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1 대한안과학회지 213 년제 54 권제 6 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 213;54(6): pissn: eissn: = 증례보고 = 성공적인외사시수술후삼차원영상인지양상 김진선 1 이승구 2 이형근 1 이종복 1 한승한 1 연세대학교의과대학안과학교실, 시기능개발연구소 1, 연세대학교의과대학영상의학과교실 2 목적 : 성공적인외사시수술을받은환아및정상군에서 3D 영상인지양상을분석하고그결과를기존의티트무스입체시검사와비교하고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 본원에서간헐외사시로수술받은환아 23 명및정상군 28 명을대상으로 3D 노트북시청후 3D 영상인지양상을조사하고티트무스입체시검사를시행하였다. 결과 : 외사시군에서입체감을느끼는최소 3D 장면깊이레벨의평균값은 ± 19.69, 정상군에서는 ± 이었고, 통계학적차이는보이지않았다 (p=.319). 티트무스입체시검사결과외사시군에서는평균입체시가 6.97 ± 초각, 정상군에서는 ± 초각으로측정되었고통계학적차이는보이지않았다 (p=.444). 최소 3D 장면깊이레벨의평균값과티트무스입체시검사결과간의상관분석을시행한결과외사시군 (p=.24) 및정상군 (p=.26) 에서통계학적으로유의한양의상관관계를나타냈다. 결론 : 성공적인외사시수술을받은환아들은정상군과큰차이없이 3D 영상을실감나게느낄수있었으며기존의입체시검사결과가좋을수록 3D 영상을더실감나게느낄수있을것이다. < 대한안과학회지 213;54(6): > 최근점차 3D영상기술을보다쉽게접할수있게됨에따라사시수술후단순한정위획득이나정상시력획득외에도입체시획득의중요성이점점강조되고있다. 입체시란융합상태에서물체의상대적인깊이를인지하는능력으로서가장고도의기능에속하는양안시기능의척도라고할수있다. 입체시는사시환자의상태및사시수술의시기를결정하는척도로유용하게활용될수있음이제시되었고 1-3 기능적으로도실제생활에중요하다는것이밝혀진바있다. 4 3D영상은 18년대부터시작되어사진이나그림을입체로볼수있는장치가만들어졌으며 1922년에는최초의상업용 3D영화로알려진 The Power of Love 가개봉하였다. 이후 3D영화는주로놀이공원등에서상영되어왔으나크게주목받지는못하다가최근 3D 영화 아바타 의선풍적인흥행을시작으로전세계적으로 3D로제작된영화가많은극장에서개봉하게되었으며또한남아공월드컵과런던올림픽의 3D방송중계로대표되는 3D방송의도입으로 Received: Revised: Accepted: Address reprint requests to Sueng Han Han, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, #211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: shhan222@yuhs.ac * 이논문의요지는 212 년대한안과학회제 18 회학술대회에서구연으로발표되었음. 전세계가정에 3D TV 및 3D컴퓨터모니터등의보급이점차광범위하게이루어지고있다. 5 그러나사시수술후단순히정위및정상시력의획득만으로이러한 3D영상을실감나게느낄수있을지예측가능여부에대해서는아직정확히연구된바가없다. 정상인에서기존의검사를통한입체시는대체로 6초각 (arc sec) 이하로알려졌으며생후 6개월에서만 1세경까지대부분완성되고일부연구에서는 3세에서 5세경까지대부분의환아가정상어른수준의입체시를획득한다는보고도있다. 6-1 현재주로사용되는입체시검사는검사용목표물에따라윤곽입체시와난점입체시로분류된다. 11,12 이러한기존의입체시검사와 3D영상시청시느끼는실제입체감간의상관관계에대해서도연구가거의이루어져있지않다. 본연구에서는간헐외사시로성공적인수술후정위를획득한환아및정상군에서현재시판중인 3D영상매체를이용하여 3D영상인지양상을분석하고그결과를윤곽입체시를반영하는티트무스입체시검사와비교하고자하였다. 대상과방법 212년 2월부터 212년 9월까지강남세브란스병원안과외래에내원한환자중간헐외사시로수술을받은지 6 개월이상경과하였고현재 1프리즘디옵터미만의사시각 932

