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1 :,. 1 (N=38),..,.,. 2(N=43), / /. /.,, /,.,. :,, ( ) 716, jkimsg@sogang.ac.kr

2 2015.,. ( MBC ). (2013) 546, ( :, ). 1) 1) (envy) malicious envy,. (2015) ( ),.. (2015),.,., (2009; 2010) Smith Kim(2007) jealousy, malicious envy. Smith Kim (2007),, ( malicious envy ), ( jealousy ),, (Parrot & Smith, 1993). (1991)... (Duffy & Shaw, 2000; Parks, Rumble, & Posey, 2002; Schaubroek & Lam, 2004),,.,., White Lehman (2005).,, (2012). (2009) benign envy ( ),, malicious envy,,.

3 .. (, 2010).,., (Foster, 1972; Smith & Kim, 2007)., (Cohen-Charash, 2009; van de Ven, Zeeleberg, & Pieters, 2011). (Thrash & Elliot, 2004; Algoe & Haidt, 2009),,.. (,,, 2004)., (2003),. Algoe Haidt(2009),.,.,...,..., Cohen-Charash(2009). Cohen-Charash ( :,, ), ( :, ), ( :, ).

4 ,.,.,,.., ( ),,.,,.. (Parrott & Smith, 1993; Smith & Kim, 2007; van de Ven, Zeeleberg, & Pieters, 2009) (envy) (benign envy) (malicious envy),. (Cohen-Charash, 2009) (dispositional envy) (state envy).,.,.. (episodic envy). Cohen-Charash(2009),,,.. Kierkegaards(1849/2008),.,,,. Kierkegaards,.

5 ? van de Ven, Zeelenberg Pieters(2011) Kierkegaards.,. (deservingness).,.,.. van de Ven (2011),,.,. (benign envy),.... ( : Cohen-Charash, 2009; Duffy & Shaw, 2000; Duffy, Shaw, & Schaubroeck, 2008),,..., (Hill, Delpriore, & Vaughan, 2011). ( : van de Ven et al., 2001, 2009)

6 .., (Cohen-Charash, 2009).. Richards Gross(2000), ( : ) (reappraisal).,,.. ( : Schmeichel, Volokhov, & Demaree, 2008; Scheibe & Blanchard-Fields, 2009; Richards, 2004). Schmeichel (2008) OSPAN, 2.,.,,.,,..,.,..,. Schweizer, Grahn, Hampshire, Mobbs Dalgleish(2013)

7 ,.,,.,,.. Hill (2011).,,. /.,. Hill (2011),,.,. Hill (2011),. (Schmeichel et al., 2009; Scheibe & Blanchard-Fields, 2009),,.,.,.., /?, /?

8 1 /,.., ( =14, 19.7, =1.89)..., e-prime. 1. Unsworth, Heitz, Schrock Engle(2005) OSPAN. 12 ( 3-5 ). 12, , 1,000ms. ( : (2x5)-3=7?, (9x3)-4=6?), ( O, X ),

9 ( : SPRG). X ( : Hill et al., 2011; van de Ven et al., 2011; Cohen-Charash, 2009). (N=19), (N=19)., ( ) 7. van de Ven (2011),.,.. 9,,,, 7. 2 (filler task)., 100.,. 1, (t(36) = , p <.001)., *** 6.79 (2.26) 4.47 a (1.42) 174 (104) 6.11 (1.19) 3.89 (1.62) 7.11 (1.32) 6.11 b (.65) 164 (77) 6.53 (1.34) 3.11 (1.99).. *** a b, p<.001.

10 (t(36) = -.353, n.s.). (, t(36) = 1.335, n.s.;, t(36) = 1.476, n.s.;, t(36) = -.43, n.s.;, t(36)= -.66, n.s.). (t(36) = -.531, n.s.). 2,, * ** -.40 *.84 ** ** -.48 ** * p <.05 ** p < * * * * * ** -.45 * -.57 *.83 ** ** -.58 **.65 ** * 7. * p <.05 ** p <.01

11 . (r =.40, p <.05).. / /. 3,,,., (r =.48, p <.05). (r =.51, p <.05). (r = -.05, n.s.), (r =.33, n.s.). 1,. 1.,..,. van de Ven (2011).., (van de Ven et al., 2011; Cohen-Charash, 2009). (Tharash & Eliot, 2004; Algoe & Haidt, 2009),,. 1. 1,. 1.

12 /,.. (Cohen-Charash, 2009).. Schmeichel (2008).,. / , ( =20, 21.2, =2.49) ,

13 5. 1, 2.., ( ) 7.. 9,,,, 7. 2 ( )., 25., 7., 2 (filler task). (cued recall task). ( :???),.,, ,,. (t(27) = -3.26, p <.01). 1. ( : van de Ven et al., 2011). 2. 4,, (F(2,40) = 4.30, p <.05, η 2 ρ =.18)., (t(27) = 3.19, p <.01). (t(26) = 2.17, p <.05).,

14 (n = 14) (n = 15) (n = 14) F η 22) 8.50 (1.82)a 6.13 (2.13)b 7.14 (1.65)a 5.69 * (1.26) 6.20 (1.20) 6.43 (1.74) (2.10) 5.06 (2.01) 5.43 (1.65) (2.62) 5.20 (2.17) 3.78 (1.76) (1.65) 5.66 (1.40) 6.28 (1.20) (1.39) 5.53 (1.64) 6.36 (1.49) (1.59) 7.00 (1.60) 7.92 (1.59) * p <.05. a, b Scheffe (a > b)...,,. 2) (η 2 ),. /., 4.22, 22%. (effect size), (the degree to which the phenomenon being studied exists in the population) (Creswell, 2014).,. 0,. 5, (r =.59, p <.05). (r = -.55, p <.05),. (r =.10, n.s.), (r =.11, n.s.). (r =.37, n.s.), (r = -.33, n.s.).

