: A new approach to defining normal vertebral dimensions. J Bone Miner Res, 6: , ) Cho YS, Cho SD, Kim BS, Park TW, Lew S, Hwang SY: Kummell's disease managed by percutaneous vertebroplasty. J Korean Spine Surg, 8: , ) Chou LH, Knight RQ: Idiopathic avascular necrosis of a vertebral body. Case report and literature review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 22: , ) Dasgupta B, Shah N, Brown H, Gordon TE, Tanqueray AB, Mellor JA: Sacral insufficiency fractures: an unsuspected cause of low back pain. Br J Rheumatol, 37: , ) Deramond H, Depriester C, Galibert P, Le Gars D: Percutaneous vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate. Technique, indications, and results. Radiol Clin North Am, 36: , ) Deutsch AL, Mink JH, Waxman AD: Occult fractures of the proximal femur: MR imaging. Radiology, 170: , ) Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC: Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res, 8: , ) Grasland A, Pouchot J, Mathieu A, Paycha F, Vinceneux

7 214 안성준, 김부환, 송무호, 유성호, 김영준 P: Sacral insufficiency fractures: an easily overlooked cause of back pain in elderly women. Arch Intern Med, 156: , ) Hwang JK, Kim CH, Kim JH: Vertebroplasty in the treatment of osteoporotic compression fracture: more than 1 year follow up. J Korean Fract Soc, 17: , ) Kanchiku T, Taguchi T, Kawai S: Magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and new classification of the osteoporotic vertebral fracture. J Orthop Sci, 8: , ) Kim C, Choi Y, Baek S, et al: Vertebroplasty on osteoporotic compression fracture. J Korean Fracture Soc, 15: , ) Kleerekoper M, Nelson DA, Peterson EL, Tilley BC: Outcome variables in osteoporosis trials. Bone, 13 Suppl 1: S29-34, ) Lichtenstein L: Diseases of bone and joints. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mosby: 244, ) Moulopoulos LA, Yoshimitsu K, Johnston DA, Leeds NE, Libshitz HI: MR prediction of benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures. J Magn Reson Imaging, 6: , ) Osterhouse MD, Kettner NW: Delayed posttraumatic vertebral collapse with intravertebral vacuum cleft. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 25: , ) Peh WC, Khong PL, Yin Y, et al: Imaging of pelvic insufficiency fractures. Radiographics, 16: , ) Pham T, Azulay-Parrado J, Champsaur P, Chagnaud C, Legré V, Lafforgue P: Occult osteoporotic vertebral fractures: vertebral body fractures without radiologic collapse. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 30: , ) Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD: Ability of vertebral dimensions from a single radiograph to identify fractures. Calcif Tissue Int, 51: 95-99, ) Schinz HR, Baensch WE, Friedl E, Uehlinger E: Roentgen diagnostics. vol. II. 1st ed. New York, Grune & Stratton: , ) Smith-Bindman R, Cummings SR, Steiger P, Genant HK: A comparison of morphometric definitions of vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res, 6: 25-34, 1991.

- i - - ii - - iii - - iv - - v - - vi - - 1 - - 2 - - 3 - 1) 통계청고시제 2010-150 호 (2010.7.6 개정, 2011.1.1 시행 ) - 4 - 요양급여의적용기준및방법에관한세부사항에따른골밀도검사기준 (2007 년 11 월 1 일시행 ) - 5 - - 6 - - 7 - - 8 - - 9 - - 10 -

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