2 - 김진선 외 : 외사시수술 후 삼차원영상 인지양상 - 을 보이는 성공적인 수술 환아를 대상으로 하여 3D영상 인 player 프로그램을 통하여 영상의 3D장면 깊이레벨(3D 지양상 및 티트무스 입체시검사를 시행하였고 이 결과를 scene depth level)을 조절하였고 3D장면 깊이레벨 값이 높 안과적 특이질환이나 수술력이 없는 정상군에서의 결과와 을수록 더 입체감이 강하게 변환되는 방식이었다(Fig. 1B). 비교하였다. 시력으로 인한 영향을 배제하기 위해 한천석 3D장면 깊이레벨을 최소 부터 최대 1까지 조절하면서 시력표상 양안 교정 시력.7 이하인 경우는 제외되었다. 환아가 입체감을 느끼는 최소 레벨을 조사하였다. 의무기록을 근거로 하여 환아의 나이, 성별, 수술 전 평 추가로 기존의 입체시검사로는 티트무스 입체시검사(Titmus 균 원거리 및 근거리사시각도, 가림치료 과거력 여부를 조 stereotest: Stereo Optical Co. Inc., USA)를 시행하였다. 사하였다. 티트무스 입체시검사는 일반 조명의 실내에서 검사표를 환 3D영상 인지양상을 평가하기 위해 본 연구에서는 편광 아로부터 4 cm 거리에 평행하게 위치시킨 후 9단계의 안경 방식을 채택하여 사용하였다. 3D영상 시청을 위한 매체 circle 중에서 떠 보이는 원을 고르게 하였다. 로는 현재 시판 중인 3D노트북(엑스노트 A53 TE1BK, LG 통계학적 검정은 통계프로그램 SPSS (Version 18., SPSS 전자)을 사용하였고 노트북에서 제공되는 TriDef 3D media Inc., Chicago, IL, USA)의 독립표본 t 검정과 Pearson 상관 TM player (DDD ) 프로그램을 통하여 일반 애니메이션 DVD 분석을 사용하여 비교, 검토하였다. 통계학적 유의성의 기 영상을 3D영상으로 변환하였다. 애니메이션 영상은 미국 2 준은 p<.5로 정의하였다. 세기 폭스사의 아이스에이지2 의 DVD를 사용하였다. 3D영상 시청은 일반조명의 실내에서 3D노트북 액정화 결 과 면과의 거리는 6 cm, 시선과의 각도는 9도를 유지한 상 태에서 이루어지도록 하였다(Fig. 1A). TriDef 3D media A 총 대상군 중 외사시군은 23명(남:녀=7:16)이었으며 정 B Figure 1. (A) The patient watches the 3D image displayed by 3D laptop computer. (B) Animation is converted into 3D image by TriDef 3D media player. Table 1. Characteristics of subjects Number of subjects (n) Sex (n) Male Female Age (year) Mean ± SD Range Preoperative mean deviation angle ± SD (PD) At distance At near Mean BCVA (log MAR) OD OS Exotropia group 23 Normal group ± ± ± ±

3 - 대한안과학회지 213 년제 54 권제 6 호 - A 3D scene depth level Perception of 3D image Exotropia Normal p =.319 Mean stereoacuity (arc sec) Titmus stereo test Exotropia Normal p =.444 Figure 2. Comparison between exotropia group and normal group. (A) The mean minimal 3D scene depth level didn t show significant difference (p =.319, independent samples t-test). (B) The mean stereoacuity by Titmus stereo test didn t show significant difference (p =.444, independent samples t-test). B A Mean stereoacuity (arc sec) Exotropia y =.8129x D scene depth level Mean stereoacuity (arc sec) Normal y = x D scene depth level Figure 3. Correlation between mean minimal 3D scene depth level and mean stereoacuity by Titmus test (A) in exotropia group (Pearson correlation coefficient.468, p =.24), (B) in normal group (Pearson correlation coefficient.421, p =.26). B 상군은 28명 ( 남 : 녀 =9:19) 이었다. 대상환자들의연령분포는 7세에서 18세까지로평균나이는외사시군에서 1.78 ± 3.13세, 정상군에서 ± 2.5세였다. 외사시군의수술전평균원거리사시각도는 ± 6.97프리즘디옵터, 수술전평균근거리사시각도는 ± 6.62였으며수술후에는모두 1프리즘디옵터미만의사시각도를보였다. 한천석시력표로소수시력을측정하여기하평균값을구한평균최대교정시력을 logmar 로환산한결과외사시군에서우안 logmar.14, 좌안 logmar.1 이었고정상군에서우안 logmar, 좌안 logmar.5였다. 