15 * * ** ** -.57 * * p <.05 ** p < ,,. 6. B ß t B ß t B ß t ** * ** * * p <.05, ** p <.01 F = 6.31 ** R 2 =.74 F = 1.89 R 2 =.27 F = 5.23 * R 2 =.62

16 , R 2,,,,, 74%., ß.88(t = 3.84, p <.01), ß.71(t = 2.74, p <.05), ß.75(t = 2.39, p <.05).,.,.,,,,, 27%..,,, 56%.. ß 1.33(t = 3.49, p <.001).,. 2 /.,.

17 ...,.,. 2.,. (Hill et al., 2011)... /,.. /.,. 1., (, )/ (, ),.,..,. 2

18 . /,..,......,,....,,. ( : Cohen-Charash, 2009; van de Ven et al., 2011)., /.,,,. (van de Ven et al., 2011)...,

19 ., /, OSPAN. ( : Schweizer et al., 2013), /..,. (Foster, 1972; Smith & Kim, 2007),.. / /,. ( :, )..,,...,.,. Hill (2011),.,..,

20 (Role Model).,.,,,.,..,.,.,,., (2013)., :., (1991)...,, (2003). :., ,, (2004). :., ,,, (2012).., (2009). :., (2010). :., (2015) Algoe, S. B. & Haidt, J. (2009). Witnessing excellence in action: The other-praising emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration. Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, Cohen-Charash, Y. (2009). Episodic envy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, Creswell, J. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 4th ed. Sage publication: California. Crusius, J., & Lange, J. (2014). What catches the envious eye? Attentional biases within malicious and benign envy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri syndrome: Consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31, Engen, H., & Kanske, P. (2013). How working memory training improves emotion regulation: Neural efficiency, effort, and transfer effects. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33,

21 Foster, G. (1972). The anatomy of envy. Current Anthropology, 13, Gressel, J. (2014). Embracing Envy. University Press of America: London. Gross, J. J. (2013). Emotion Regulation: Taking Stock and Moving Forward. Emotion, 13, Johnson, C. S., & Stapel, D. A. (2007). No pain, no gain: The conditions under which upward comparisons lead to better performance. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 92, Hill, S. E., DelPriore, D. J., & Vaughan, P. W. (2011). The cognitive consequences of envy: Attention, memory, and self-regulatory depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, Kierkegaard, S. (1849/2008). The sickness unto death.. Radford, VA: Wilder. McFarlin, D. B., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On the Remote Associates Test (RAT) as an Alternative to Illusory Performance Feedback: A Methodological Note. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, Mednick, S. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, Parks, C. D., Rumble, A. C., & Posey, D. C. (2002). The effects of envy on reciprocation in a social dilemma. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, Parrot, W. G., & Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one s cool. Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 79, Schaubroek, J., & Lam, S. S. K. (2004). Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectee s invidious reactions to promotees. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 94, Schmeichel, B., Volokhov, R. N., & Demaree, H. A. (2008). Working memory capacity and the self-regulation of emotional expression and experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, Schweizer, S., Grahn, J., Hampshire, A., Mobbs, D., & Dalgleish, T. (2013). Training the emotional brain: Improving affective control through emotional working memory training. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133, Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W. (1989). Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Memory and Language, 28, Thrash, T. M., & Elliot, A. J. (2004). Inspiration: Core characteristics, component processes, antecedents, and function. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 87, Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W. (2005). An automated version of the operation span task. Behavior Research Methods, 37, van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2011). Why envy outperforms admiration.

22 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9, White, K., & Lehman, D. R. (2005). Culture and social comparison seeking: The role of self-motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, : : :

23 Comparisons between envy and admiration in motivational and attentional benefits: Emotion regulation of working memory capacity Hong Im Shin Yeungnam University Juyoung Kim Sogang University In two experiments, we compared envy with admiration in attentional and motivational benefits. In addition, we tested whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) have consequences for emotion regulation. In Study 1, following WMC tasks, the participants were primed either with envy or with admiration through a recall task, in which they had to recall their own experiences about envy or admiration. The participants in the envy condition considered it more undeserved that another person had an advantage over them, than in the admiration condition. Additionally, in the envy condition, WMC was related to happiness, and anxiety was related to the motivation to study more. In contrast, there were no significant relationships between WMC, emotion and study hours in the admiration condition. Study 2 (N=43) found greater memory for the envy scenario in the envy condition than in the admiration and in the control condition. Additionally, there were significant relationships between WMC, anxiety and recall accuracy in the envy condition. However, these relations were not found in the admiration and in the control condition. Findings implicate that envy may play an important role in memory systems and that WMC is related to emotion regulation abilities. Key words : envy, admiration, working memory capacity, emotion regulation, cognitive processing

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