과거에약시로가림치료를한환아는외사시군에 1명포함되었고이환아도현재는양안교정시력.8 이상이었다 (Table 1). 외사시군에서입체감을느끼는최소 3D장면깊이레벨의평균값은 ± 19.69, 정상군에서는 ± 16.11이었고독립표본 t 검정을시행한결과두군간의통계학적차이는보이지않았다 (p=.319) (Fig. 2A). 티트무스입체시검사결과외사시군에서는평균입체시가 6.97 ± 34.23초각, 정상군에서는 ± 93.81초각으로측정되었고독립표본 t 검정을시행한결과두군간의통계학적차이는보이지않았다 (p=.444) (Fig. 2B). 3D영상인지양상과기존의티트무스입체시검사간의상관관계를알아보기위해외사시군및정상군에서각각최소 3D장면깊이레벨의평균값과티트무스입체시검사결과간의상관분석을시행한결과외사시군에서는 Pearson 상관계수.468 (p=.24), 정상군에서는 Pearson 상관계수.421 (p=.26) 로통계학적으로유의한양의상관관계를나타냈다 (Fig. 3A, B). 고찰 본연구에서성공적인수술을받은간헐외사시환아군및정상군에서 3D영상인지양상및티트무스입체시검사 934

4 - 김진선외 : 외사시수술후삼차원영상인지양상 - 결과통계학적으로유의한차이는보이지않았다. 그리고 3D영상인지양상과티트무스입체시검사를비교한결과두검사간에는유의한양의상관관계가있었다. 3D영상은특수안경을쓰고강제로원근감을재현하는방식이며현재우리나라의대표전자회사인삼성전자의제품은셔터글래스방식을, LG 전자의경우편광안경방식을이용하고있다. 셔터글래스방식은좌안과우안의이미지를빠른속도로교대로보여주는방법으로좌안의영상을보여줄때는우안을가리고우안의영상을보여줄때는좌안을가리게된다. 두영상이바뀌는속도가매우빠르기때문에뇌에서는이를하나의영상으로인지하여입체감을느끼게되는것이다. 편광안경방식의경우는편광필터를이용한것으로편광필터는편광되지않은빛을특정한방향의빛으로선택적으로통과시켜한방향으로편광된빛을만드는것이다. 편광안경의좌우두렌즈에사용되는편광필터는서로 9도어긋난각도로이루어져있는데이를통해좌우에서차이가있는영상을보게되어뇌에서입체로인지하게된다. 편광안경방식이더안경구조가간단하고저렴하며더밝은영상을구현할수있다는장점이있어현재극장에서는대부분편광안경방식이사용되고있다. 13 본연구에서는편광안경방식을채택하여사용하였으며이는가장흔하게접하게되는형식의 3D영상매체를대변한다고볼수있다. 티트무스입체시검사도편광안경을사용하는방법으로기본원리는본연구에서사용된 3D노트북의입체영상구현방식과동일하다. 그러나 3D노트북을통해시청한애니메이션의경우티트무스입체시검사와는달리정지화면이아니라총천연색의화면내에다양한크기와형태의사물들이등장하며또한시청하는동안그사물들이끊임없이움직이게되고화면전환도여러번이루어진다. 따라서같은편광안경방식이라고해도 3D영상시청과기존의티트무스입체시검사간에는큰차이가존재한다고볼수있다. 본연구의대상이된간헐외사시는동양인의경우가장높은빈도의사시이며대부분 18-24개월사이에가장많이발병하는것으로보고되고있다. 14,15 간헐외사시환자들의경우원거리입체시는정상인에비해불량하나성공적인수술후호전되는것으로알려졌다. 2,3 근거리입체시는여러연구에서수술여부와상관없이간헐외사시환자와정상인사이에큰차이가없는것으로보고되었다. 2,16 이는기존의근거리입체시검사에의한결과로실제 3D영상인지양상은수술과어떤연관이있는지밝혀져있지않다. 본연구에서는성공적인외사시수술이이루어진환아들을대상으로 3D영상인지양상을조사하기위해화면으로부터 6 cm의근거리에서시청하는 3D 노트북을사용하였으며그결과간헐외사시환자및정상군간에유의한차이가없 었고 (p=.319) 기존의근거리입체시검사인티트무스입체시검사결과에서도기존의연구들과마찬가지로두군사이에유의한차이가없었다 (p=.444). 즉정상인과근거리입체시에서큰차이가없는것으로알려진간헐외사시환자의경우성공적인외사시수술후일반인들과큰차이없이 3D영상을실감나게느낄것으로생각된다. 본연구에서는수술이성공한환아들만을대상으로하였으나추후에는수술후과교정된환아및부족교정된환아를대상으로한연구도필요할것이다. 또한외사시군및정상군모두에서 3D영상인지양상과티트무스입체시검사결과가유의한양의상관관계를보여기존의입체시검사결과양호한입체시를보인환아들이실제 3D영상시청시에도 3D영상을더실감나게느낄것이라고예상할수있다. 단, 본연구에서는근거리입체시만을조사하였는데실제극장에서시청하는 3D 영화의경우는원거리입체시에의해영향을받을것이므로원거리에서의 3D영상인지양상에대한추가연구가필요할것이다. 또한사시외에도시력및동공간거리가입체시에영향을주는것으로알려졌다. 시력이좋지않을수록입체시가떨어지나정비례관계를갖지는않으며또한두눈의동공간거리가클수록시차각이커져서입체시가더좋아진다. 4,11 본연구에서는시력이미치는영향을배제하기위해최대교정시력.8 이상인환아만을대상으로하였으나추후시력이나동공간거리등이 3D영상인지에미치는영향에대한연구도이루어져야할것이다. 향후미래에는 3D영상이단순히오락분야뿐만아니라보다전문적인분야에서도많이사용될것으로예상된다. 따라서입체시및 3D영상인지양상이삶의질에미치는영향은앞으로더커지게될것이며보다많은사람들이효과적으로 3D영상을이용할수있도록하기위해서는정상인보다입체시가떨어지는것으로알려져있는사시환자나약시환자등에서의정확한인지양상을조사하고이를향상시키기위한연구가활발히이루어져야할것이다. 결론적으로성공적인외사시수술이시행될경우정상군과큰차이없이 3D영상을느낄것이며또한기존의입체시검사결과가좋을수록 3D영상을더실감나게느낄수있을것이라고예측할수있었다. 현재본연구와같이실제시판중인 3D영상매체를이용한연구는거의이루어져있지않으며본연구의이러한결과는 3D영상의기술개발에활용되어향후 3D영상분야의발전에기여할수있을것이다. REFERENCES 1) Morrison D, McSwain W, Donahue S. Comparison of sensory out- 935

5 - 대한안과학회지 213 년제 54 권제 6 호 - comes in patients with monofixation versus bifoveal fusion after surgery for intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS 21;14: ) Stathacopoulos RA, Rosenbaum AL, Zanoni D, et al. Distance stereoacuity. Assessing control in intermittent exotropia. Ophthalmology 1993;1: ) Adams WE, Leske DA, Hatt SR, et al. Improvement in distance stereoacuity following surgery for intermittent exotropia. J AAPOS 28;12: ) O'Connor AR, Birch EE, Anderson S, Draper H; FSOS Research Group. The functional significance of stereopsis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 21;51: ) Park DC. Quality assessment and analysis of stereoscopic 3D television pictures. J Institute of Signal Processing and Systems 21;11: ) Fawcett SL. An evaluation of the agreement between contour-based circles and random dot-based near stereoacuity tests. J AAPOS 25;9: ) Romano PE, Romano JA, Puklin JE. Stereoacuity development in children with normal binocular single vision. Am J Ophthalmol 1975;79: ) Takai Y, Sato M, Tan R, Hirai T. Development of stereoscopic acuity: longitudinal study using a computer-based random-dot stereo test. Jpn J Ophthalmol 25;49:1-5. 9) Fox R, Patterson R, Francis EL. Stereoacuity in young children. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27: ) Hong SW, Park SC. Development of distant stereoacuity in visually normal children as measured by the Frisby-Davis distance stereotest. Br J Ophthalmol 28;92: ) Chung YR, Yang H, Lew HM, et al. The assessment of stereoacuity in patients with strabismus. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 28;49: ) Cho YA, Cho SW, Roh GH. Evaluation of criteria of stereoacuity for Titmus, Randot & TNO stereotests. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 1999;4: ) Park DJ, Kwak SH, Kim CM, Kim TG. Low-power discrete-event SoC for 3DTV active shutter glasses. J Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea 211;48: ) Yu CB, Fan DS, Wong VW, et al. Changing patterns of strabismus: a decade of experience in Hong Kong. Br J Ophthalmol 22;86: ) Rah SH, Jun HS, Kim SH. An epidemiologic survey of strabismus among school-children in Korea. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 1997; 38: ) Yildirim C, Mutlu FM, Chen Y, Altinsoy HI. Assessment of central and peripheral fusion and near and distance stereoacuity in intermittent exotropic patients before and after strabismus surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;128:

6 - 김진선외 : 외사시수술후삼차원영상인지양상 - =ABSTRACT= Perception of 3-Dimensional (3D) Image after Successful Exotropia Surgery Jinsun Kim, MD 1, Seung-Koo Lee, MD 2, Hyung Keun Lee, MD 1, Jong Bok Lee, MD 1, Sueng-Han Han, MD 1 The Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine 1, Seoul, Korea Departments of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine 2, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To investigate the perception of 3-dimensional (3D) image after successful exotropia surgery and compare with Titmus stereo test. Methods: A total of 23 children who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia and 28 normal children were evaluated with a 3D laptop computer and Titmus stereo test. Results: The mean minimal 3D scene depth level was ± in the exotropia group and ± in the normal group with no significant difference (p =.319). The mean stereoacuity was 6.97 ± arc sec in the exotropia group and ± arc sec in the normal group with no significant difference (p =.444). The mean minimal 3D scene depth and mean stereoacuity showed statistically significant positive correlation in both the exotropia group (p =.24) and normal group (p =.26). Conclusions: After a successful exotropia surgery, patients can normally perceive 3D images. Better 3D image perception can be predicted if a previously established stereo test shows good results. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 213;54(6): Key Words: 3D image, Exotropia, Stereopsis Address reprint requests to Sueng Han Han, MD Department of Ophthalmology, Gangnam Severance Hospital #211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , shhan222@yuhs.ac 937

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